EP2115182B1 - Revêtements brillants pour des roues de véhicule automobile en aluminium ou en acier et leur production - Google Patents

Revêtements brillants pour des roues de véhicule automobile en aluminium ou en acier et leur production Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2115182B1
EP2115182B1 EP08701133A EP08701133A EP2115182B1 EP 2115182 B1 EP2115182 B1 EP 2115182B1 EP 08701133 A EP08701133 A EP 08701133A EP 08701133 A EP08701133 A EP 08701133A EP 2115182 B1 EP2115182 B1 EP 2115182B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
aluminium
surface coating
steel
coating according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP08701133A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2115182A1 (fr
Inventor
Thomas Kränzler
Karsten Loehr
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mercedes Benz Group AG
Original Assignee
Daimler AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Daimler AG filed Critical Daimler AG
Publication of EP2115182A1 publication Critical patent/EP2115182A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2115182B1 publication Critical patent/EP2115182B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
    • B05D5/067—Metallic effect
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12479—Porous [e.g., foamed, spongy, cracked, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12556—Organic component
    • Y10T428/12569—Synthetic resin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
    • Y10T428/12764—Next to Al-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
    • Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to durable and stain-resistant aluminum-based gloss coatings on motor vehicle wheels or motor vehicle rims and to methods for producing such gloss layers on light-metal or steel substrates.
  • high-gloss surfaces can also be achieved through the process of so-called "gloss-anodising" of the aluminum surfaces.
  • Such a method for aluminum wheels is known, for example, from Alcoa under the Dura-Bright® brand.
  • the main steps of the process include applying a chemical whitening composition to the product, deoxidizing the product surface, electrochemically generating a porous oxide on that product surface by contacting it with an electrolyte bath, containing phosphorous or phosphonic acid and applying a silicate or siloxane-based outer layer to the porous oxide.
  • the surface is dirt-repellent and scratch-resistant as possible.
  • ETC coatings Dirt-repellent coatings or so-called easy-to-clean coatings or coatings (ETC coatings) are known for the protection of high-quality components made of glass, plastic and metals and are intended to prevent contamination or facilitate cleaning. The mechanism of action varies depending on the application.
  • water-repellent coatings are used for glass surfaces. Clean glass is relatively hydrophilic and forms a contact angle of 20 ° to water. In contrast, a hydrophobic ETC coating increases the Contact angle to well over 100 ° with respect to water. This ETC coating offers a significantly reduced wettability, so that waterborne soiling can bead off or be easily washed off.
  • a chemical brightener is applied, the surface is deoxidized, then electrochemically generates a porous oxide and then applied to an outer layer based on silicate or siloxane.
  • the polysilazane is in particular a polysilazane of the formula (SiR'R '"- NR"') n , where R ', R ", R''' may be identical or different and are either hydrogen or organic or organometallic radicals.
  • the ionic reagent is preferably a salt of a carboxylic acid, especially a hydroxycarboxylic acid, or a cationic or anionic silane or an oligomer or polymer.
  • the effect of the hydrophilic layers is based on the fact that hydrophobic contaminants adhere poorly or that the surface can be washed off well with aqueous cleaning agents. It is an object of the invention to provide a process for the production of durable gloss coatings on aluminum or steel surfaces, which are not amenable to gloss anodization, and to provide gloss coatings of good resistance or dirt-repellent properties on light metal or steel wheels.
  • the object of the invention is achieved in a first aspect, by a surface coating on motor vehicle wheels of light metal casting alloys or steel, which may comprise several layers, wherein it has at least one directly applied to the wheel surface first layer of a CVD coating of aluminum or aluminum alloy, with the features of claim 1.
  • An advantage of the invention is that the visual appearance of expensive forged aluminum rims is thus possible cost-effectively even with low-cost cast aluminum rims or even on steel rims.
  • the thickness of the first layer is preferably 10 to 500 ⁇ m. Particularly preferably, the thickness of cast aluminum rims or steel rims is 30 to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the first layer of Al or Al alloy is often not durable enough.
  • the surface of the first layer therefore carries a second layer in the form of an electrochemically generated micro- or nano-porous oxide layer.
  • This coating is a coating comparable to the anodization of aluminum surfaces.
  • the metallic surface is passivated by the firmly adhering oxide layer and protected against further corrosive attack.
  • this layer forms a good primer for further organic coatings.
  • the thickness of the oxide layer must be limited so that the gloss of the surface is not lost.
  • This second layer preferably has a thickness in the range of 50 to 1000 nm.
  • the first or the second layer thus carries a third layer of a final lacquer layer, in particular a clearcoat or an easy-to-clean lacquer (ETC lacquer).
  • ETC lacquer easy-to-clean lacquer
  • the combination with an ETC coating achieves a visually high-quality surface with the highest corrosion protection and lasting shine at the same time.
  • An optional ETC coating for example with organosilicates, can effectively combat the problem of brake dust rim contamination.
  • the ETC coating can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic coatings. The optimal choice depends, among other things, on the choice of brake lining material in the vehicle brake.
  • the third layer is formed predominantly of silane, silazane, siloxane and / or silicone polymers.
  • the components form the main component of the coating.
  • Other components may in particular be the scratch-resistant filler, hydrophobic or hydrophobizing additives or catalytically active additives.
  • Silica powder, clay minerals, alumina nanopowder or SiO 2 nanofiller are particularly important as fillers.
  • As catalytically active In particular, titanium oxide is important as an additive, which acts oxidatively on the superficially deposited dirt particles by the action of UV light. Particularly favorable is the combination of hydrophilizing additives and catalytically active titanium oxide.
  • a suitable third coating is further composed of siloxane with silicate fillers.
  • the third layer comprises perhyrdosilazane polymers as the main constituent and hydrophilic (co) polymers and / or additives as additives.
  • perhyrdosilazane polymers as the main constituent
  • hydrophilic (co) polymers and / or additives as additives.
  • a combination of perhyrdosilazane polymers, hydrophilic (co) polymers and catalytically active titanium oxide proves to be a particularly effective, scratch-resistant and dirt-repellent coating or easy-to-clean lacquer on the glossy layer or the bright anodised gloss layer.
  • the surface coating of 1, 2 or 3 layers is applied to a motor vehicle wheel made of an Al casting alloy with an Si content in the range from 3 to 12% by weight.
  • the subsequent electrochemical oxidation increases the corrosion resistance of the surface and improves the surface finish for a subsequent coating.
  • a pure aluminum layer is applied in a thickness of 10 to 300 microns.
  • a cold gas process is preferably used, in particular in the deposition on light metal substrates or aluminum wheels.
  • the aluminum surfaces for deposition are brought to a temperature in the range of 280 to 350 ° C and the steel surfaces to a temperature in the range of 280 to 580 ° C.
  • the cold gas process is characterized in that the carrier gas loaded with the gaseous Al carrier substances has a lower temperature than the substrate to be coated. In particular, the carrier gas temperature is significantly below the decomposition or deposition temperature of the Al carrier substance.
  • Particularly preferred is an all-round coating of a cast aluminum rim or steel rim with an applied by a low-temperature CVD method pure aluminum layer in a layer thickness of 30 to max. 100 ⁇ m performed.
  • the second layer of alumina is preferably prepared so that the deposited layer of Al or Al alloy is anodized.
  • the anodization parameters are adjusted to form nano or microstructures of columnar alumina. Due to the interspaces of adjacent columns, the layer is constructed as such nano- or microporous.
  • a clear coat or an easy-to-clean coating is applied to the first coat, but especially to the second coat.
  • the job can be done by wet or powder coating.
  • the method is particularly suitable for coating Al cast alloy wheels for passenger cars or for steel wheels for trucks or buses.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)
  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Revêtement de surface d'apparence brillante qui est appliqué sur des roues de véhicule automobile en alliages légers ou en acier et qui peut comprendre plusieurs couches, caractérisé en ce qu'il présente au moins une première couche en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium qui est appliquée directement sur la surface de la roue et qui a un aspect brillant métallique.
  2. Revêtement selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la couche en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium est un revêtement par procédé CVD ou PVD.
  3. Revêtement selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la surface de la première couche présente une deuxième couche sous forme de couche d'oxyde microporeuse ou nanoporeuse produite électrochimiquement.
  4. Revêtement selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que la première ou deuxième couche présente une troisième couche en vernis transparent ou un vernis facile d'entretien.
  5. Revêtement selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la deuxième couche présente une épaisseur comprise dans la plage de 50 à 1 000 nm.
  6. Revêtement selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la troisième couche est composée essentiellement de polymères silicone, silazane ou silane.
  7. Revêtement selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que la troisième couche contient des additifs hydrophobes.
  8. Revêtement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que la troisième couche comprend des polymères perhydrosilazane, copolymères hydrophiles et / ou des additifs comme l'oxyde de titane.
  9. Revêtement selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la roue du véhicule est composée d'un alliage d'aluminium coulé dur avec une teneur en Si de 3 à 12 % en poids.
  10. Revêtement selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la roue du véhicule est réalisée en acier.
  11. Procédé servant à produire un revêtement brillant résistant sur des surfaces en alliage d'aluminium ou en acier de roues automobile en alliages légers ou en acier comprenant les étapes suivantes :
    - dépôt chimique en phase gazeuse d'aluminium ou d'alliage d'aluminium afin de former une première couche dense et brillante directement sur la surface de la roue,
    - oxydation électrochimique de la surface de la première couche et formation d'une deuxième couche microporeuse ou nanoporeuse en oxyde d'aluminium ayant une épaisseur comprise entre 50 et 1000 nm.
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que le dépôt chimique en phase gazeuse s'effectue par un procédé CVD ou PVD.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que comme procédé CVD on utilise le procédé par gaz froid, dans lequel les surfaces en aluminium présentent une température dans la plage de 280 à 350 °C et les surfaces en acier une température dans la plage de 280 à 580 °C.
  14. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 à 13, caractérisée en ce que l'oxydation électrochimique s'effectue par anodisation.
  15. Revêtement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 à 14, caractérisé en ce qu'un vernis transparent ou un revêtement facile d'entretien est appliqué sur la première ou deuxième couche.
  16. Roue de véhicule fabriquée en alliage d'aluminium ou en acier, caractérisée en ce qu'elle présente un revêtement brillant selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10 ou est revêtue par un procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 à 15.
EP08701133A 2007-01-30 2008-01-16 Revêtements brillants pour des roues de véhicule automobile en aluminium ou en acier et leur production Not-in-force EP2115182B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007004570A DE102007004570A1 (de) 2007-01-30 2007-01-30 Glänzende Beschichtungen für Aluminium- oder Stahloberflächen und deren Herstellung
PCT/EP2008/000291 WO2008092564A1 (fr) 2007-01-30 2008-01-16 Revêtements brillants pour des roues de véhicule automobile en aluminium ou en acier et leur production

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2115182A1 EP2115182A1 (fr) 2009-11-11
EP2115182B1 true EP2115182B1 (fr) 2011-07-06

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08701133A Not-in-force EP2115182B1 (fr) 2007-01-30 2008-01-16 Revêtements brillants pour des roues de véhicule automobile en aluminium ou en acier et leur production

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20100021757A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2115182B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE515585T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102007004570A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008092564A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012076467A2 (fr) 2010-12-06 2012-06-14 Bang & Olufsen A/S Procédé permettant d'obtenir un fini de surface de diffusion des rayonnements sur un objet
US20120308775A1 (en) * 2010-12-09 2012-12-06 You Seung M Hydrophilic surfaces and process for preparing
PT2752504T (pt) * 2013-01-08 2016-08-02 Ropal Europe Ag Processo para produção de um substrato com revestimento metálico, brilhante, protegido contra corrosão, do substrato com revestimento metálico, assim como a sua utilização
DE102014003508A1 (de) * 2014-03-14 2015-09-17 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH Verfahren zur Herstellung sowie Verwendung einer polierten nanostrukturierten metallischen Oberfläche mit wasser- und eisabweisenden Eigenschaften

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AT386418B (de) * 1986-11-14 1988-08-25 Vianova Kunstharz Ag Verfahren zur herstellung von bindemitteln auf acrylat-basis und deren verwendung in kathodisch abscheidbaren lacken
CH676650GA3 (fr) * 1989-08-25 1991-02-28
US5032568A (en) * 1989-09-01 1991-07-16 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Deposition of superconducting thick films by spray inductively coupled plasma method
DE69516069T2 (de) * 1994-09-30 2000-10-12 Gen Electric Verfahren zum Reinigen von Substraten und Herstellen von Schutzschichten
GB9721650D0 (en) * 1997-10-13 1997-12-10 Alcan Int Ltd Coated aluminium workpiece
DE69912966T2 (de) 1998-08-28 2004-08-19 Alcoa Inc. Verfahren zur oberflächenbehandlung von gegenständen aus aluminium
CN1208412C (zh) * 2000-12-21 2005-06-29 舒飞士特种化工有限公司 涂料用粉末热固性组合物
US6896970B2 (en) * 2001-01-31 2005-05-24 Areway, Inc. Corrosion resistant coating giving polished effect
TWI259844B (en) 2001-04-27 2006-08-11 Clariant Int Ltd Anti-fouling coating solution containing inorganic polysilazane
EP1664379B1 (fr) 2003-09-19 2010-04-28 Akzo Nobel N.V. Metallisation de substrat(s) par procede de depot en phases liquide-vapeur
DE102004001288A1 (de) 2004-01-07 2005-08-11 Clariant International Limited Hydrophile Beschichtung auf Polysilazanbasis
DE102004011212A1 (de) * 2004-03-04 2005-09-29 Clariant International Limited Perhydropolysilazane enthaltende Beschichtungen für Metall- und Polymeroberflächen
DE102004049111A1 (de) * 2004-10-07 2006-04-13 Leybold Optics Gmbh Verfahren zur Glanzbeschichtung von Substraten sowie glanzbeschichtetes Substrat
EP1934041A4 (fr) * 2005-09-15 2017-06-28 NDSU Research Foundation Revêtements et systèmes de revêtement pour des substrats en métal

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2115182A1 (fr) 2009-11-11
US20100021757A1 (en) 2010-01-28
DE102007004570A1 (de) 2008-07-31
ATE515585T1 (de) 2011-07-15
WO2008092564A1 (fr) 2008-08-07

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