EP2125937A1 - Liants - Google Patents

Liants

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Publication number
EP2125937A1
EP2125937A1 EP08707243A EP08707243A EP2125937A1 EP 2125937 A1 EP2125937 A1 EP 2125937A1 EP 08707243 A EP08707243 A EP 08707243A EP 08707243 A EP08707243 A EP 08707243A EP 2125937 A1 EP2125937 A1 EP 2125937A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cores
polymers
oligomers
binder
group
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08707243A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Gerhard Jonschker
Joerg Pahnke
Johanna Schuetz-Widoniak
Matthias Koch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Merck Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
Merck Patent GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Merck Patent GmbH filed Critical Merck Patent GmbH
Publication of EP2125937A1 publication Critical patent/EP2125937A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/44—Polymerisation in the presence of compounding ingredients, e.g. plasticisers, dyestuffs, fillers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2991—Coated
    • Y10T428/2993—Silicic or refractory material containing [e.g., tungsten oxide, glass, cement, etc.]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to binders, processes for their preparation and their use in formulations, paints, inks and plastics or their precursors.
  • coating properties can be improved by addition of nanoparticles, but the processing of the nanoparticles poses a challenge since agglomeration and incompatibilities with common coating components can easily occur. Furthermore, the additional introduction of another paint raw material is an undesirable logistical effort, which is associated with costs.
  • the polymers are desirably required to react with the nanoparticles to form covalent bonds.
  • the nanoparticles must be provided with groups which are reactive with respect to the polymers used.
  • the curing of the polymers involving the nanoparticles usually occurs under conditions of rapidly increasing viscosity and thus decreasing mobility of the reactants. Due to this circumstance and the steric shielding of the nanoparticles by the first reacting polymer chains, the incorporation of the nanoparticles into the polymers is usually incomplete and the desired property improvements do not or do not occur to the desired and theoretically achievable extent. The incomplete incorporation also reduces the possible structural influence of the nanoparticles on the polymer chains.
  • the object of the present invention was accordingly to provide nanoparticle-containing systems which overcome the aforementioned disadvantages.
  • binders of the present invention fulfill the complex requirement profile. Accordingly, a first object of the present invention is the provision of
  • Binders comprising central attachment points (hereinafter referred to as cores) with a diameter of> 1 nm with radially bound oligomers and / or polymers.
  • the oligomers and / or polymers are preferably covalently bonded to the surface of the cores.
  • the proportion of oligomers and / or polymers in the binder is 40 to 99 wt .-%, preferably 70 to 90 wt .-% and in particular 80 to 95 wt .-%, based on the binder.
  • the determination of the proportions is carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
  • the residue on ignition is (core portion) of the dried binder determined (apparatus: TGA V4.OD Dupont 2000), heating rate: 10 K / min, temperature range 25- 1000 0 C in air, a platinum crucible).
  • binder in the sense of the present invention means compounds which are responsible for film formation in coating materials and inks, for example printing inks.
  • Film formation is the general term for the transition of a applied coating material from liquid or else powdery (with transition via the In the case of paints and varnishes, binders according to DIN EN 971-1: 1996-09 and DIN 55945: 1999-07 are the nonvolatiles or nonvolatiles without pigment and filler but including plasticizers, driers and other nonvolatile excipients some of which are also applied from the melt (for example in the case of powder coating) or reacted by radiation Binder is present in liquid coating materials in solution or as a dispersion, and provides anchoring of pigments and fillers in the film and adhesion of the movie on the Substrate.
  • radial in the sense of the present invention means a linear or branched, preferably rectilinear, one-point orientation of the oligomers and / or polymers
  • the core represents the point from which the oligomers and / or polymers are aligned largely uncrosslinked.
  • the nanodimensioned cores are already completely reacted with the polymers to form covalent bonds even before the 3-dimensional crosslinking in the film or film, so that good incorporation and crosslinking and a maximum effect on the polymer structure can be achieved becomes.
  • This pre-crosslinking is preferably carried out in an upstream step under conditions which guarantee a high reactivity with the particle surface and sufficient mobility of the polymer chains. This can be achieved in different ways. - A -
  • the polymer / oligomer chains may be e.g. by polymerization away from a core element.
  • a further subject of the present invention is a process comprising the dispersion of cores with a diameter of> 1 nm in a solvent or
  • binders of the invention Another way to prepare the binders of the invention is the reaction of correspondingly reactively modified polymer / oligomer chains with a core. These are preferably one-sidedly terminally modified polymer / oligomer chains or polymer / oligomer chains, which have only one with respect to the core material reactive group. Accordingly, a further subject of the present invention is a process for preparing the binders according to the invention comprising a) preparing or providing oligomers and / or polymers having a group reactive with respect to a core material b).
  • Binder by distillation, precipitation, solvent exchange, extraction or chromatography Binder by distillation, precipitation, solvent exchange, extraction or chromatography ..
  • Another object of the present invention is a process comprising a) preparing or providing oligomers and / or polymers having a hydrolyzable and condensable silicon and / or organometallic group b) hydrolysis and condensation of the hydrolyzable and condensable silicon and / or Organometallic group, preferably under suitable conditions (for example, in a suitable solvent / reactant mixture at a suitable temperature and pH value and optionally catalysts which cause the formation of suitable cores), wherein nuclei are formed with attached oligomers and / or polymers, wherein the oligomers and / or polymers are attached radially to the cores formed c) optionally working up of the binder according to the invention by distillation, precipitation, solvent exchange, extraction or chromatography.
  • the binders produced in this way have a very advantageous, star-like structure, which in the case of 3-dimensional crosslinking can react to form a polymer nanocomposite with optimum incorporation of the nanoparticles.
  • the star-like structure achieves a very positive viscosity behavior of the nano-hybrid binders. Since the polymer chains are held together by a central point of attachment, the formation of large, freely deployed polymer chains, as is the case in a conventional polymer solution, is prevented. As a result, very high molecular weight polymer coils can be produced which have a lower viscosity in solution than conventional polymers of the same molecular weight. This property is especially in the
  • the homogeneously incorporated nanoparticles are not only expected to improve the structure and mechanical / chemical properties.
  • suitable nanoparticles further property improvements are possible, for example increased UV stability by means of nanoscale UV absorbers or weather-resistant colors by nanoscale pigments.
  • the cores are cores with a diameter of> 1 nm, wherein the cores may comprise inorganic or organic or a mixture of inorganic or organic constituents.
  • the cores are inorganic.
  • the cores preferably have diameters determined by means of a Malvern ZETASIZER (particle correlation spectroscopy, PCS) or transmission electron microscope from 1 to 20 nm in at least one dimension, preferably at most 500 nm in a maximum of two dimensions, such as, for example in phyllosilicates.
  • Particularly preferred are substantially round cores of a diameter of 1 to 25 nm, in particular 1 to 10 nm.
  • Largely round in the sense of the present invention includes ellipsoidal and irregularly shaped cores with one.
  • the distribution of the particle sizes is narrow, ie the fluctuation range is less than 100% of the mean value, particularly preferably at most 50% of the mean value.
  • Suitable cores may be nanoparticles prepared separately or in an upstream step, as are well known to those skilled in the art, such as: SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , CeO 2 , ZnO, etc. but also 3-dimensionally crosslinked organosilsesquioxane structures and metal oxides A-hydroxides , in particular silsesquioxane structures (known, for example, under the trade name POSS TM from Hybrid Plastics), or heteropolysiloxanes, in particular cubic or other 3-dimensional representatives of this class of material. Hybrids of nanoparticles and silsesquioxane structures can also be used as nuclei.
  • cores based on phyllosilicates, sulfates, silicates, carbonates, nitrides, phosphates, sulfides of appropriate size can in principle be used.
  • Another suitable core material are cores selected from organic polymers / oligomers, in particular organic nanoparticles, for example consisting of free-radically polymerized monomers.
  • dendrimers or hyperbranched polymers can also serve as core material.
  • the core can also be built in situ from suitable polymer chains. For this purpose, preferably terminally reactive modified polymers are suitable, which form the core or relevant parts of the core in a linking step. Especially for this offer
  • Alkoxysilane-modified polymer chains particularly preferably trialkoxysilane-modified.
  • the nucleation in these polymers is preferably carried out under reaction conditions which are suitable for the formation of spherical structures.
  • silane modification these are above all basic reaction conditions, comparable to the Stöber synthesis known to the person skilled in the art.
  • alkoxysilanes can Of course, other suitable metal compounds, eg. B. of Ti, Zr, AI are used and are reacted under optimum conditions for each species.
  • the reaction can also be carried out in the presence of an already formed template (germ, nanoparticles, etc.) or other reaction partners (silanes, metal alkoxides, salts) in order to achieve the object according to the invention.
  • Preferred cores are selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic, in particular hydrophilic, cores based on sulfates or carbonates of alkaline earth compounds or of oxides or hydroxides of silicon, titanium, zinc, aluminum, cerium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, iron , Yttrium or zirconium or mixtures thereof, which may optionally be coated with metal oxides or hydroxides, for example of silicon, zirconium, titanium, aluminum, or with metal oxides or hydroxides, for example of silicon, zirconium, titanium,
  • Aluminum, coated metals such as Ag, Cu, Fe, Au, Pd, Pt or alloys.
  • the individual oxides can also be present as mixtures.
  • the metal of the metal oxide or hydroxide is silicon.
  • the cores are particularly preferably selected from SiO 2 particles, or they are selected from ZnO or cerium oxide particles or TiO 2 particles, which may optionally contain metal oxides or hydroxides, for example silicon, zirconium, titanium, aluminum, can be coated.
  • the binders according to the invention can be used as UV-absorbing binders due to the absorption properties of zinc oxide or cerium oxide.
  • Suitable zinc oxide particles having a particle size of from 3 to 50 nm can be obtained, for example, by a process in which one or more precursors for the ZnO nanoparticles in an organic solvent are converted to the nanoparticles in a step a), and in step b) the growth of nanoparticles by adding at least one modifier, which is precursor for silica, is terminated when, in the UV / VIS spectrum of the reaction solution, the absorption edge has reached the desired value.
  • the method and the suitable modifiers and method parameters are described in DE 10 2005 056622.7.
  • suitable zinc oxide particles can be produced by a process in which one or more precursors for the ZnO nanoparticles in an organic solvent are converted to the nanoparticles in a step a), and in a step b) the growth of the nanoparticles by addition at least one copolymer of at least one monomer having hydrophobic radicals and at least one monomer having hydrophilic radicals is terminated when, in the UV / VIS spectrum of the reaction solution, the absorption edge has reached the desired value.
  • This process and the suitable copolymers, monomers and process parameters are described in DE 10 2005 056621.9.
  • nanohectorites which are sold for example by Südchemie branded Optigel® ® or by Laporte under the brand name Laponite ®, are used.
  • dispersions of deposited from the gas phase particles such as Aerosil ® from Degussa or Nanopure ® from: Very particularly preferred also silica sols (SiO 2 in water) made of ion-exchanged water glass (. Starck example Levasil® ® from H. C) SDC.
  • the surface of the cores is modified with at least one surface modifier.
  • organofunctional silanes e.g. organofunctional silanes, organometallic compounds, e.g. Zirconium tetra-n-propylate, or mixtures or polyfunctional organic molecules which have optimized reactivity with respect to the core material and the oligomers / polymers to be connected therewith.
  • the surface modifier that is, the connection via hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, chelate bonds or via covalent bonds.
  • the surface modifier is covalently bonded to the surface of the core.
  • the at least one surface modifier is selected from the group comprising organofunctional silanes, quaternary ammonium compounds, carboxylic acids, phosphonates, phosphonium and sulfonium compounds, or mixtures thereof.
  • at least one surface modifier has at least one functional group selected from the group comprising thiols, sulfides, disulfides or polysulfides.
  • Common processes for preparing surface-modified nanoparticles are based on aqueous particle dispersions to which the surface modifier is added.
  • the reaction with the surface modifiers can also be carried out in an organic solvent or in solvent mixtures. This applies in particular to ZnO nanoparticles.
  • Preferred solvents are alcohols or ethers, the use of methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and / or dioxane or mixtures thereof is particularly preferred. In this case, methanol has proved to be a particularly suitable solvent.
  • assistants may also be present during the reaction, for example surfactants or protective colloids (eg hydroxypropylcellulose).
  • the surface modifiers may be used alone, as mixtures or in admixture with other, optionally non-functional surface modifiers.
  • the described requirements for surface modifiers fulfill an adhesion promoter which carries two or more functional groups.
  • One group of the coupling agent chemically reacts with the oxide surface of the nanoparticle.
  • Particularly suitable here are alkoxysilyl groups (for example methoxy-, ethoxysilanes), halosilanes (for example chlorine) or acidic groups of phosphoric ester or phosphonic acids and phosphonic acid esters or carboxylic acids.
  • alkoxysilyl groups for example methoxy-, ethoxysilanes
  • halosilanes for example chlorine
  • acidic groups of phosphoric ester or phosphonic acids and phosphonic acid esters or carboxylic acids for example phosphoric ester or phosphonic acids
  • the groups described are linked to a second, functional group. This spacer is unreactive alkyl chains, siloxanes, polyethers, thioethers or urethanes or combinations of these
  • the functional group is preferably thiol, sulfide, polysulfide, in particular tetrasulfide, or disulfide groups.
  • the adhesion promoter described above may have further functional groups.
  • the additional functional groups are in particular acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl, amino, cyano, isocyanate, epoxy, carboxy or hydroxy groups.
  • Silane-based surface modifiers are described, for example, in DE 40 11 044 C2.
  • Phosphoric acid-based surface modifiers are available, inter alia, as Lubrizol® 2061 and 2063 from LUBRIZOL (Langer & Co.).
  • a suitable silane is, for example, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane.
  • silanes are commercially available, for example, from ABCR GmbH & Co., Düsseldorf, or from Degussa, Germany, under the brand name Dynasilan.
  • Mercaptophosphonic acid or diethyl mercaptophosphonate can also be listed here as adhesion promoters.
  • amphiphilic silanes of the general formula (R) 3 Si-Sp-A hp -BH b, where the radicals R may be the same or different and are hydrolytically removable radicals, Sp is -O- or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-18 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-18 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-18 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated, partially or completely unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, A hp is a hydrophilic block, B hb is a hydrophobic block and wherein at least one thiol, sulfide or disulfide to A hp and / or B hb is present bound is.
  • amphiphilic silanes are used, nanoparticles are obtained
  • amphiphilic silanes contain a head group (R 1 Si, where the radicals R may be identical or different and represent radicals which can be split off hydrolytically
  • R 1 Si where the radicals R may be identical or different and represent radicals which can be split off hydrolytically
  • the radicals R are preferably the same and suitable hydrolytically removable radicals are, for example
  • Suitable alkoxy groups are, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy or butoxy groups.
  • Suitable halogens are in particular Br and Cl.
  • Examples of acyloxy groups are acetoxy or propoxy groups.
  • Oximes are also suitable as hydrolytically removable radicals.
  • the oximes may hereby be substituted by hydrogen or any organic radicals.
  • the radicals R are preferably alkoxy groups and in particular methoxy or ethoxy groups.
  • a spacer Sp Covalently bonded to the above-mentioned head group is a spacer Sp, which acts as a link between the Si head group and the hydrophilic block Ah P and performs a bridging function in the context of the present invention.
  • the group Sp is either -O- or straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-18 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-18 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-18 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms.
  • the C 1 -C 8 -alkyl group of Sp is, for example, a methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl, and also pentyl, 1, 2 or 3-methylbutyl, 1, 1, 1, 2 or 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1 -
  • it may be perfluorinated, for example as difluoromethyl, tetrafluoroethyl, hexafluoropropyl or octafluorobutyl.
  • a straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2 to 18 C atoms, wherein several double bonds may also be present is, for example, vinyl, allyl, 2- or 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, furthermore 4-pentenyl, iso-pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, -C 9 Hi 6 , -Ci 0 H 18 to -Ci 8 H 34 , preferably allyl, 2- or 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, furthermore preferably 4- Pentenyl, iso-pentenyl or hexenyl.
  • a straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2 to 18 C atoms, wherein a plurality of triple bonds may also be present, is, for example, ethynyl, 1- or 2-propynyl, 2- or 3-butynyl, furthermore 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, hexynyl, Heptynyl, octynyl, -CgHi 4 , -CioH 16 to -Ci B H 32 , preferably ethynyl, 1- or 2-propynyl, 2- or 3-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl or hexynyl.
  • Unsubstituted saturated or partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl groups having 3-7 C atoms may include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopenta-1,3-dienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexa-1, 3-dienyl, cyclohexa-1, 4-dienyl,
  • Phenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclohepta-1, 3-dienyl, cyclohepta-1, 4-dienyl or cyclohepta-1, 5-dienyl be substituted with Cr to Ce- alkyl groups.
  • the spacer group Sp is followed by the hydrophilic block A hP .
  • This may be selected from nonionic, cationic, anionic or zwitterionic hydrophilic polymers, oligomers or groups.
  • the hydrophilic block is ammonium, sulfonium, phosphonium groups, alkyl chains having carboxyl, sulfate and phosphate side groups, which may also be present as a corresponding salt, partially esterified anhydrides with free acid or Salt group, OH-substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl chains (eg, sugars) having at least one OH group, NH- and SH-substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl chains or mono-, di- tri- or oligo-ethylene glycol groups.
  • the length of the corresponding alkyl chains can be 1 to 20 C atoms, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms.
  • the nonionic, cationic, anionic or zwitterionic hydrophilic polymers, oligomers or groups can be prepared from corresponding monomers by polymerization in accordance with methods generally known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable hydrophilic monomers contain at least one dispersing functional group which consists of the group consisting of
  • the functional groups (i) from the group consisting of carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid and phosphonic acid groups, acidic sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid ester groups and carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphonate, sulfate ester and phosphate ester groups, the functional groups (ii) from A group consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary ammonium groups, quaternary phosphonium groups and tertiary sulfonium groups, and the functional groups (iii) selected from the group consisting of omega-hydroxy and omega-alkoxy-poly ( alkylene oxide) -1-yl groups.
  • the primary and secondary amino groups may also serve as isocyanate-reactive functional groups.
  • hydrophilic monomers having functional groups (i) are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid or itaconic acid; olefinically unsaturated sulfonic or phosphonic acids or their partial esters; or maleic acid mono (meth) acryloyloxyethyl ester, succinic acid mono (meth) acryloyloxyethyl ester or phthalic acid mono (meth) acryloyloxyethyl ester, in particular acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
  • hydrophilic monomers with functional groups (ii) are 2-aminoethyl acrylate and methacrylate or allylamine.
  • hydrophilic monomers having functional groups are omega-hydroxy or omega-methoxy-polyethylene oxide-1-yl, omega-methoxy-polypropylene oxide-1-yl, or omega-methoxy-poly (ethylene oxide-co-) polypropylene oxide) -1-yl acrylate or methacrylate, as well as hydroxy-subsitituted ethylene, acrylates or methacrylates, such as, for example, hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
  • Suitable monomers for the formation of zwitterionic hydrophilic polymers are those in which a betaine structure occurs in the side chain.
  • the side group is selected from -iCH 2 ) m - (N + (CH 3 ) 2 ) - (CH 2 ) n -SO 3 -, - (CH 2 ) m - (N + (CH 3) 2HCH 2 ) n - PO3 2 -, - (CH2) m- (N + (CH3) 2HCH2) n-0-PO 3 2 'or- (CH 2) m- (P + (CH3) 2) - (CH 2) n - SO3 " , where m is an integer from the range of 1 to 30, preferably from the range 1 to 6, particularly preferably 2, and n is an integer from the range of 1 to 30, preferably from the range 1 to 8, particularly preferably 3.
  • At least one structural unit of the hydrophilic block has a phosphonium or sulfonium radical.
  • hydrophilic monomers When selecting the hydrophilic monomers, it should be noted that preferably the hydrophilic monomers with functional groups (i) and the hydrophilic monomers with functional groups (ii) with one another be combined so that no insoluble salts or complexes are formed. On the other hand, the hydrophilic monomers having functional groups (i) or functional groups (ii) can be arbitrarily combined with the hydrophilic monomers having functional groups (iii).
  • the monomers having the functional groups (i) are particularly preferably used.
  • the neutralizing agents for the anionic functional groups (i) are selected from the group consisting of ammonia, trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, dimethylaniline, diethylaniline, triphenylamine, dimethylethanolamine, diethylethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, 2-aminomethylpropanol, dimethylisopropylamine, dimethylisopropanolamine, triethanolamine , Diethylenetriamine and
  • Triethylenetetramine and the neutralizing agents for the cation-functional functional groups (ii) selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, dimethylolpropionic acid and citric acid.
  • the hydrophilic block is selected from mono- and triethylene glycol structural units.
  • the block B hb is based on hydrophobic groups or, like the hydrophilic block, on the polymerization of suitable hydrophobic monomers.
  • hydrophobic groups are straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-18 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-18 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-18 C atoms and one or a plurality of triple bonds, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms. Examples of such groups are already mentioned in advance.
  • aryl, polyaryl, aryl-CrC ⁇ -alkyl or esters with more than 2 C-atoms are suitable.
  • the groups mentioned may also be substituted, in particular with halogens, with perfluorinated groups being particularly suitable.
  • ArylCrC ⁇ -alkyl is, for example, benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl or phenylhexyl, where both the phenyl ring and the alkylene chain, as described above, may be partially or completely substituted by F, more preferably benzyl or phenylpropyl.
  • substantially acid-group-free esters of olefinically unsaturated acids such as (meth) acrylic acid, crotonic acid, ethacrylic acid, vinylphosphonic acid or vinylsulfonic acid alkyl or cycloalkyl esters having up to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical, in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, hexyl, ethylhexyl, stearyl and lauryl acrylate, methacrylate, crotonate, ethacrylate or vinyl phosphonate or vinyl sulfonate; cycloaliphatic (meth) acrylic acid, crotonic acid, ethacrylic acid, vinylphosphonic acid or vinylsulfonic acid esters, in particular cyclohexyl, isobornyl, dicyclopentadienyl, octahydro-4,7-methan
  • minor amounts of higher-functional monomers (1) are amounts which do not lead to crosslinking or gelation of the polymers;
  • Hydroxyalkyl esters of alpha, beta-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and ethacrylic acid, in which the hydroxyalkyl group contains up to 20 carbon atoms, such as 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3
  • Hydroxybutyl 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, methacrylate or ethacrylate; 1,4-bis (hydroxymethyl) cyclohexane, octahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indenedimethanol or methylpropanediol monoacrylate, monomethacrylate, monoethacrylate or monocrotonate; or reaction products of cyclic esters, e.g. epsilon-caprolactone and these hydroxyalkyl esters;
  • Allyl ethers of polyols such as trimethylolpropane monoallyl ether or pentaerythritol mono-, di- or triallyl ether.
  • the higher functionality monomers are generally used only in minor amounts.
  • minor amounts of higher-functional monomers are amounts which do not lead to crosslinking or gelation of the polymers, - Reaction products of alpha, beta-olefinic carboxylic acids with glycidyl esters of an alpha-branched monocarboxylic acid having 5 to 18 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the reaction of the acrylic or methacrylic acid with the glycidyl ester of a carboxylic acid having a tertiary alpha carbon atom may be carried out before, during or after the
  • the monomer (2) used is preferably the reaction product of acrylic and / or methacrylic acid with the glycidyl ester of Versatic® acid.
  • This glycidyl ester is commercially available under the name Cardura® E10.
  • Formaldehyde adducts of aminoalkyl esters of alpha, beta-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids and alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid amides such as N-methylol and N, N-dimethylol aminoethyl acrylate, aminoethyl methacrylate, acrylamide and methacrylamide; such as
  • Acryloxysilane groups and hydroxyl-containing olefinically unsaturated monomers preparable by reaction of hydroxy-functional silanes with epichlorohydrin 30 and subsequent reaction of the intermediate with an alpha, beta-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid, in particular acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, or their hydroxyalkyl esters;
  • vinyl esters of alpha-branched monocarboxylic acids having 5 to 18 carbon atoms in the molecule such as the vinyl esters of Versatic® acid sold under the trademark VeoVa®;
  • cyclic and / or acyclic olefins such as ethylene, propylene, but-1-ene, pent-1-ene, hex-1-ene, cyclohexene, cyclopentene, norbornene, butadiene, isoprene, cyclopentadiene and / or dicyclopentadiene;
  • amides of alpha.beta.-olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as (meth) acrylamide, N-methyl, N, N-dimethyl, N-ethyl, N, N-diethyl, N-propyl, N, N Dipropyl, N-butyl, N, N-dibutyl and / or N, N-cyclohexylmethyl (meth) acrylamide;
  • monomers containing epoxide groups such as the glycidyl esters of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and / or itaconic acid;
  • vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons such as styrene, vinyltoluene or alpha-alkylstyrenes, especially alpha-methylstyrene;
  • nitriles such as acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile
  • vinyl compounds selected from the group consisting of vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene dichloride, vinylidene difluoride; Vinylamides, such as N-vinylpyrrolidone; Vinyl ethers such as ethyl vinyl ether, n-propyl vinyl ether, isopropyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether and vinyl cyclohexyl ether; and vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, and vinyl butyrate;
  • vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene dichloride, vinylidene difluoride
  • Vinylamides such as N-vinylpyrrolidone
  • Vinyl ethers such as ethyl vinyl ether, n-propyl vinyl ether, isopropyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether and vinyl cyclohe
  • allyl compounds selected from the group consisting of allyl ethers and esters such as propyl allyl ether, butyl allyl ether, ethylene glycol diallyl ether, trimethylolpropane triallyl ether or allyl acetate or allyl propionate; As far as the higher-functional monomers are concerned, what has been said above applies mutatis mutandis;
  • Siloxane or polysiloxane monomers which may be substituted with saturated, unsaturated, straight-chain or branched alkyl groups or other hydrophobic groups already mentioned above.
  • polysiloxane macromonomers having a number average molecular weight Mn of 1,000 to 40,000 and on average 0.5 to 2.5 are suitable have ethylenically unsaturated double bonds per molecule, such as polysiloxane macromonomers having a number average molecular weight Mn of from 1,000 to 40,000 and an average of from 0.5 to 2.5 ethylenically unsaturated double bonds per molecule; in particular polysiloxane macromonomers which have a number-average molecular weight Mn of 2,000 to 20,000, more preferably 2,500 to 10,000 and in particular 3,000 to 7,000 and an average of 0.5 to 2.5, preferably 0.5 to 1, 5, ethylenically unsaturated double bonds per molecule, as in DE 38 07 571 A 1 on pages 5 to 7, DE 37 06 095
  • polymerization of the above-mentioned monomers can be carried out in any manner known to those skilled in the art, e.g. by polyaddition or cationic, anionic or radical polymerizations. Polyadditions are preferred in this context, because they can be combined with each other in a simple manner different types of monomers, such as epoxides with dicarboxylic acids or isocyanates with diols.
  • amphiphilic silanes according to the present invention have an HLB value in the range of 2-19, preferably in the range of 4-15.
  • the HLB value is defined as
  • HLB value is calculated theoretically and results from the mass fractions of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups.
  • An HLB value of 0 indicates a lipophilic compound, a chemical compound with an HLB value of 20 has only hydrophilic moieties.
  • the suitable amphiphilic silanes are furthermore distinguished by the fact that they are advantageously bonded at least one thiol, sulfide or disulfide group to Ah P and / or B hb .
  • the reactive functional group is at the hydrophobic block B hb and there particularly preferably bound to the end of the hydrophobic block.
  • the headgroup (R ⁇ Si and the thiol, sulfide or disulfide group are spaced as far as possible This allows a particularly flexible design of the chain lengths of the blocks A hP and B hb , without the possible reactivity of the thiol, sulfide - Or disulfide, for example, with the surrounding medium, significantly restrict.
  • sulfide, polysulfide or disulfide further reactive functional group may be present, in particular selected from silyl groups with hydrolytically removable radicals, OH, carboxy, NH, SH groups, halogens or double bonds containing reactive groups, such as for example, acrylate or vinyl groups.
  • Suitable silyl groups with hydrolytically removable radicals have already been described in advance in the description of the head group (R) 3 Si.
  • the additional reactive group is an OH group.
  • oligomers and / or polymers are radially bonded to the cores. The polymer or oligomer chains may be reacted with any of the methods known to those skilled in the art to form the core material, preferably to form at least one covalent bond.
  • Another object of the present invention is thus a process for the preparation of the binders of the invention comprising the dispersion of cores with a diameter of> 1 nm in a solvent or solvent mixture and polymerization in
  • oligomers and / or polymers are preferably attached radially to the cores. It is desirable that the oligomer / polymer react with the core material with only one reaction center per polymer / oligomer chain, and it is particularly preferred that this reaction center be terminally attached to the polymer chain.
  • polymers or oligomers formed both in an upstream step or in an external reaction can be used, as well as the polymers / oligomers are formed in situ during the covalent bonding with the core material. This may be the case, for example, during free-radical polymerization with unsaturated monomers in the presence of the preferably corresponding (-SH) surface-modified core material.
  • the synthesis of the polymers and / or oligomers can be carried out via chain growth reactions known to the person skilled in the art, wherein the chains are started or terminated with a reactive group which can react with the particle surface.
  • exemplary here are the anionic polymerization, and called controlled and free radical polymerization.
  • the core material is formed during the covalent linking of the polymer / oligomer chains.
  • terminally modified with hydrolysable / condensable silane or organometallic compounds modified polymers / oligomers are used, which are reacted in a hydrolysis and polymerization (also in the presence of other silicon and organometallic compounds) to form a core material.
  • oligomers / polymers according to the invention are: trialkoxysilylmercaptopropyl-terminated polyacrylates which are obtainable, for example, by free-radical polymerization of one or more unsaturated compounds with mercaptopropyltrialkoxysilane as chain transfer agent or bis [3-trimethoxysilylpropyl] disulfide as initiator. Furthermore, preference is given to using the reaction products of terminally -OH-modified polyesters or polyethers with isocyanatoalkyltrialkoxysilane.
  • polymers with a hydrolyzable silyl compound in the polymer chain can be used, which then realizes a linkage of 2 oligomer / polymer strands via a link.
  • oligomers / polymers are obtainable, for example, by free-radical polymerization of unsaturated compounds in the presence of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
  • suitable organic reaction centers such as, for example, amine, epoxy, hydroxyl, mercapto, isocyanate, carboxylate, allyl or vinyl groups, with suitable reaction partners on the side of the core material to react.
  • an epoxy-functional silyl compound in the polymer chain can be used, which then realizes a linkage of 2 oligomer / polymer strands via a link.
  • suitable organic reaction centers such as, for example, amine, epoxy, hydroxyl, mercapto, isocyanate, carboxylate, allyl or vinyl groups, with suitable reaction partners on the side of the core material to react.
  • Core material with an amino-functional polymer react or an amine-modified core material with an isocyanate-functional polymer / oligomer can be composed of all known polymeric substance groups, or mixtures thereof.
  • the oligomers and / or polymers are selected from the group comprising poly (meth) acrylates, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyureas, silicones, polyethers, polyamides, polyimides or mixtures thereof and hybrids.
  • Suitable monomers for forming corresponding oligomers and / or polymers having functional groups are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid or itaconic acid; olefinically unsaturated sulfonic or phosphonic acids or their partial esters; or maleic acid mono (meth) acryloyloxyethyl ester, succinic acid mono (meth) acryloyloxyethyl ester or phthalic acid mono (meth) acryloyloxyethyl ester, in particular acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
  • Further examples of well-suited monomers having functional groups are 2-aminoethyl acrylate and methacrylate or allylamine.
  • Such monomers with functional groups are omega-hydroxy or omega-methoxy-polyethylene oxide-1-yl, omega-methoxy-polypropylene oxide-1-yl, or omega-methoxy-poly (ethylene oxide-co-polypropylene oxide) -1- yl acrylate or methacrylate, as well as hydroxy subsitituted ethylenes, acrylates or methacrylates, such as, for example, hydroxyethyl methacrylate or hydroxypropyl methacrylate.
  • Suitable monomers for the formation of zwitterionic hydrophilic polymers are those in which a betaine structure occurs in the side chain.
  • the side group is selected from - (CH 2 ) m - (N + (CH 3 ) 2) - (CH 2 ) n -SO 3 -, - (CH 2 ) m - (N + (CH 3 ) 2 HCH 2 ) n-P ⁇ 3 2 -, - (CH 2 ) m - (N + (CH 3 ) 2 ) - (CH 2 ) n - O-PO 3 2 " or - (CH 2 ) m - (P + (CH 3 ) 2) - (CH 2 ) n-SO 3 ' , where m is an integer from the range of 1 to 30, preferably from the range 1 to 6, particularly preferably 2, and n is an integer from the
  • At least three and more preferably at least six polymer / oligomer chains are covalently attached per core.
  • the maximum number of bound to a core polymer / oligomer chains is limited only by the technical handling and manufacturability.
  • the polymers consist of a monomer or (preferably) of monomer mixtures.
  • the monomers may also be reactive
  • Carry groups in the side chains e.g. Hydroxy, epoxy, allyl, blocked isocyanate, etc.
  • side chains can be additionally functionalized: e.g. Hydroxybenzophenone, benzotriazole as UV absorber or fluorescent dyes that are incorporated into the polymer chain via acrylate function.
  • side chains can be additionally functionalized: e.g. Hydroxybenzophenone, benzotriazole as UV absorber or fluorescent dyes that are incorporated into the polymer chain via acrylate function.
  • the polymer / oligomer shell is reactive with others
  • Crosslinker especially isocyanate or
  • Melamine crosslinker or curable by energy irradiation (e.g., UV light, electron beam curing or heat), e.g. by contained blocked
  • the polymers bound to the core material desirably have further reactive groups with which they can then react to form a 3-dimensionally crosslinked polymer.
  • these may, for example, unsaturated groups such as acrylic or vinyl, or groups which can react with an external crosslinker, such as epoxy groups, NH, COOH, alkoxysilyl or OH groups, which can be crosslinked with isocyanates.
  • the functional group is an OH group.
  • the surface of the cores is coated with at least one surface modifier having at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of thiols, sulfides, disulfides or polysulfides.
  • the cores modified in this way are then reacted in a second step in the presence of organic monomers in the course of a radical polymerization, wherein the surface modifier applied in the first step acts as a radical chain transfer agent.
  • a radically growing polymer chain may e.g. abstracting the hydrogen of an SH group, thus creating a new radical at the sulfur capable of starting a new polymer chain.
  • Methods of making the preferred binders having surface modifiers bonded to the surface of the cores comprise the steps of a) applying at least one surface modifier, at least one surface modifier having at least one functional group, cores dispersed in a solvent, and b) free radical polymerization in the presence of organic Monomers, wherein the surface modifier applied in step a) functions with at least one functional group as a radical chain transfer agent, c) optionally working up of the inventively prepared Binder by distillation, precipitation, solvent exchange, extraction or chromatography.
  • the surface modifier used in the process according to the invention has at least one functional group selected from the group comprising thiols, sulfides, disulfides or polysulfides.
  • the free-radical polymerization is preferably initiated in a manner known to the person skilled in the art with AIBN or AIBN derivatives.
  • the addition of the monomers and the radical initiator can be done in one step, this is the preferred embodiment.
  • the addition of the monomers and the radical initiators occurs stepwise, e.g. with re-initiation and portionwise addition of the monomers.
  • the above-mentioned solvent or solvent mixture is selected from water, organic solvents or mixtures thereof. If the solvent mixture and monomers chosen so that, although the monomers, the polymers formed therefrom but are no longer soluble from a certain chain length, the binders of the invention are excluded from the reaction mixture.
  • the precipitated binders can be separated from the free polymer or unreacted surface modifier present in the reaction medium. This can be done by conventional methods known in the art.
  • the polymerization is carried out in a solvent or solvent mixture in which the monomers are soluble, but the polymers formed above a certain chain length not. As a result, the binders fall out of the
  • Reaction solution Residual monomers and any reagents or dissolved by-products which may be unreacted in the production of the cores or their functionalization, are still readily separable, for example by filtration.
  • an external trigger e.g. Temperature change, salt addition or addition of a non-solvent induces a phase separation at a certain time.
  • the binder synthesis can thus be interrupted at any time, for example to control the surface coverage.
  • the binders according to the invention can be used alone or as a mixture with free polymers.
  • the cores with radially bound oligomers and / or polymers obtainable from the abovementioned processes are particularly suitable for use as binders, as described above.
  • the use of the binders according to the invention in formulations, paints (preferably clearcoats), paints, foams, adhesives, potting compounds and plastics or in their precursors is likewise an object of the present invention.
  • Particularly preferred is the use as a coating raw material in solvent and water-based paints, as well as in powder coatings.
  • the improvement in scratch resistance and chemical resistance of clearcoats eg in commercial powder coatings, UV-curing coatings, dual-cure coatings
  • plastics such as polycarbonate or PMMA
  • Other applications relate, for example, to the transparent weathering protection or the transparent coloring of paints and plastics with functional nanoparticles.
  • Binder as a substitute for conventional binders. In the property as a binder this already carries the known advantages of nanoadditives in itself.
  • the new binders differ in appearance hardly from conventional binders. In the application, they can be dissolved, for example, with common paint solvents and dried again, without using an irreversible crosslinking. Furthermore, the handling and processing of the binders according to the invention correspond to those of conventional binders. Difficulties in the preparation of nanocomposites according to the prior art (dispersion, handling of powders) are eliminated.
  • the viscosity of the binders according to the invention is significantly reduced compared to the viscosity of conventional binders of the same molar mass, since instead of one long, several shorter chains emanate from a central point. This is particularly advantageous in the formulation of high solids and especially in very high solid paints, which have to do with a very low solvent content.
  • conventional polymers often short-chain polymers and the mechanical properties worsening Reactiwerbeckner be used.
  • the new binder class the use of reactive diluents can be reduced.
  • the schematic representation of a direct comparison between a polymer having 30 monomer units (corresponding to approximately 3000-4000 g / mol average molecular weight) with a nuclear-bridged nano-hybrid binder according to the invention also having 30 monomer units shows that the long, linear polymer chain will have a higher viscosity, as the approximately spherical shape of the binder according to the invention, which can also show Newtonian behavior.
  • the binders of the invention are particularly suitable for use in clearcoats or adhesives. Also and especially in the field of powder coatings, the nanoparticle-bound binders can be used. The reduced viscosity allows better flow and thus a better surface quality.
  • the binders according to the invention may be present together with surface-modified particles with a diameter ⁇ 1 ⁇ m, which are homogeneously distributed or present in the form of a gradient in a cured coating material.
  • Formulations, lacquers, paints, foams, adhesives, potting compounds and plastics containing binders according to the present invention are likewise provided by the present invention.
  • Example 2 Preparation of Terminally Silyl-Modified Polyacrylate Polyols
  • a monomer mixture consisting of n-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is admixed with 250 ml of isopropanol.
  • MPTMS chain transfer agent 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane
  • AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
  • nitrogen is passed through the reaction mixture for 10 minutes. It is then heated at 60 ° C. for 16 h. After the reaction time, the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature and the polymerization mixtures are dried on a rotary evaporator and then in a fine vacuum overnight.
  • Tab. 1 Polymerisationsan accounts at different concentrations of
  • Example 3 Modification of SiO ⁇ nanoparticles with silane-terminated polymers from Example 2 by the grafting-to process
  • the polymers prepared in 1 are used according to Table 2 for surface modification.
  • the reaction mixtures are heated under reflux for 16 h.
  • Silyl-modified polymers are prepared according to the synthesis instructions of Example 2 with the exception that the last step (removal of the solvent in vacuo) is omitted. To the still 60 ° C warm reaction mixtures instead of each 10 g of NH 3 -
  • HEMA hydroxyethyl methacrylate
  • MMA methyl methacrylate
  • BuMA butyl acrylate
  • AIBN azoisobutyronitrile
  • the reaction mixture is stirred for 12 h. Subsequently, 300 g of butyl acetate are added and distilled off under vacuum isopropanol, water and butyl acetate so that a dispersion of 50% by mass of binder solid in butyl acetate is obtained.

Abstract

L'invention concerne des liants, un procédé pour leur fabrication, et leur utilisation dans des formulations, des peintures, des colorants et des matières plastiques.
EP08707243A 2007-02-20 2008-01-24 Liants Withdrawn EP2125937A1 (fr)

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DE102007008663A1 (de) 2008-08-21
US8188180B2 (en) 2012-05-29

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