EP2014842B1 - Fire wall - Google Patents

Abstract

The firewall has a wall (12) constructed using fire-resistant panels (14) with a facing sheet, and metallic carrier structures (16, 16') independent of each side of the wall. An anchoring system has anchoring points (28, 28') between the wall and the structure. A fire detection unit is associated to each system to cause rupture of the points exposed to fire in case of fire. A spacing (D) arranged between the two structures is equal to two times thickness of the panels, where the wall is arranged at middle between the structures.

Description

Technical area

The present invention relates to a fire wall, in particular a fire wall that can easily be integrated into a steel frame building, as well as components of a fire wall.

State of the art

A fire wall is intended to stop or delay the advance of a fire in a building. According to French regulations currently in force, it must resist, in the laboratory, for a given time (generally 4 hours) under the conditions of a conventional fire and be impervious to hot gases. In addition, the temperature on the surface opposite the fire must not exceed 140 ° C on average and 180 ° C at an extreme point. In principle, the fire wall must extend beyond the roof and, in the case of a metal frame building, the deformation or collapse of the steel frame on the fire side must not result in the failure of the fire. firewall.

In a steel frame building, two types of fire walls are nowadays mainly realized. The first type is a firewall comprising a supporting structure of thin steel profiles coated with gypsum board and filled with mineral wool. This type of firewall, however, presents problems when it comes to ensuring its durability in case of deformation or collapse of the steel frame on the side of the fire. The second type is a firewall that is molded between two independent load-bearing structures and is connected to them by fusible ties that will melt on the side of the wall exposed to the fire and remain intact on the opposite side of the fire. Therefore, if the load-bearing structure on the firewall side exposed to the fire collapses, this will not ruin the firewall. The latter is still supported by the fusible links, which attach it to the supporting structure located on the side of the firewall that is not exposed to fire.

A fire wall of the second type is marketed by the company YTONG under the name "fire wall with split metal structure." It is a wall built with cellular concrete cladding slabs erected between split columns, whose spacing is only slightly larger than the thickness of the cladding slabs. All vertical joints between the cladding slabs are between the posts and are filled with rockwool. Horizontal joints include a tongue and groove system and must be fully bonded with a mortar. YTONG fusible fasteners consist of fusing plates, which are fastened with nails either on the visible faces of the cladding slabs or on the horizontal contact surfaces between two cladding slabs, and which support behind the wings polls.

A major disadvantage of the split metal structure YTONG system is that the firewall must be erected before closing the building, as the cladding slabs must engage at the top between the split posts. Another disadvantage of the split metal structure YTONG system is that the integration of large sliding fire doors in this type of firewall is almost impossible. In addition, cladding slabs of cellular concrete are generally not allowed in agri-food buildings, given the constraints of hygiene.

A fire wall including the features of the preamble of claim 1 is described in the document DE 100 40 699 .

Objects of the invention

A first object of the present invention is to make easier and more flexible the fire compartmentalisation of metal constructions. According to the invention, this objective is achieved by a fire wall according to claim 1.

A second object of the present invention is to provide a better anchoring system for firewalls.

Another object of the present invention is to provide fire resistant panels with a very compact sandwich structure, which make it possible to construct walls having a very high fire resistance (for example of the order of 4 hours and more).

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a joint between two fire resistant panels which not only guarantees a solid assembly of the panels and excellent flame, smoke and hot gas tightness, but which also allows for easy replacement of a damaged panel in the wall.

General description of the invention

In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention provides a fire wall comprising: a wall constructed using fire resistant panels; an independent metallic support structure on each side of the wall; an anchoring system for each of the two supporting structures, with anchoring points between the wall and the supporting structure; and at least one fire detection means associated with each anchoring system so as to cause, in the event of a fire, a rupture of said anchoring points on the side of the wall which is exposed to the fire. According to a first new aspect of the present invention, the spacing between the two supporting structures is equal to at least twice the thickness of a fire-resistant panel, the wall being arranged in the middle between the two supporting structures. Such spacing between the two carrier structures provides multiple benefits. It makes it possible to easily erect the wall when the supporting structures are already in place. This is particularly interesting when large industrial halls are being built and it is not yet known what fire compartmentalization should be planned. When the operation of the hall changes, and the firewall between two independent supporting structures hinders, it can also easily remove such a wall constructed with fire resistant panels, without risking damaging the metal frame of the hall. Note also that the free space between each supporting structure and the wall is sufficient to incorporate sliding fire doors, which can then slide in this free space. Moreover, in case of fire, the heat transfer between the supporting structure and the wall is weakened. It remains to mention that the risk that the wall is damaged by elements of the supporting structure, when the latter is deformed under the effect of the fire, is significantly reduced.

An anchor located at a certain height above the ground is designed to allow an increase in the spacing between the wall and the supporting structure of the order of one to several centimeters before opposing this increase by resuming a pulling effort. Such an anchor point does not exert a tensile force on the wall, when one of the two load-bearing structures is subjected, under the load of the wind, to a bending which tends to increase the spacing between the bearing structure and the wall.

To increase the stability in normal operation of the wall, it is advantageous to provide support points between the wall and each of the supporting structures. These bearing points essentially take up compressive forces and are not able to transmit a tensile force between the wall and one of the supporting structures.

A preferred embodiment of an anchor comprises: a first horizontal attachment arm attached to one of the two supporting structures and provided with a first through hole for a pin; a second horizontal attachment arm attached to the wall and provided with a second through hole for a pin, the two holes being vertically superimposed. A pin with a vertical axis is housed in the two holes and serves for the transmission of forces between the two attachment points. During this transmission of forces, the pin is essentially stressed in shear.

One of the two vertically superposed holes is advantageously an oblong hole. In this way one can adjust the point of attachment so as to tolerate an increase in the spacing between the wall and the supporting structure of the order of a few centimeters, before the pin is stressed in shear. This makes it possible in particular to prevent a deformation of one of the two bearing structures under the load of the wind results in a traction force on the second horizontal fastening arm attached to the wall. In addition, an oblong hole also allows easier mounting of the anchor points, because it compensates for unevenness in the spacing between the wall and the carrier structure. The pin can also be arranged in the oblong hole so as to transmit a compression on the horizontal attachment arm fixed to the wall with low axial play and to transmit a traction on the latter with a much greater axial play. In this embodiment, the anchor point also has a fulcrum function between the wall and the supporting structure that connects.

In a preferred embodiment, an anchor includes a fuse element holding the pin in place in both holes. It will be appreciated that this fuse element must not participate in the transmission of a tensile force or compression by the anchor point, which naturally facilitates its dimensioning. This anchor then advantageously comprises a spring element, which is associated with the pin so as to drive axially from its housing when the fuse element breaks, thus releasing the first of the second attachment arm. In addition, the spring exerts a constant and well-defined force on the fuse element, which ensures a more accurate melting temperature.

The anchoring system may also comprise a system of rods adapted to occupy a first position, in which it holds in place the pins of at least two anchoring points in their respective holes, and a second position in which it releases these pins. Actuating means are then associated with this system of rods to bring it from its first position to its second position. These actuating means are advantageously slaved to a triggering means. The latter is for example a fuse element, another type of fire detector, a fire extinguishing system (for example a sprinkler system) or manual triggering means, which can be actuated by firefighters.

The fire-resistant panels are preferably lightweight sandwich-structure panels which are provided with an outer facing formed of steel sheets.

It will also be appreciated that the present invention also relates to a new type of very compact sandwich panels, which make it possible to construct walls having a very high fire resistance (for example of the order of 4 hours and more). Such a fire resistant panel has a central core comprising at least one gypsum board and a thermal insulation layer based on cellular glass adhered to each face of the central core. According to a first important aspect, venting means are arranged between the central core and each thermal insulation layer, so as to evacuate the steam formed during the heating of the plaster of the central core to the joints between the panels. In this way, a controlled evacuation of the water vapor formed during the heating of the plaster of the central core is avoided, and it is avoided to explode the sandwich panel under the effect of an excessive increase in pressure. internal. In this type of panel, the thermal insulation layers are preferably fixed by means of a discontinuous bonding on the central core, so that there remain gaps between the bonded regions. These voids then form venting means able to evacuate the steam.

In a preferred embodiment of a panel, steel sheets are fixed by surface bonding to the thermal insulation layers to form an outer face of the panel. This steel sheet forming the outer facing is preferably a thin sheet of carbon steel coated with an alloy composed of aluminum and zinc. A preferred alloy comprises for example between 53% and 57% of aluminum, 41% and 46% of zinc and 1% and 2% of silicon. The steel sheet forming the siding normally has a thickness of 0.6 to 1.3 mm. It will be noted that the aforementioned alloy significantly and unexpectedly increases the fire resistance of the sandwich panels. We think we can explain this surprising phenomenon as follows. Under the effect of the high heat of fire, the coating of aluminum and zinc behaves in "millefeuille", that is to say it swells by forming thin solid layers separated by layers of air. This coating "millefeuille" then seems to be a layer of thermal insulation, which delays the heating of the sandwich panel.

The central core of the panel advantageously comprises a load-bearing panel based on fiber-reinforced cement; and on each side of the carrier panel, a gypsum board glued to the carrier panel. The carrier panel has a deformation under heat lower than the drywall. This load-bearing panel serves as a structural support for plasterboard and is intended to keep them in place as long as possible in case of fire.

A panel according to the invention advantageously comprises a frame formed with mineral plates bonded to the edges of the sandwich structure. This frame is preferably formed with plates based on fiber reinforced cement. The external cladding formed of steel sheets forms low rims along said frame, so as to staple the frame, without constituting a thermal bridge. It will be appreciated that such a frame substantially enhances the mechanical stability of the edges of the panel. In case of fire, it therefore contributes to a better tightness to flames, fumes and hot gases at the joints between the panels. The frame advantageously comprises holes for evacuating the steam formed during the heating of the plaster of the central core through the joints between the panels.

The present invention also presents a new type of seals for the assembly of fireproof panels in a wall. Such a joint between two panels is formed by a key-fitting side of a first plate which bears on a side without a connecting key of a second plate. This joint is closed on each side by an omega profile forming a central channel flanked by two flanges. The center channel is secured with lag bolts on the fitting key. The soles are fixed using self-drilling screws on the outer face formed of steel sheets. A plate is attached to the omega profile to cover the central channel. It is advantageously a carbon steel plate coated with an alloy composed of aluminum and zinc, as described above. An intumescent strip is preferably attached to the steel plate in the central channel of the omega profile. This method of joint construction not only guarantees a solid assembly of the panels and an excellent seal of the joints to flames, fumes and hot gases. It also allows easy replacement of a damaged panel in the wall. After disassembling omega dishes and profiles, you can simply remove a damaged panel from the wall and replace it with a new panel.

It should be noted that the fire resistant panels are advantageously rectangular panels with a length to height ratio of 2 to 1 and which preferably have a length of less than 3 m.

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1:

est une coupe à travers un bâtiment comprenant un mur coupe-feu selon l'invention;

Fig. 2:

est un agrandissement du détail encadré de la Fig. 1 ;

Fig. 3:

est une variante d'exécution du détail montré sur la Fig. 2 ;

Fig. 4:

est une vue en plan d'un panneau ;

Fig. 5:

est une coupe selon les flèches AA' et CC' sur la Fig. 4 ;

Fig. 6:

est une coupe selon les flèches BB' et DD' sur la Fig. 4 ; et

Fig. 7 :

est une coupe d'un joint entre deux panneaux.

Other features, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description of some advantageous embodiments presented below, by way of illustration, with reference to the accompanying drawings. These show:

Fig. 1:

is a section through a building comprising a firewall according to the invention;

Fig. 2:

is an enlargement of the framed detail of the Fig. 1 ;

Fig. 3:

is an execution variant of the detail shown on the Fig. 2 ;

Fig. 4:

is a plan view of a panel;

Fig. 5:

is a section along arrows AA 'and CC' on the Fig. 4 ;

Fig. 6:

is a section along the arrows BB 'and DD' on the Fig. 4 ; and

Fig. 7:

is a section of a joint between two panels.

Description of a preferred execution

The Fig. 1 shows a section through a metal frame building at a fire wall 10 comprising a wall 12 constructed using fire resistant panels 14. At the fire wall 10, the metal frame of the firewall building is divided into two structurally independent metal supporting structures 16 and 16 '. This means that there are no structural links between the left bearing structure 16 and the right bearing structure 16 '. Therefore, a collapse of the left carrier structure 16 will not result in the ruin of the right carrier structure 16 'and vice versa.

Each of the two supporting structures 16, 16 'comprises vertical posts 18, 18' supporting beams 20, 20 'carrying a roof 22, 22'. In fact, it is two independent roofs 22, 22 ', which are separated by an overflow 24 of the wall 12 on the roof and connected to this protrusion 24 sealingly. These bearing structures 16, 16 'could also comprise beams carrying an intermediate floor (not shown) on one or both sides of the wall 12. As required, each supporting structure 16, 16' may further comprise elements of vertical and horizontal bracing (not visible) and rails 26, 26 ', that is to say horizontal sections fixed to the vertical posts 18, 18' of a bearing structure 16, 16 'and serving in particular for anchoring of the wall 12 (see eg. Fig. 3 ).

Between each of the two supporting structures 16, 16 'and the wall 12 is arranged an anchoring system with anchoring points 28, 28' between said wall and the respective bearing structure 16, 16 '. These anchor points 28, 28 ', a preferred embodiment of which will be described later, are slaved to a fire detection means, which is capable of provoking, in the event of a fire, a break in the anchoring points on the side. wall 12 which is exposed to fire. In this way, the wall 12 is separated from the supporting structure 16, 16 'of the fire side, but is still supported by the bearing structure 16, 16' of the side opposite to the fire. Therefore, the carrier structure 16, 16 'exposed to the fire can collapse without causing the ruin of the wall 12.

There will be a gap "D" fairly important between the two supporting structures 16, 16 '. This gap "D" is normally equal to two to three times the thickness "E" of a fire-resistant panel (that is to say it is preferably: 2 ≤ D / E ≤ 3). On the Fig. 1 this "D / E" ratio is for example equal to 2.5. In absolute figures, the distance "D" preferably measures between 30 cm and 60 cm.

This gap "D" rather important between the two supporting structures 16, 16 'provides multiple advantages. It allows for example to easily erect the wall 12 when the bearing structures 16, 16 'are already in place. This is particularly interesting when large industrial halls are being built and it is not yet known what fire compartmentalization should be planned. With a system according to the present invention, it is then sufficient to divide the metal framework of the hall into several independent supporting structures with a spacing "D" between two adjacent supporting structures which is equal to at least twice the thickness "E" d a fire-resistant panel, to be able to easily erect, as needed and at any time, a wall 12 with fire-resistant panels 14 between two independent bearing structures, to form a fire compartment. When the operation of the hall changes, and the firewall between two independent supporting structures is no longer required and inconvenient, it will also be easy to remove at any time such a wall 12 constructed with fireproof panels 14, and this without risking damaging the metal frame of the hall. Note also that the free space between the outer face 30 of the wall 12 and the inner face 32 of the vertical posts 18, 18 ', whose width "L" preferably measures between 10 cm and 20 cm, is sufficient to be able to incorporate sliding fire doors (not shown), which can then slide in this space regardless of the location of the vertical posts 18, 18 '. Also in case of fire, the free space between the outer face 30 of the wall 12 and the inner face 32 of the vertical poles 18, 18 'provides significant benefits. It weakens in particular the heat transfer between the metallic support structure 16, 16 'which, because of the high thermal conductivity of the steel, heats up faster than the wall 12 constructed using fire resistant panels 14 and which, because of its high specific heat, is a significant heat radiator in case of fire. In addition, the free space between the outer face 30 of the wall 12 and the inner face 32 of the vertical posts 18, 18 'also reduces the risk that the wall 12 is damaged by elements of the support structure 16 or 16' when the latter is deformed under the effect of the fire.

Referring now to the Fig. 2 a preferred embodiment of the anchoring points 28, 28 'will be described. The anchoring point 28 mainly comprises two brackets 34, 36, a pin 38, a fuse element 40 and a spring 42. The first bracket 34 is fixed to the post 18 and comprises a first horizontal attachment arm 44 which extends in the direction of the wall 12. The second bracket 36 is fixed to the wall 12 and comprises a second horizontal attachment arm 46 which extends towards the pole 18 and which passes below the first attachment arm 44. Each two attachment arms 44, 46 comprises a through hole 48, 50. These through holes 48, 50 are vertically superimposed. The pin 38 passes through the two through holes 48, 50 having its central axis substantially vertical. It is suspended by means of the fuse element 40 to a bracket 52, which is preferably supported by the first bracket 34 and extends above the first attachment arm 44 in the axis of the through hole 48. The connection between the bracket 52 and the fuse element 40 and the connection between the fuse element 40 and the pin 38 are preferably cylindrical joints 54, 56, so as to prevent the pin 38 from urging the element fuse 40 in flexion, when the post 18 moves towards or away from the wall 12. The spring 42 bears with one end on a shoulder 58 of the pin 38, and with the other end on the underside of the second arm 46. It is pre-compressed so as to exert on the fuse element 40 a predetermined tensile force. Indeed, the manufacturer of the fuse element 40 generally indicates a minimum tensile stress and a maximum tensile force for which it ensures the rupture of the fuse element 40 at its nominal temperature. In addition, the prestressed spring 42 also produces an elastic ejection force of the pin 38, when the fuse element 40 breaks in the event of a fire, thus reducing the risk that the pin 38 remains stuck in the through holes 48, 50. It remains to be noted that the fusible element 40 typically a nominal breaking temperature between 120 ° C and 200 ° C and is for example dimensioned for a minimum tensile force of 1 kg and maximum of 10 kg. It is also possible to work with fusible elements 40 at different breaking temperatures. The fusible elements 40 of the anchoring points located closer to the ground will then have a lower breaking temperature than the fusible elements 40 of the anchor points located closer to the roof 22, 22 '.

The Fig. 3 shows an alternative execution of anchor points. These anchoring points 228, 228 'of the wall 12 are not fixed on the posts 18, 18', but on the rails 26, 26 '. Instead of an angle bracket 34, the anchor point 228 comprises a plate 234, which is fixed on the rail 26 and which forms said first horizontal attachment arm 44 which extends towards the wall 12. Also, the first attachment arm 44 includes a round through hole 248, but the second attachment arm 46 includes an elongate through hole 250 with a front edge 252 and a rear edge 254 axially spaced apart. The pin 38, which passes through the round hole 248 with a small clearance, is arranged in the oblong hole 250 at a distance from the front edge 252. This allows an increase in the spacing between the wall 12 and the structure carrier 16 of the order of a few centimeters, before the pin 38 bears on the front edge 252 of the oblong through hole 250. Only when the pin 38 bears on the front edge 252 oblong passage hole 250, that the anchor point 228 opposes an increase in the spacing between the wall 12 and the bearing structure 16 by taking up a tensile force. This clearance provided in the anchoring points 228, 228 'is dimensioned so that these anchor points 228, 228' exert no tensile force on the wall 12, for example when the posts vertical members 18 of the first supporting structure 16 are subjected, under wind load, to deformation or head displacement, which increases the spacing between the vertical posts 18 and the wall 12. It will also be noted that the oblong passage hole 250 allows easy mounting of the anchoring points 228, 228 'because it makes it easy to compensate for unevenness in the spacing between the wall 12 and the carrier structure 16, resp. 16 '. In addition, an anchor point magnitude 228, 228 'makes it possible to cover a large range of spacings between the wall 12 and the carrier structure 16, resp. 16 '.

To further stabilize the wall 12, support points (not shown) may be provided between the wall 12 and each of the supporting structures 16, 16 '. These bearing points essentially take up compression forces and are not able to transmit a tensile force between the wall 12 and one of the supporting structures 16, 16 '. In addition, such a support function can also be integrated in the anchor points 228, 228 '. To this end, the pin 38, which passes through the round through hole 248 with a small clearance, is arranged in the oblong through hole 250 resting on the rear edge 254, respectively resting on a support piece (not shown ) which is screwed or welded to the second attachment arm 46, after mounting the anchor point 228, 228 '. It should be noted that the solution with oblong through hole 250 naturally also applies to the anchoring points 28, 28 'of the Fig. 2 .

The fire resistant panels 14 are preferably rectangular panels with a length-to-height ratio of 2 to 1, as shown in FIG. Fig. 4 . A typical length of a panel would for example be 2.5 m. For a fire resistance of 4 hours, their thickness is in principle between 15 cm and 18 cm. In the fire wall 10, the fire resistant panels 14 are preferably arranged horizontally. A vertical arrangement is not excluded, however. In addition, thanks to the length-to-height ratio of 2 to 1 panels 14, it is easy to integrate vertical panels in an arrangement of horizontal panels.

Referring now to the Fig. 7 a preferred embodiment of the fire resistant panels 14 will be described. These are lightweight panels with a sandwich structure. They more particularly comprise a central core 62 on plaster base and, on each side of the central core 62, a thermal insulation layer 64, 64 'and an outer face formed of sheets 60, 60'.

The thermal insulation layer 64, 64 'is preferably composed of aluminosilicate cell glass plates without addition of binders, having a thermal conductivity of about 0.04 W / mK, a density of 120 kg / m ³ and a compressive strength of 0.7 N / mm ² . Such plates, which are completely inorganic and are formed without binders, are for example sold by the firm "PITTSBURGH CORNING EUROPE SA" under the designation "FOAMGLAS ® T4". To achieve a fire resistance of 4 hours, plates with a thickness of 50 mm will normally be used.

The central core 62 comprises a load-bearing panel 66 based on fiber-reinforced cement, on which are glued gypsum boards 68, 68 '. The carrier panel 66 has a thickness of the order of 12 mm and a density of about 1100 kg / m3. It may be a poor thermal insulator (thermal conductivity of the order of 0.25 W / mK) but must be noncombustible and have good mechanical strength at high temperature. This carrier panel 66 serves in effect structural support for gypsum boards 68, 68 'and has the purpose of keeping them in place as long as possible in case of fire. Gypsum boards 68, 68 'are classified as incombustible material (in France: class M0) and are composed of a plaster core with a thickness of approximately 25 mm and two facings made of coated glass veil. Their specific weight is about 900 kg / m3. These gypsum boards 68, 68 'are not only incombustible, but they also significantly increase the fire resistance of the sandwich panel 14. Their plaster core contains, in fact, of the order of 20% water. crystallization chemically bound. When the sandwich panel is exposed to a fire, this water of crystallization evaporates slowly under the action of heat. However, as long as this evaporation process lasts, the temperature of the plate does not exceed 100 ° C.

The sheets 60, 60 'forming the outer face are preferably thin sheets (thickness 0.6 to 1.3 mm) of carbon steel coated with an alloy composed of aluminum and zinc in substantially equal proportions and a trace of silicon. Such sheets are for example marketed by ARCELOR MITTAL under the name ALUZINC ®. The ALUZINC® coating is an alloy comprising approximately 55% aluminum, 43.4% zinc and 1.6% silicon. The well-known advantages of these sheets are their remarkable resistance to corrosion and the fact that the natural color and gloss of the coating are preserved for a long time. However, in fire resistance tests carried out with the sandwich panels of the present invention, another major advantage of these sheets has been discovered. Indeed, they significantly and unexpectedly increase the fire resistance of the sandwich panels 14 tested. It is thought that this surprising phenomenon can be explained by the following phenomenon. Under the effect of high heat, the coating of aluminum and zinc behaves in "millefeuille", that is to say that it swells by forming thin solid layers separated by layers of air. This coating "millefeuille" then seems to constitute a thermal insulation layer, which delays the heating of the sandwich panel 14.

In order to assemble the various elements of the sandwich panel 14, an adhesive composed of an organic elastic binder, for example a resin of the family of polyols containing usual amounts of plasticizers, adhesion promoters, stabilizers, plasticizers, is preferably used. catalysts, to which is added a hydrated inorganic filler, for example trihydrated alumina, and a polymerization reagent. Such elastic adhesives are for example described in the patent application EP 1283310 . The organic binder must provide sufficient elasticity to compensate for or absorb the deformations of the panel due to handling, transport, assembly and, above all, to compensate as much as possible for the differential expansions of the different materials of the panel under the effect of heat 'fire. The hydrated mineral filler slows the heating of the glue by evaporating slowly under the action of fire heat. Then, the organic binder is charred, which also seems to retard the heating of the panel 14.

Between gypsum board 68, 68 'and carrier panel 66, as well as between thermal insulation layers 64, 64' and sheets 60, 60 ', a continuous layer of adhesive 70, 70 is preferably used. and 72, 72 'with a thickness between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm (surface bonding). Between gypsum boards 68, 68 'and heat insulating layers 64, 64' is preferably used a discontinuous layer of glue 74, 74 '(discontinuous gluing). This layer 74, 74 'is either divided by streaks, or composed of isolated pads, so that there remain gaps between the central core 62 and each thermal insulation layer 64, 64' forming means of vent capable of evacuating water vapor, formed during the heating of the gypsum boards 68, 68 ', towards the joints between the panels 14. In this way a controlled evacuation of the water vapor formed during the heating of the plaster of the central core 62, and it is avoided to explode the sandwich panel 14 under the effect of an excessive increase in internal pressure. This controlled evacuation of water vapor is all the more important that the thermal insulation layers 64, 64 'of cellular glass are almost impermeable to water vapor. To further promote controlled evacuation of water vapor, it is also possible to develop streaks in the internal surfaces of the thermal insulation layers 64, 64 '.

On the Fig.4, 5 and 6 we see that the panel 14 comprises a frame 76, which is composed of mineral plates bonded to the edges of its sandwich structure. As for the carrier panel 66 of the central core 62, fiber-reinforced cement-based mineral boards are preferably used because such boards have excellent high temperature strength. The adhesive used to bond the mineral plates of the frame 76 to the edges of the sandwich structure of the panel 14 is identical to the glue used for assembling the sandwich structure. The facing sheets 60, 60 'form flanges 80, 80' along the frame 76, so as to staple the latter on the sandwich structure. These flanges 80 have only a small height so as not to form a thermal bridge towards the thickness of the wall 12.

10

mur coupe-feu

72

couche de colle entre 64/60

12

paroi

74

couche de colle entre 64/68

14

panneaux résistants au feu

76

encadrement

16, 16'

structures porteuses

80

rebord de 60, 60'

18, 18'

poteaux verticaux

82

clé de raccord de 76

20, 20'

poutres

84

trous dans 76

22, 22'

toiture

86

surface d'appui sur 82

24

dépassement de 12

88

profilés oméga

26, 26'

lisses

90

canal central de 88

28, 28'

points d'ancrage

92, 94

semelles de 88

30

face externe de 12

96

rainure

32

face interne de 18, 18'

98

vis du type tire-fond

34, 36

cornières

100

plat

38

goupille

102

vis auto-perceuses

40

élément fusible

103

vis auto-perceuses

42

ressort

104

bande intumescente

44

premier bras d'attache

106

têtes des vis 98

46

deuxième bras d'attache

48, 50

trou de passage dans 44, 46

52

potence

54, 56

articulations cylindriques

228

point d'ancrage (alternatif)

234

plat

248

trou de passage rond

250

trou de passage oblong

252

bord avant de 250

254

bord arrière de 250

60, 60'

tôles de parement

62

âme centrale

64, 64'

couche d'isolation thermique

66

panneau porteur

68, 68'

plaque de plâtre

70

couche de colle entre 66/68

On the Fig. 4 and 6 it can be seen that a long side (section BB ') and a short side (section DD') of the frame 76 form a connecting key 82 projecting between the flanges 80 of the facing sheets 60, 60 '. Along these first sides, the frame has a "T" section. The flanges 80 facing plates 60, 60 'are supported on the arms of the "T", which have a thickness of about 12 mm. The leg of the "T" forms the connecting key 82, which has a thickness of about 24 mm, that is to say twice the thickness of the arms of the "T". On the Fig. 4 and 5 it can be seen that on the opposite long side (section AA ') and the opposite short side (section CC'), the frame does not have a connecting key 78. Along these latter sides, the frame simply has a rectangular section with a thickness of about 12 mm. The reference signs 84 on the Fig. 5 designate holes in the frame 76. These holes 84 have the function of evacuating the steam formed during the heating of the plaster of the central core through the joints between the panels 14. It should be noted that all the outer surfaces of the frame 76 of a panel 14 are provided with an intumescent paint. The latter forms, under the effect of the heat of a fire, a meringue improving the tightness of the joints to the combustion gas.
The construction of a joint between two panels 14, 14 'is now described with reference again to the Fig. 7 . It can be seen that the connecting key 78 of the frame of the bottom panel 14 constitutes a bearing surface 86 for the keyless fitting side of the top panel 14 '. The fixing of the two panels 14 and 14 'is then done using omega 88 profiles. These are steel profiles with a thickness of 1 mm to 1.5 mm, having substantially a shaped section. a letter Ω, comprising a central channel 90 bordered by two flanges 92, 94. The central channel 90 is housed in the groove 96 remaining on each side of the connection key 78, and is fixed therein by means of screws of the type The two flanges 92, 94 are supported on the cladding sheets 60 on each side of the groove 96. The reference 100 denotes a flat coated with the same alloy as the cladding sheets 60. This plate 100 is fixed using self-drilling screws 102 on two flanges 92, 94, so as to close the central channel 90 outwards. These self-drilling screws 102 penetrate through the plate 100, the flanges 92, 94 and the facing sheets 60 in the frame 76 of the panels 14, 14 '. They thus fix at the same time the omega 88 profile and the plate 100 to the two panels 14, 14 '. Returning to Fig. 2 or 3 it will be noted that the second angle 36 is also fixed on the plate 100 by means of self-drilling screws 103 which penetrate through the plate 100, the flanges 92, 94 and the facing sheets 60, 60 'in the frame 76 of the panels 14, 14 '. These screws 103 thus fix at the same time the omega 88 profile, the plate 100 and the second angle 36 to the two panels 14, 14 '.
In the central channel 90 is arranged an intumescent strip 104, for example a band based on sodium silicate hydrate, covered on both sides with an epoxy resin. This intumescent strip 104, which has substantially the same width as the central channel 90, is preferably bonded to the back of the dish 100. Under the influence of fire heat (for example at a temperature between 100 and 150 ° C) the intumescent strip 104 has an expansion of at least five times its initial thickness, so that it almost completely fills the central channel 90. It will be appreciated that the expanded intumescent strip 104 is an effective thermal insulator, which protects the heads 98 screws 98 against direct contact with flames, fumes and hot gases, thus effectively contributing to a good hold in place of omega 88 profiles.
Finally, it will be appreciated that the method of construction of the joints described above not only guarantees a solid assembly of the panels 14 and an excellent seal of the joints to flames, fumes and hot gases, but it also allows easy replacement of a panel In fact, after having disassembled the plates 100 and the omega 88 profiles, one can simply remove a damaged panel from the wall 12 and replace it with a new panel.

10

firewall

72

glue layer between 64/60

12

wall

74

glue layer between 64/68

14

fire resistant panels

76

framing

16, 16 '

supporting structures

80

edge of 60, 60 '

18, 18 '

vertical poles

82

76 fitting wrench

20, 20 '

beams

84

holes in 76

22, 22 '

roofing

86

support surface of 82

24

overtaking 12

88

omega profiles

26, 26 '

smooth

90

88 central channel

28, 28 '

anchor points

92, 94

soles of 88

30

outer side of 12

96

groove

32

inner face of 18, 18 '

98

screw type lag screw

34, 36

brackets

100

dish

38

pin

102

self-drilling screws

40

fuse element

103

self-drilling screws

42

spring

104

intumescent band

44

first attachment arm

106

screw heads 98

46

second attachment arm

48, 50

through hole in 44, 46

52

gallows

54, 56

cylindrical joints

228

anchor point (alternative)

234

dish

248

round hole

250

oblong passage hole

252

front edge of 250

254

rear edge of 250

60, 60 '

sheet cladding

62

central soul

64, 64 '

thermal insulation layer

66

carrier panel

68, 68 '

plasterboard

70

glue layer between 66/68

Claims (32)

1. Fire wall comprising:

   a wall (12) constructed with the help of fire-resistant panels (14);

   an independent metallic supporting structure (16) on each side of said wall (12);

   an anchoring system for each of the two supporting structures (16), with anchor points (28, 28', 228, 228') between said wall (12) and said supporting structure (16); and

   at least one means for fire detection (40) associated with each anchoring system, in such a way as to cause, in the case of a fire, said anchor points (28, 28', 228, 228') to break at the side of the wall (12) that is exposed to the fire;

   wherein the distance (D) between the two supporting structures (16) is equal to at least twice the thickness (E) of a fire-resistant panel (14), said wall (12) being placed in the middle between the two supporting structures (16);

   characterised in that an anchor point (28, 28', 228, 228'), situated at a given height above the ground, is designed so as to allow, before said breaking of said anchor point, an increase in the gap between said wall (12) and said supporting structure (16) of one to several centimetres before countering this increase
2. Fire wall according to claim 1 comprising additional points of support between said wall (12) and each of said supporting structures (16, 16'), these points of support essentially taking up the compression forces and being incapable of transmitting tension between said wall (12) and one of said supporting structures (16, 16').
3. Fire wall according to claim 1 or 2 wherein at least one of said anchor (28, 28', 228, 228') comprises:

   a first horizontal attachment arm (44) fixed to one of the two supporting structures (16, 16') and furnished with a first through hole (48) for a pin (38); a second horizontal attachment arm (46) fixed to said wall (12) and furnished with a second through hole (50) for a pin (38), the two holes (48, 50, 250) being vertically superimposed; and

   a pin (38) with a vertical axis lodged in the two holes (48, 50, 250)
4. Fire wall according to claim 3, wherein:

   one of said holes is an oblong hole (250)
5. Fire wall according to claim 4 wherein said pin (38) is fitted into said slang hole (250) such that it exerts a compression on said first horizontal attachment arm (44) fixed to said wall (12) with a slight axial play and exerts tension on the latter with a much greater axial play
6. Fire wall according to claim 3, 4 or 5 wherein said anchor point (28, 28', 228, 228') comprises:

   a fuse element (40) holding said pin (38) in place in the two holes (48, 50, 250)
7. Fire wall according to claim 6 wherein said anchor point (28, 28', 228, 228') comprises:

   a spring element (42) associated with said pin (38) in order to expel it axially from its housing when said fuse element (40) breaks, thereby releasing said first attachment arm (44) from said second attachment arm (46)
8. Fire wall according to any one of claims 2 and 3 wherein said anchoring system comprises:

   a system of rails capable of occupying a first position, in which it holds in place said pins of at least two anchor points in their respective holes, and a second position, in which it releases these pins; and

   actuation means to bring said system of rails from said first position into said second position.
9. Fire wall according to claim 8 wherein:

   said actuation means are slaved to a release means
10. Fire wall according to any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein said fire-resistant panels (14) are light panels with a sandwich structure that are furnished with an exterior siding material (60, 60') made of steel sheets.
11. Fire wall according to claim 10 wherein a fire-resistant panel comprises:

    a central core (62) including at least one plasterboard (68, 68'); and on each side of said central core (62), a layer of thermal insulation (64, 64') based on cellular glass
12. Fire wall according to claim 11 wherein the venting means are disposed between the central core (62) and each layer of thermal insulation (64, 64'), such that the vapour that is formed when the plaster of the central core (62) heats up is evacuated towards the joints between the panels (14)
13. Fire wall according to claim 12 wherein the layers of thermal insulation (64, 64') are fixed by means of a discontinuous bond onto said central core (62) such that the voids remaining between the areas assembled by bonding form venting means capable of evacuating the vapour that is formed when the plaster of the central core (62) heats up towards the joints between the panels (14)
14. Fire wall according to any one of claims 10 to 13 wherein said steel sheets (60, 60') are fixed by means of surface bonding onto said thermal insulation layers (64, 64')
15. Fire wall according to claim 13 or 14 wherein an elastic glue that contains a hydrated mineral filler is used for the bonded constructions
16. Fire wall according to claim 15 wherein said elastic glue is an organic glue that contains a hydrated mineral filler
17. Fire wall according to one of claims 10 to 16 wherein said central core (62) comprises:

    a supporting panel (66) based on fibre-reinforced cement; and a plasterboard (68, 68') glued onto said supporting panel (66) on each side of said supporting panel (66)
18. Fire wall according to any one of claims 10 to 17 wherein the steel sheet that forms the exterior siding material (60, 60') is a thin sheet of carbon steel covered by an alloy of aluminium and zinc
19. Fire wall according to claim 18 wherein said alloy comprises between 53 and 57% of aluminium, 41 and 46% of zinc and 1 and 2% of silicon
20. Fire wall according to claim 16 or 17 wherein said alloy comprises 55% of aluminium, 43 4% of zinc and 16% of silicon
21. Fire wall according to claim 18, 19 or 20 wherein the thickness of said steel sheet (60, 60') forming the siding is 0.6 to 1 3 mm
22. Fire wall according to any one of claims 10 to 21 wherein a panel (14) comprises a frame (76) formed with the mineral plates that are bonded to the edges of the sandwich structure
23. Fire wall according to claim 22 wherein said frame (76) is formed with plates based on fibre-reinforced cement
24. Fire wall according to claim 22 or 23 wherein said exterior siding, formed from steel sheets (60, 60'), forms sills (80, 80') of low height along said frame (76) so as to fasten said frame (76)
25. Fire wall according to any one of claims 22 to 24 wherein a long side and a short side of said frame (76) form a jointing key (82)
26. Fire wall according to one of claims 22 to 25 wherein said frame (76) comprises holes (84) so that the vapour that is formed when the plaster of the central core (62) heats up is evacuated through the joints between the panels (14)
27. Fire wall according to claim 25 or 26 wherein a joint between two panels (14) is formed by one side of a first panel (14) having a jointing key (82) that leans on a side of a second panel (14) that does not have a jointing key
28. Fire wall according to claim 27 wherein said joint is closed on each side by a hat section (88) that forms a central channel (90) bordered with two flanges (92, 94), said central channel (90) being screwed by means of a type of lag screw (98) onto said jointing key (82), and whose flanges (92, 94) are fixed by means of self-drilling screws (103) to said exterior siding formed by steel sheets (60, 60')
29. Fire wall according to claim 28 wherein a flat bar (100) is fixed onto said hat section (88) so as to cover said central channel (90), said flat bar being of carbon steel covered by an alloy of aluminium and zinc
30. Fire wall according to claim 28 or 29 wherein an intumescent tape (104) is fixed to said steel flat bar (100) in said central channel (90) of the hat section (88)
31. Fire wall according to any one of claims 10 to 30 wherein said fire-resistant panels (14) are rectangular panels (14) with a length to height ratio of 2 to 1
32. Fire wall according to claim 31 wherein said fire-resistant panels (14) have a length of less than 3 m

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