EP2092319A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur messung biologischer und elektronischer eigenschaften einer probe - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zur messung biologischer und elektronischer eigenschaften einer probeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2092319A1 EP2092319A1 EP07817752A EP07817752A EP2092319A1 EP 2092319 A1 EP2092319 A1 EP 2092319A1 EP 07817752 A EP07817752 A EP 07817752A EP 07817752 A EP07817752 A EP 07817752A EP 2092319 A1 EP2092319 A1 EP 2092319A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- effect transistor
- field effect
- voltage
- measured
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
- G01N33/48707—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material by electrical means
- G01N33/48728—Investigating individual cells, e.g. by patch clamp, voltage clamp
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/414—Ion-sensitive or chemical field-effect transistors, i.e. ISFETS or CHEMFETS
Definitions
- the invention relates to an apparatus and a method for measuring biological and electronic properties of a sample.
- Biological properties of cellular samples are measured by electrical means, inter alia, with impedance sensors.
- a small alternating current flows between a reference electrode and a working electrode.
- Overgrowing the working electrode with a biological sample changes the AC impedance of the system (impedance) and thus the current flowing through the device. This change is measured.
- Such a measuring arrangement is known for example from US Pat. No. 5,187,096.
- the device according to the invention comprises a field effect transistor with contacting means for contacting the sample with the gate of the field effect transistor.
- field effect transistors are, for example, non-metallized open-gate field effect transistors, in particular so-called ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFETs), metallized or non-metallized floating gate field effect transistors, metallized or non-metallized nano-field effect transistors, carbon nanotube field effect transistors or metallized or non-metallized Nanowires suitable.
- ISFETs ion-selective field effect transistors
- metallized or non-metallized floating gate field effect transistors metallized or non-metallized nano-field effect transistors
- carbon nanotube field effect transistors or metallized or non-metallized Nanowires suitable.
- any electrically conductive element is suitable, which is connected to the gate of the field effect transistor and can be brought into contact with the sample.
- aqueous measuring solutions or hydrogels or polyelectrolytes are preferably used.
- the gate electrode itself can be provided as a contacting means, on which the sample can be applied directly.
- stimulation means are provided for applying a voltage to the sample.
- These stimulation means advantageously comprise a reference electrode introduced into a liquid or gelatinous contacting agent, such as a chlorinated silver wire (Ag / AgCl electrode), an electrochemical reference electrode, a metal wire, a metallized surface of a microfluidic chamber, or preferably at least one on-chip accommodates the field effect transistor, integrated reference electrode.
- a reference electrode introduced into a liquid or gelatinous contacting agent
- a chlorinated silver wire Al / AgCl electrode
- an electrochemical reference electrode such as a metal wire, a metallized surface of a microfluidic chamber, or preferably at least one on-chip accommodates the field effect transistor, integrated reference electrode.
- stimulating agents that are applied directly to the sample or introduced into it, such as patch clamps or intracellular electrodes.
- the sample Since the sample is electrically connected at least partially between the stimulation means and the gate of the field-effect transistor, it depends on the specific properties of the sample in each case to what extent an applied alternating voltage leads to a loading of the gate with a potential.
- the sample changes the input impedance of the field effect transistor.
- the charges that cause the potential at the gate need not be concentrated on the gate, but may, for example, also be on the contactor or on the sample contacted with it.
- the potential present at the gate can be measured directly or indirectly with the aid of the field-effect transistor, preferably via the strength of a current which flows through the source-drain path of the field-effect transistor. This current does not flow through the sample because the source-drain path in a field-effect transistor is isolated from the gate. A change in the potential on the gate then leads to a change in the current higher by the amplification factor of the field effect transistor.
- a measuring instrument for measuring the amplitude and phase of a current flowing through the source-drain path of the field effect transistor is provided, which is preferably converted in a first amplifier stage by means of suitable electronics into an output voltage (V out ).
- V out an output voltage
- the time course of these quantities includes a convolution of the impedance of the sample with the transfer function of the field effect transistor.
- the frequency response of a current flowing through the source-drain path or a variable derived therefrom in dependence on the frequency of the alternating voltage is understood as the transfer function of the field-effect transistor in the sense of this invention.
- this transfer function is known, for example, from a measurement without sample leaves invert the convolution and determine the impedance of the sample by unfolding.
- the impedance is in biology, a common measure of, so that the possibility of the device to determine this, comparability Messergebm sse 'increased significantly with the results of other tests.
- the measuring instrument is frequency-selective.
- the current can be measured, which has the same frequency as the AC voltage with which the sample is applied. This reduces the influence of external disturbances.
- a frequency-selective measuring instrument also simultaneously, to measure at frequencies other than the frequency of the applied alternating voltage. In particular, it is possible and useful to measure on a discrete or continuous spectrum of frequencies. In particular, it is then possible to track slower biological effects that alter several frequency components of the current.
- a lock-in amplifier is suitable for simultaneously characterizing a signal component with a specific measurement frequency and a signal component which can be regarded approximately as a direct current component compared to this frequency.
- a passive low-pass filter may also be provided in order to separate off such a DC-like component of the signal.
- a further advantageous embodiment of the arrangement additionally comprises excitation means for applying a further electrical voltage to the sample.
- excipients are understood to mean those agents which can apply a sufficiently high voltage to the sample in such a way that a biological reaction in the sample is thereby produced.
- a patch-clamp arrangement or an intracellular electrode is suitable.
- the measurable with the device electrical activity of the sample can be stimulated independently of a current inventive measurement of other biological properties.
- means for carrying out further simultaneous measurements such as amperometry, voltammetry, Coulombmetrie, gravimetry, optometry, Hall measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM), light microscopy, temperature jump method, calorimetry or 2-, 3- or 4-pole measurement , be provided.
- the arrangement comprises at least one further field-effect transistor, which in particular can be constructed identically to the first field-effect transistor. Then this can be used to determine the transfer function of the field effect transistor as such (without sample) and in particular the typical drift of the output signal either for the purpose of subsequent signal processing or to charge from the outset by differential measurement with the measurement signal.
- This is particularly advantageous when it is intended to determine the impedance of the sample by unfolding.
- the further field effect transistor is electrically isolated from the sample.
- the transfer function of the field effect transistor is dependent on the input impedance of the field effect transistor, for example. Any changes in the impedance of the path between the stimulation means and the gate of the field effect transistor thereby change the input impedance of the field effect transistor.
- the device comprises means for contacting a plurality of field effect transistors with the same sample. If these means are arranged, for example, in an array of at least 2 to several thousand field-effect transistors, it is possible, for example, to measure many samples simultaneously. However, it is also possible to perform spatially resolved measurements on an extended sample. For example, the response of different functional areas of a cell to the AC voltage can be studied simultaneously. This is due to the fact that field effect make transistors that are significantly smaller than a cell. Typical sizes of biological cells are 2 mm diameter (oocytes) up to 1 ⁇ m (bacteria). Nanowires as the smallest conceivable field effect transistors typically have diameters up to 10 nm.
- the stimulation means comprise a liquid reservoir.
- a reservoir can be produced, for example, by adhering glass rings to a chip containing the field-effect transistor in a moisture-tight manner.
- the reservoir should be large enough to completely wet the sample, the field effect transistor, and the reference electrode serving as the stimulation means.
- the liquid reservoir is closed. It may have an inlet or a drain (microfluidics).
- the volume should in this case be at least so large that the sample and the reference electrode are wetted. This makes it possible, for example, to supply cell poisons in increasing gradients to the sample. Likewise, it is advantageously possible to switch back and forth between different substances within the shortest or respectively defined periods or to supply sequences of different fluids to the sample. The use of microfluidic systems further reduces the volumes required for measurement.
- the contacting means comprise a liquid reservoir, which may in particular be identical to the reservoir which is already part of the stimulation means. Contacting via a liquid is easy to handle, controllable via the chemical composition of the liquid and can be dissolved again without residue.
- One of the stimulation or contacting means comprising liquid reservoir is advantageously filled with an electrolyte.
- the method according to the invention for measuring biological properties of a sample provides for applying an alternating voltage to the sample.
- the sample exchanges charges with the gate of a field effect transistor (FET).
- FET field effect transistor
- One of the potential at the gate of the Field effect transistor-dependent primary physical quantity is measured.
- a change in the potential at the gate leads to a change in the primary physical measured variable which is higher by one amplification factor.
- a current flowing through the source-drain path of the field-effect transistor can be measured as the primary physical measured variable, wherein the amplification factor is the usual amplification factor of the field-effect transistor.
- the amplification factor is influenced, for example, by the sample changing the input impedance of the field effect transistor.
- the frequency of the alternating voltage applied to the sample is preferably between 0.1 Hz and 1 GHz, more preferably between 1 Hz and 100 MHz and most preferably between 1 Hz and 10 MHz. At these frequencies, the expected measurement effects are greatest.
- the amplitude of the alternating voltage applied to the sample is preferably between 0.001 mV and 10 V, more preferably between 0.1 mV and 1 V and most preferably between 1 mV and 100 mV.
- the amplitude should be so large that sufficient transmission and amplification is ensured for the field effect transistor used in each case. An upper limit is reached in case of an influence up to the destruction of the sample by an alternating voltage with too high an amplitude.
- the amplitude of the alternating voltage is advantageously kept constant during the measurement. However, it is also possible to vary the amplitude approximately at a constant frequency of the alternating voltage and thus to operate in terms of amplitude spectroscopy.
- this method can measure the response of a biological sample to an applied AC voltage without current flow through the sample.
- this response was measured by the impedance of the sample, with a very small current flowing at least partially through the sample. It was recognized that the metrological difficulties in measuring these very small currents were the limiting factor for the signal-to-noise ratio and thus also for the sensitivity in the measurement of very small samples. This was all the more true, the longer the paths were, the current had to go back to the first amplifier.
- the response of the sample is amplified directly at the place of its formation by the field effect transistor. The sensitivity is thus large enough to take measurements on biological Samples such as single cells, subregions of cells, cell fragments, cell membranes, artificial model membranes, proteins or biomolecules to carry out.
- the sample is subjected to alternating voltages of different frequencies.
- the response of a sample to an AC voltage is generally frequency dependent. From this frequency dependence biological properties of the sample can be derived.
- amplitude and phase of the primary physical quantity are measured.
- the time course of these variables includes a convolution of further characteristics of the sample with the transfer function of the field effect transistor.
- the time course of the amplitude and phase of the primary physical measured variable is measured between 1 and 100, preferably between 3 and 30 and particularly preferably between 5 and 10 oscillations of the applied alternating voltage.
- This time periodically represents a compromise between the necessary measuring time and the information content for the subsequent evaluation, for example for determining the impedance.
- the time characteristic of the primary physical measured quantity and the transfer function of the field effect transistor are processed to determine further characteristics of the sample.
- the time characteristic of the primary physical measured variable may represent a convolution of such a characteristic with the transfer function of the field effect transistor. If the transfer function of the field effect transistor is known, for example, by a prior measurement without a sample, the characteristic sought can then be obtained by a development, ie an inversion of the folding process, from the recorded time course.
- the transfer function can also be at least partially offset with the time characteristic of the primary physical quantity, for example by differentially measuring it with a second field effect transistor not directly contacted with the sample, which is preferably arranged adjacent to the first field effect transistor, for example in the same array.
- the parameter can also be determined, for example, by a mathematical model of the time characteristic of the primary physical quantity containing the transfer function of the field effect transistor, which contains the parameter sought as a parameter, while varying this Parameters is fitted to the recorded time course.
- the impedance of the sample can be determined from the primary physical measured variable, for example by the above-described calculation of the time characteristic of the primary measured variable with the transfer function of the field effect transistor.
- the determination of the impedance with the method according to the invention significantly increases the comparability of the measurement results with the results of other experiments.
- a further secondary physical measured variable is measured.
- This measured variable advantageously represents a measure of an electrical activity of the sample, which in turn advantageously allows conclusions to be drawn about the biological activity.
- the electrical activity may be, for example, an extracellular voltage that is applied either spontaneously or in response to the application of the AC voltage to the sample.
- the electrical activity of the sample and its response to the AC voltage are advantageously measured with one and the same field effect transistor, which avoids errors due to deviations in the properties of different transistors.
- the sample is subjected to a stimulation of electrical activity with a further electrical voltage, for example by a further external voltage source, such as by contacting by patch-clamp technique or intracellular electrodes.
- a further electrical voltage can also be advantageously applied together with the AC voltage, for example, by the AC voltage is modulated to a DC voltage as further electrical voltage.
- the secondary physical measured variable may be, for example, a low-frequency component of the current flowing through the source-drain path of the field-effect transistor in comparison to the frequency of the alternating voltage. This can be considered approximately as DC component.
- the primary and secondary physical quantities can be measured simultaneously. This is particularly advantageous when the primary physical quantity of the current flowing through the source-drain path of the field effect transistor and the secondary physical quantity is a low-frequency, approximately considered as a direct current component of this stream. Then advantageously a lock-in amplifier can be selected as a measuring instrument.
- the current flowing through the source-drain path of the field-effect transistor or generally the primary physical measured variable, at frequencies other than the frequency of the alternating voltage.
- low-frequency components can be extracted. Many slow biological effects, such as extracellular activities, change the current at several frequencies that are low compared to the frequency of the AC voltage. They are modulated to these frequencies, analogous to the signals in the telecommunications, which are modulated on carrier frequencies.
- a sample is selected which comprises a plurality of interacting biological samples, such as several biomolecules or a cell and a substance acting on this cell, which substance may be for example a protein or a chemical agent.
- biological samples such as several biomolecules or a cell
- substance acting on this cell which substance may be for example a protein or a chemical agent.
- the biological effect of this literary action can be studied. For example, initially only one biological sample may be present and the other sample added during the measurement. For example, biomolecular binding reactions between an antigen and the associated antibody can be studied.
- cell membranes can be examined before, during and after the addition of biological or artificial membrane-permeable proteins, such as antibiotics.
- the sample is applied to a support electrically connected to the gate.
- This support may advantageously consist of a material which is more resistant to the substances contained in the sample than the gate.
- a sample may be chosen that would chemically modify the gate itself, for example.
- the carrier can be prepared in any way with the sample and connected to the gate just before the measurement. The connection of the carrier to the gate can advantageously be made detachable. Then, for example, more samples can be stored on carriers than field effect transistors are available.
- cells, biomolecules, proteins or parts thereof may be applied in a suspension which may comprise a nutrient medium.
- the components to be measured then settle on the ground by their mass in the solution and adhere to the surface of the carrier. Already this process of adhesion can be analyzed after the electrical connection of the carrier to the gate.
- a carrier is selected with adhesives that support the adhesion of the sample.
- adhesives for example, linker molecules are suitable which react chemically with the carrier and the sample.
- proteins such as fibronectin, polylysine, laminin or other proteins are also suitable.
- the choice of a carrier with adhesive is particularly advantageous when the sample contains cell membranes or artificial lipid membrane systems.
- the membranes can be transferred to the support by various methods, for example by self-assembled monolayer formation, by layered membrane deposition or as a Langmuir film.
- a carrier is selected on which the adhesive is laterally structured. Then, for example, the migration of cells along the lateral structures, which may include, for example, lines or nodes, can be observed.
- the sample is capable of replication, it can be incubated before measurement to increase the number of cells and thus the signal strength. In this case, a sufficient for cell growth level of humidity and carbon dioxide is presented.
- the sample can also be incubated during the measurement in order to use the method according to the invention Study process of cell division.
- all measurements can be performed spatially and temporally resolved and temporal changes of the respective measured variable can be determined.
- Figure 1 Block diagram of a Aus Concreteangsbeispiels of the device according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 shows two measurements carried out with the device from FIG. 1 with and without a biological sample.
- FIG. 3 Change of the measuring signal as a function of the salt concentration in the liquid reservoir 3 a.
- FIG. 4 Change in the detection sensitivity for the sample as a function of the salt concentration in the liquid reservoir 3 a.
- Figure 5 Normalized transfer functions of two field effect transistors 2, of which only one is overgrown with a cell.
- FIG. 6 Detection of cell detachment with the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 7 Difference between the time courses of the normalized transfer function with or without a sample.
- FIG. 1 shows the block diagram of an embodiment of the device according to the invention in operation.
- the device is realized in this embodiment as a sensor chip.
- a cell 1 is contacted with the gate of a field effect transistor 2.
- the field effect transistor 2 comprises a source terminal 2a, a drain terminal 2b and a gate 2c.
- Above the cell is a liquid reservoir 3a, which is arranged as a small culture dish above the gate surface.
- a bath electrode 3 is immersed in this liquid reservoir 3a.
- the bath electrode 3 is acted upon by a voltage and frequency generator 4 with an AC voltage tunable frequency.
- the liquid reservoir 3a, the bath electrode 3 and the voltage and frequency generator 4 together form a unit that represents the stimulation means.
- the contacting means also comprise a liquid film between the gate of the field effect transistor and the cell 1.
- a readout and amplifier electronics 5 acts on the source-drain path of the field effect transistor 2 with a voltage and measures the current flowing through this path. Since in the field effect transistor the source-drain path is isolated from the gate, this current does not flow through the sample.
- the electronics 5 internally convert the current into a voltage so that it ultimately performs a voltage measurement.
- the measured voltage which is a measure of the response of the sample to the AC voltage supplied by the voltage and frequency generator 4, and the AC voltage can be processed and displayed by an evaluation unit 6.
- Embodiment 1 Influence of the Presence of a Biological Sample on the Frequency Dependence of the Normalized Transfer Function
- FIG. 2 shows by way of example two measurements carried out with the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in a logarithmic representation.
- V S in / V 0 Ut is plotted against the frequency of the applied alternating voltage, wherein V S in the voltage applied to the bath electrode 3 AC voltage and V out is the output voltage supplied by the readout and amplifier electronics 5.
- the field effect transistor was first cleaned before the measurement and coated with the protein poly-L-lysine as a sample. Thereafter, a liquid reservoir was filled with an aqueous electrolyte solution (standard electrophysiological solution: 5 mM KCl, 140 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM glucose, pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH).
- the curve ⁇ in FIG. 2 shows by way of example the measurement of the normalized transfer function V s i n / V 0Ut after a renewed cleaning of the surface and thus after the removal of the biological sample (protein) from the surface.
- the diluent used was distilled water in each case.
- FIG. 4 shows the difference ⁇ (V S i n / Vout) of the respective transfer functions in the presence and absence of the poly-L-lysine for different salt concentrations (of ⁇ -decreasing salt concentration of the electrolyte solution).
- ⁇ V S i n / Vout
- the present invention is useful for detecting biomolecules such as proteins or DNA. It was also clearly demonstrated that the present invention is suitable for detecting the adhesion of biomolecules to the field effect transistors. By a differential measurement even a quantitative statement regarding the amount of bound biomolecules is possible.
- Exemplary Embodiment 2 Differential Measurement for Investigating the Properties of a Single Cell.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of a differential measurement series of the normalized transfer function of two different, equally coated (poly-L-lysine) field-effect transistors on the same sensor chip with the device according to the invention according to FIG
- the difference between the two field effect transistors is that one cell (HEK293) has grown on one of the field effect transistors ( ⁇ ), while there is no cell on the other field effect transistor ( ⁇ ).
- This chip was stored for incubation after application of the cell suspension for a period of three days in an incubator under constant CO 2 atmosphere and constant temperature.
- FIG. 6 shows by way of example a time-dependent measurement of the change in the transfer function of the two field effect transistors shown in FIG. 5 with and without a cell on the field effect transistor.
- Plotted is the normalized transfer function V s j n / V 0Ut against the time t.
- the graph shows only slight differences between the transmission function long-time signals of the field effect transistors with cell (curve ⁇ ) and without cell (curve ⁇ ) up to 240 s.
- the change in the adhesion of a single cell to a field effect transistor is significantly detectable.
- the present invention is suitable for the study of both the site-and time-resolved cell adhesion, as well as the site-and time-resolved cell detachment.
- This can be used, for example, in toxicology or to demonstrate the presence of others Cell detachment triggering substances are used.
- Exemplary embodiment 4 Detection of micromovements of a cell.
- FIG. 7 shows the result of a measurement carried out analogously to FIG.
- the normalized transfer function was measured in a time-dependent manner analogous to FIG.
- the system did not intervene during the measurement.
- the upper part of Figure 7 shows the normalized transfer function of the field effect transistor with cell, the lower part of Figure 7 that of the field effect transistor without a cell.
- the transfer functions are plotted against time t.
- Figure 7 shows the only slightly visible in Figure 6 differences between two transfer functions in magnification. While only small fluctuations are to be registered for the field effect transistor without a cell (below), significant changes in the transfer function can already be observed for the field effect transistor with cell. These changes in the transfer function can be correlated with local micro-movements of the adherent cell.
- the present invention is useful for the rapid and efficient measurement of the toxicity of unknown substances, as such micro-movements of the cell as well as cell motility is a parameter strongly linked to cell vitality, which is significantly changed by toxic substances.
- the embodiments shown here do not limit the invention to biological samples.
- the basic idea, to use a field effect transistor for the currentless measurement of an AC resistance, can be realized on any system which can be charged with an AC voltage and which can exchange charges with the gate of a field effect transistor.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
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- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE200610055990 DE102006055990A1 (de) | 2006-11-24 | 2006-11-24 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Messung biologischer und elektronischer Eigenschaften einer Probe |
PCT/DE2007/001955 WO2008061489A1 (de) | 2006-11-24 | 2007-10-31 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur messung biologischer und elektronischer eigenschaften einer probe |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2092319A1 true EP2092319A1 (de) | 2009-08-26 |
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EP07817752A Withdrawn EP2092319A1 (de) | 2006-11-24 | 2007-10-31 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur messung biologischer und elektronischer eigenschaften einer probe |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP2092319A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102006055990A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2008061489A1 (de) |
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GB2498522B (en) * | 2012-01-16 | 2014-03-12 | Efficience Marketing | A chemical species sensor and a method for detecting a chemical species |
DE102014001155A1 (de) | 2014-01-31 | 2015-08-06 | Hochschule Kaiserslautern | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung biologischer und/oder elektronischer Eigenschaften einer Probe sowie Verwendungen derselben |
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DE3835339A1 (de) * | 1987-10-16 | 1989-04-27 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Anordnung zur untersuchung von ionen, atomen und molekuelen in gasen und fluessigkeiten |
JP4092990B2 (ja) * | 2002-09-06 | 2008-05-28 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 生体および化学試料検査装置 |
DE10243599A1 (de) * | 2002-09-19 | 2004-04-01 | MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Messvorrichtung und -verfahren für ein Screening bei auf Elektroden immobilisierten Zellen |
WO2006052891A1 (en) * | 2004-11-09 | 2006-05-18 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Analyte identification using electronic devices |
JP4081477B2 (ja) * | 2005-03-29 | 2008-04-23 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 生体分子検出装置及びそれを用いた生体分子検出方法 |
-
2006
- 2006-11-24 DE DE200610055990 patent/DE102006055990A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2007
- 2007-10-31 WO PCT/DE2007/001955 patent/WO2008061489A1/de active Application Filing
- 2007-10-31 EP EP07817752A patent/EP2092319A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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See references of WO2008061489A1 * |
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DE102006055990A1 (de) | 2008-05-29 |
WO2008061489A1 (de) | 2008-05-29 |
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