Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G4/00—Chewing gum
  • A23G4/18—Chewing gum characterised by shape, structure or physical form, e.g. aerated products
  • A23G4/20—Composite products, e.g. centre-filled, multi-layer, laminated
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G4/00—Chewing gum
  • A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
  • A23G4/10—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds characterised by the carbohydrates used, e.g. polysaccharides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G4/00—Chewing gum
  • A23G4/18—Chewing gum characterised by shape, structure or physical form, e.g. aerated products
  • A23G4/20—Composite products, e.g. centre-filled, multi-layer, laminated
  • A23G4/205—Hollow products, e.g. with inedible or edible filling, fixed or movable within the cavity
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
  • A61K8/34—Alcohols
  • A61K8/345—Alcohols containing more than one hydroxy group
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
  • A61K8/732—Starch; Amylose; Amylopectin; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
  • A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
  • A61K9/0058—Chewing gums
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses

Definitions

• the present invention includes compositions for a multi-layer liquid center-filled chewing gum, which maintains its liquidity for a substantial period of time.
• the individual gum pieces which include the compositions of the present invention include a liquid center, which includes crystalline sorbitol and optionally hydrogenated starch hydrolysate.
• the gum pieces may optionally be further coated with an external coating layer.
• Liquid or center-filled gum and other confectionery products are in popular demand today. Typically, these products have a solid exterior portion and a soft or liquid-type center.
• the outer portion can be chewing gum or bubble gum of some type, while the liquid center portion can be a flavored material typically having a syrup-like consistency.
• Patents which included a specifically formulated center-fill composition to overcome the loss of liquidity problem include: U.S. Patent No. 4,466,983 to Cifrese et al., wherein the center-fill included a hydrogenated starch hydrolysate; U.S. Patent No. 4,250,196 to Friello which provides a center-fill which includes a combination of water and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate; and U.S. Patent No. 4,252,829 to Terrevazzi (“Terrevazzi”) which discloses a center-fill formulation including propylene glycol and sorbitol.
• center-fill gum compositions One common factor of the commercially available center-fill gum compositions is the size of the gum piece. On average, the weight of such chewing gum pieces is approximately five grams, such as those disclosed in Terrevazzi. Until the present invention, smaller center- filled gum pieces, i.e., less than three grams per piece, have not been made and thus the problems associated with center-filled gum have not existed with such smaller pieces. Smaller gum pieces, such as 2-3 gram sizes and configurations such as pellet gums, have more surface area relative to the liquid-fill and thus, maintaining liquidity of the center-fill and preventing migration into and through the surrounding gum region becomes more critical and challenging.
• compositions and products containing liquid center- filled compositions which retain at least a portion their liquidity over time and resist the migration of the liquid center-fill into the region surrounding the liquid center-fill and/or the solidification of the center-fill over time.
• the liquid-fill region of the compositions and products may be partially or completely comprised of one or more liquids.
• the composition may include a gum region surrounding a center-fill composition which includes hydrogenated starch hydrolysate and crystalline sorbitol.
• the gum region includes a gum base.
• the gum region may include a polyol composition having a water solubility of less than 72% by weight at 25°C.
• a hard shell coating which surrounds the gum region may also be included in the composition.
• the composition may include a gum region surrounding a center-fill composition, the gum region includes a gum base.
• the gum region includes maltitol in an amount from about 30% to about 80% by weight of the first layer.
• a gum composition may include a center-fill layer including crystalline sorbitol and greater than zero up to about 10% by weight of said chewing gum composition, a gum layer including from about 55% to about 65% by weight of said chewing gum composition, and a coating including from about 25% to about 35% by weight of said chewing gum composition; wherein said gum composition further includes a gum piece of about three grams or less.
• a hard shell coating which surrounds the gum region may also be included in the composition.
• a gum composition includes a center-fill composition, a gum layer surrounding said center-fill composition including crystalline sorbitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, and a coating surrounding said gum layer, wherein the gum layer includes a moisture barrier component including a polyol composition having a densely packed crystalline structure.
• a method of preparing a multi-layer center-fill gum includes the steps of: (a) extruding a liquid-filled rope including a liquid-fill composition and a chewing gum layer including a polyol which includes maltitol in an amount from about 30% to about 80% by weight of said gum layer;
• liquid-fill composition includes crystalline sorbitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate.
• a gum composition may include a center-fill composition, a gum layer surrounding said center-fill composition including crystalline sorbitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, a coating layer surrounding said gum layer; wherein said center-fill composition has a water activity less than or equal to said gum region.
• the water activity of the center-fill may be greater than that of the surrounding gum layer.
• a gum composition may include a center-fill composition including crystalline sorbitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, a gum layer, a coating layer surrounding said gum layer; wherein said gum layer includes a polyol composition including maltitol; and said gum region further includes a gum base selected from styrene- butadiene copolymers (SBR), polyisobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and combinations thereof.
• SBR styrene- butadiene copolymers
• PVA polyvinyl acetate
• Figure 1 is a perspective showing of a typical gum slab of the type employed in the present invention.
• Figures 2 and 3 show two arrangements for edge shapes of the slab of Figure 1.
• Figure 4 is a schematic cross-sectional showing of the slab of Figure 1.
• Some embodiments provide a chewing or bubble gum composition which includes a liquid-fill composition including crystalline sorbitol and optionally hydrogenated starch hydrolysate and a gum region which includes a gum base.
• a liquid-fill composition including crystalline sorbitol and optionally hydrogenated starch hydrolysate
• a gum region which includes a gum base.
• the combination of the crystalline sorbitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate assists in the resistance to fluid migration or reduction of the liquid-fill.
• bubble gum and “chewing gum” are used interchangeably and are both meant to include any gum compositions.
• first region As used herein, the terms “first region,” “liquid-fill,” and “center-fill” are used interchangeably and refer to the innermost region of the compositions.
• the term “center-fill” does not imply symmetry of a gum piece, only that the “center-fill” is within another region of the gum piece.
• the terms “liquid-fill” and “center-fill” include a region that is enclosed or confined on all sides, encircled or enveloped by another region of the gum piece.
• the term “liquid-fill” includes a region that may not be completely liquid.
• the term “liquid-fill” includes a region where the following may be present: solutions, suspensions, emulsions, semi-solids, cremes, gels, etc.
• a "liquid-fill” region may include non-liquid components, such as solid particles or gasses. In some embodiments, more than one center-fill or liquid fill may be present.
• second region and “gum region” are used interchangeably to refer to a region of the compositions that may be adjacent to or at least partially surrounding the center-fill, or innermost, region.
• the terms “third region” and “coating” are used interchangeably to refer to the outermost region of the compositions.
• the terms “surround”, “surrounding”, and the like are not limited to encircling. These terms may refer to enclosing or confining on all sides, encircling or enveloping, and are not limited to symmetrical or identical thicknesses for a region in the gum product.
• liquid includes compositions that can transfer moisture from the center-fill region to the gum region.
• the term includes, but is not limited to, compositions which will readily flow or maintain fluid properties at room temperature and pressure.
• liquid may include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, semi-solids, cremes, gels, etc. that may not be completely liquid, but that can still lose liquidity because of a transfer of moisture from the center-fill region to the gum region.
• the "liquid” may be aqueous or non-aqueous.
• the “liquid” may include non-liquid components, such as solid particles or gasses.
• the term "ingredient” and the term “component” are used interchangeably to describe any additive, fixing, substance, material, agent, active, element, or part that may be included in the gum compositions of some embodiments.
• Some embodiments described herein provide a multi-component composition which includes at least one liquid fill region and a gum region which includes a gum base.
• the gum region includes at least two layers, where a first layer is adjacent to the liquid-fill region.
• the first layer will include maltitol.
• the liquid-fill region and the gum region may be formed into individual gum pieces.
• the individual gum pieces may also include an outer gum coating or shell, which typically provides a crunchiness to the piece when initially chewed.
• the individual gum pieces may form a variety of shapes including pellet, tablet, ball, pillow, chunk, stick and slab, among others.
• the individual gum piece may be in the form of a slab 10, as shown in Fig. 1.
• the slab 10 may have a length (1), a width (w) and a thickness (t) being bounded by respective edges 12 thereof.
• the length of the slab may be about 20 mm to about 80 mm, specifically about 25 mm to about 55 mm, and more specifically about 25 mm to about 45 mm.
• the width of the slab may be about 5 mm to about 50 mm, specifically about 10 mm to about 30 mm, and more specifically about 10 mm to about 15 mm.
• the thickness of the slab may be about 0.5 mm to about 30 mm, specifically about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm, and more specifically about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm.
• One or more of the edges 12 of the slab 10 may have any configuration suitable for a chewing gum piece, such as including a rounded corner 12a or a squared corner 12b, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively.
• the slab 10 includes a liquid-fill composition center 100 and a gum region 200 surrounding the liquid-fill composition center.
• an outer coating may at least partially surround the slab.
• one side of the slab may be coated, two sides of the slab may be coated, or a coating may surround the entire gum slab.
• the coating applied to the slab may have a thickness of about 1 micron to about 7 mm. Suitable coating compositions are described in more detail below.
• the components of the composition may be in different configurations depending on the desired shape of the total gum composition.
• the liquid-fill area or areas may be in either a concentric configuration with respect to the gum region or in a layered configuration.
• a concentric configuration may be acceptable for a ball, pillow or pellet shape, while a layered configuration may be more suitable for a slab or a stick shape.
• center-fill gum composition and other compositions described herein may be formed by any technique known in the art which includes the method described by U.S.
• Patent No. 6,280,780 to Degady et al. which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• Degady describes an apparatus and method for forming center-filled gum pellets. The method includes first extruding a liquid-filled rope of a chewing gum layer and passing the rope through a sizing mechanism including a series of pairs of pulley-shaped roller members. The roller members "size" the rope or strand of gum material such that it leaves the series of rollers with the desired size and shape for entering a tablet-forming mechanism.
• the rope is then led into a tablet-forming mechanism including a pair of rotating chain die members which are endless chain mechanisms and both rotate at the same speed by a motor and gear mechanism.
• Each of the chain mechanisms include a plurality of open curved die groove members which mate and form die cavities in which the pieces of gum material (pellets or tablets) are formed. While Degady is limited to the formation of pellet or tablet shaped pieces, the gum pieces may be of other shapes as described above. The shape of the die groove members may be altered to provided any desired shape.
• the gum may optionally be passed through a cooling tunnel either before entering the tablet-forming mechanism, after exiting the tablet-forming mechanism or both. Cooling of the rope prior to entering the tablet-forming mechanism may be beneficial to prevent rebound of the individual pieces and thus an increase in productivity.
• the cooled pieces of gum material are then fed into a storage container for conditioning and further processing.
• the cooled pieces of gum material could also be fed directly into a coating tunnel mechanism, such as a rotating tunnel mechanism.
• the individual pieces of gum material may subsequently be subjected to a conventional sugar or sugarless coating process in order to form a hard exterior shell on the liquid-filled gum material.
• a conventional sugar or sugarless coating process in order to form a hard exterior shell on the liquid-filled gum material.
• a variety of coating processes or mechanisms of this type are known. In one type of process, known as panning, the coating is applied in numerous thin layers of material in order to form an appropriate uniform coated and finished quality surface on the gum products.
• the hard coating material which may include sugar, maltitol, sorbitol or any other polyol, including those described herein, and optionally flavoring, is sprayed onto the pellets of gum material as they pass through a coating mechanism or a coating tunnel and are tumbled and rotated therein.
• conditioned air is circulated or forced into the coating tunnel or mechanism in order to dry each of the successive coating layers on the formed products.
• the coating, or outer most region can be formed by lamination, dual or multiple extrusion, or any other process that creates an outer most region.
• the coating composition may range from about 2% to about
• the coating may include sugar or polyol such as maltitol as the primary component, but may also include flavors, colors, etc. as described below in the discussion of the gum region.
• the coating or outer most region may be crystalline or amorphous.
• the center-filled chewing gum provides resistance from moisture migration from the center-fill to the gum region by providing the multi-layered gum region composition where the layer adjacent too the liquid-fill includes maltitol.
• Maltitol may be present in the layer in an amount from about 30% to about 80% by weight of the layer, more specifically from about 40% to about 60% by weight of the layer.
• the gum layer adjacent to the liquid-fill will also be referred to as the maltitol gum region or gum layer.
• the maltitol gum layer may have any suitable thickness such as from about 0.5mm to about 5mm, more specifically from about lmm to about 3mm.
• the maltitol layer may be present in an amount of about 25% to about 100% by weight of the total gum region, specifically from about 40% to about 95% by weight of the total gum region, and more specifically from about 50% to about 75% of the total gum region.
• a gum piece may include a center-fill, a gum region including a gum base and an outer coating. Such gum pieces may be about 2.2 grams total weight per piece.
• the structure of sorbitol which is customarily used in gum formulations in the United States, does not provide a tightly packed crystalline structure, giving almost a sponge- like appearance. Therefore, in order to provide a center-filled gum piece of less than about 3 grams, the present invention alters the gum and gum base to include a polyol composition having a dense, tightly packed crystalline structure which is unlike the sponge-like structure in conventional sorbitol gum region formulations, in order to provide a center-filled gum piece which resists loss of liquidity.
• the gum region also referred to as the second region in the claims, provides a liquid barrier to surround, reduce, and perhaps even and prevent the liquid-fill from migration and premature release.
• One or more cavities can be present in the gum region to house the liquid center-fill. The shape of the cavity will be largely dictated by the final configuration of the chewing gum piece.
• optimization of the reduction in potential liquid-fill migration in to the gum region area can be achieved. This is particularly useful when the gum piece size is desired to be substantially smaller than conventional commercialized gum pieces.
• liquid- filled pellet gums having sizes of 2 to 3 grams by weight of the entire gum piece have been successfully made. However, smaller gum pieces, as small as about 0.5 grams are contemplated.
• the gum region may have a non-uniform thickness.
• the gum region in layered configuration embodiments may be thinner on the ends than on the sides of the gum piece.
• the gum region may include more than one layer in some embodiments.
• a first layer which includes maltitol, may be adjacent to the liquid-fill region.
• the gum region as discussed herein refers to both the maltitol layer and the non-maltitol layer. All components which may be added to the gum region may be present in either or both of the layers. Additional gum region layers may also be included (i.e., a gum composition which includes three or more separate gum layers).
• the gum region may include a gum base.
• the gum base may include any component known in the chewing gum art.
• the gum region may include elastomers, bulking agents, waxes, elastomer solvents, emulsifiers, plasticizers, fillers and mixtures thereof.
• the gum region is included in a three component composition including a center-fill, a gum region and a coating layer, the gum region may comprise from about 40% to about 97%, more specifically from about 55% to about 65% by weight of the chewing gum piece, even more specifically about 62%.
• the gum region may also include a specific polyol composition including at least one polyol which is from about 30% to about 80% by weight of said gum region, and specifically from 50% to about 60%.
• the polyol composition may include any polyol known in the art including, but not limited to maltitol, sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, isomalt, lactitol and combinations thereof.
• Lycasin ® which is a hydrogenated starch hydrolysate including sorbitol and maltitol, may also be used.
• Maltitol is a sweet, water-soluble sugar alcohol useful as a bulking agent in the preparation of beverages and foodstuffs and is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,708,396, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. Maltitol is made by hydrogenation of maltose which is the most common reducing disaccharide and is found in starch and other natural products.
• the polyol composition may include particles of a variety of sizes. Specifically, the average particle size of the polyol composition ranges from about 30 microns to about 600 microns, more specifically from about 30 microns to about 200 microns.
• the amount of the gum base which is present in the gum region may also vary.
• the gum base may be included in the gum region in an amount from about 25% to about 45% by weight of the gum region.
• a more specific range of gum base is from about 28% to about 42% by weight of the gum region. Even more specifically, the range may be from about 28% to about 35% or from about 28% to about 30%.
• the elastomers (rubbers) employed in the gum base will vary greatly depending upon various factors such as the type of gum base desired, the consistency of gum composition desired and the other components used in the composition to make the final chewing gum product.
• the elastomer may be any water-insoluble polymer known in the art, and includes those gum polymers utilized for chewing gums and bubble gums.
• suitable polymers in gum bases include both natural and synthetic elastomers.
• those polymers which are suitable in gum base compositions include, without limitation, natural substances (of vegetable origin) such as chicle, natural rubber, crown gum, nispero, rosidinha, jelutong, perillo, niger gutta, tunu, balata, guttapercha, lechi capsi, sorva, gutta kay, and the like, and combinations thereof.
• synthetic elastomers include, without limitation, styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBR), polyisobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate and the like, and combinations thereof.
• SBR styrene-butadiene copolymers
• polyisobutylene polyisobutylene
• isobutylene-isoprene copolymers polyethylene
• polyvinyl acetate and the like and combinations thereof.
• Additional useful polymers include: crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polymethylmethacrylate; copolymers of lactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, plasticized ethylcellulose, polyvinyl acetatephthalate and combinations thereof.
• the amount of elastomer employed in the gum base may vary depending upon various factors such as the type of gum base used, the consistency of the gum composition desired and the other components used in the composition to make the final chewing gum product.
• the elastomer will be present in the gum base in an amount from about 10% to about 60% by weight of the gum region, desirably from about 35% to about 40% by weight.
• the gum base may include wax. It softens the polymeric elastomer mixture and improves the elasticity of the gum base.
• the waxes employed will have a melting point below about 60 0 C, and preferably between about 45°C and about 55°C.
• the low melting wax may be a paraffin wax.
• the wax may be present in the gum base in an amount from about 6% to about 10%, and preferably from about 7% to about 9.5%, by weight of the gum base.
• waxes having a higher melting point may be used in the gum base in amounts up to about 5%, by weight of the gum base.
• high melting waxes include beeswax, vegetable wax, candelilla wax, carnuba wax, most petroleum waxes, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• the gum base may include a variety of other ingredients, such as components selected from elastomer solvents, emulsifiers, plasticizers, fillers, and mixtures thereof.
• the gum base may contain elastomer solvents to aid in softening the elastomer component.
• elastomer solvents may include those elastomer solvents known in the art, for example, terpinene resins such as polymers of alpha-pinene or beta-pinene, methyl, glycerol and pentaerythritol esters of rosins and modified rosins and gums such as hydrogenated, dimerized and polymerized rosins, and mixtures thereof.
• Examples of elastomer solvents suitable for use herein may include the pentaerythritol ester of partially hydrogenated wood and gum rosin, the pentaerythritol ester of wood and gum rosin, the glycerol ester of wood rosin, the glycerol ester of partially dimerized wood and gum rosin, the glycerol ester of polymerized wood and gum rosin, the glycerol ester of tall oil rosin, the glycerol ester of wood and gum rosin and the partially hydrogenated wood and gum rosin and the partially hydrogenated methyl ester of wood and rosin, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• the elastomer solvent may be employed in the gum base in amounts from about 2% to about 15%, and preferably from about 1% to about 11%, by weight of the gum base.
• the gum base may also include emulsifiers which aid in dispersing the immiscible components into a single stable system.
• the emulsifiers useful in this invention include glyceryl monostearate, lecithin, fatty acid monoglycerides, diglycerides, propylene glycol monostearate, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• the emulsifier may be employed in amounts from about 2% to about 15%, and more specifically, from about 7% to about 11%, by weight of the gum base.
• the gum base may also include plasticizers or softeners to provide a variety of desirable textures and consistency properties. Because of the low molecular weight of these ingredients, the plasticizers and softeners are able to penetrate the fundamental structure of the gum base making it plastic and less viscous.
• plasticizers and softeners include lanolin, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, sodium stearate, potassium stearate, glyceryl triacetate, glyceryl lecithin, glyceryl monostearate, propylene glycol monostearate, acetylated monoglyceride, glycerine, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• Waxes for example, natural and synthetic waxes, hydrogenated vegetable oils, petroleum waxes such as polyurethane waxes, polyethylene waxes, paraffin waxes, macrocrystalline waxes, fatty waxes, sorbitan monostearate, tallow, propylene glycol, mixtures thereof, and the like, may also be incorporated into the gum base.
• the plasticizers and softeners are generally employed in the gum. base in amounts up to about 20% by weight of the gum base, and more specifically in amounts from about 9% to about 17%, by weight of the gum base. •
• Plasticizers also include are the hydrogenated vegetable oils and include soybean oil and cottonseed oil which may be employed alone or in combination. These plasticizers provide the gum base with good texture and soft chew characteristics. These plasticizers and softeners are generally employed in amounts from about 5% to about 14%, and more specifically in amounts from about 5% to about 13.5%, by weight of the gum base.
• Anhydrous glycerin may also be employed as a softening agent, such as the commercially available United States Pharmacopeia (USP) grade.
• Glycerin is a syrupy liquid with a sweet warm taste and has a sweetness of about 60% of that of cane sugar. Because glycerin is hygroscopic, the anhydrous glycerin may be maintained under anhydrous conditions throughout the preparation of the chewing gum composition.
• the gum base of this invention may also include effective amounts of bulking agents such as mineral adjuvants which may serve as fillers and textural agents.
• mineral adjuvants include calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum silicate, talc, tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• These fillers or adjuvants may be used in the gum base compositions in various amounts.
• the amount of filler may be present in an amount from about zero to about 40%, and more specifically from about zero to about 30%, by weight of the gum base. In some embodiments, the amount of filler will be from about zero to about 15%, more specifically from about 3% to about 11%.
• a variety of traditional ingredients may be optionally included in the gum base in effective amounts such as coloring agents, antioxidants, preservatives, flavoring agents, and the like.
• titanium dioxide and other dyes suitable for food, drug and cosmetic applications known as F. D. & C. dyes, may be utilized.
• An anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, and mixtures thereof, may also be included.
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• BHA butylated hydroxyanisole
• propyl gallate propyl gallate
• Other conventional chewing gum additives known to one having ordinary skill in the chewing gum art may also be used in the gum base.
• a variety of components which may be added to the gum region, or alternatively to the liquid-fill region or coating are described in greater detail in the section entitled "Additional Components" hereinbelow.
• Some embodiments extend to methods of making the center-fill gum compositions.
• the manner in which the gum base components are mixed is not critical and is performed using standard techniques and apparatus known to those skilled in the art.
• an elastomer is admixed with an elastomer solvent and/or a plasticizer and/or an emulsifier and agitated for a period of from 1 to 30 minutes.
• the remaining ingredients, such as the low melting point wax are then admixed, either in bulk or incrementally, while the gum base mixture is blended again for 1 to 30 minutes.
• the gum composition may include amounts of conventional additives selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents (sweeteners), plasticizers, softeners, emulsifiers, waxes, fillers, bulking agents (carriers, extenders, bulk sweeteners), mineral adjuvants, flavoring agents (flavors, flavorings), coloring agents (colorants, colorings), antioxidants, acidulants, thickeners, medicaments, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• sweetening agents sweeteners
• plasticizers such as maltitol or other sugar alcohol
• emulsifiers such as emulsifiers, waxes
• fillers e.g., a sweeteners, plasticizers, softeners, emulsifiers, waxes, fillers, bulking agents (carriers, extenders, bulk sweeteners), mineral adjuvants, flavoring agents (flavors, flavorings), coloring agents (colorants, colorings), antioxidants, acidulants, thickeners, medicament
• plasticizers, softening agents, mineral adjuvants, waxes and antioxidants discussed above, as being suitable for use in the gum base may also be used in the chewing gum composition.
• examples of other conventional additives which may be used include emulsifiers, such as lecithin and glyceryl monostearate, thickeners, used alone or in combination with other softeners, such as methyl cellulose, alginates, carrageenan, xanthan gum, gelatin, carob, tragacanth, locust bean gum, pectin, alginates, galactomannans such as guar gum, carob bean gum, glucomannan, gelatin, starch, starch derivatives, dextrins and cellulose derivatives such as carboxy methyl cellulose, acidulants such as malic acid, adipic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, and mixtures thereof, and fillers, such as those discussed above under the category of mineral adjuvants.
• the gum region may also contain a bulking agent.
• Suitable bulking agents may be water-soluble and include sweetening agents selected from, but not limited to, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, sugar alcohols, and mixtures thereof; randomly bonded glucose polymers such as those polymers distributed under the tradename LitesseTM which is the brand name for polydextrose and is manufactured by Danisco Sweeteners, Ltd.
• Suitable sugar bulking agents include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides such as xylose, ribulose, glucose (dextrose), mannose, galactose, fructose (levulose), sucrose (sugar), maltose, invert sugar, partially hydrolyzed starch and corn syrup solids, and mixtures thereof.
• Suitable sugar alcohol bulking agents include sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, galactitol, maltitol, lactitol, erythritol, isomalt and mixtures thereof.
• Suitable hydrogenated starch hydrolysates include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,931 and various hydrogenated glucose syrups and/or powders which contain sorbitol, maltitol, hydrogenated disaccharides, hydrogenated higher polysaccharides, or mixtures thereof.
• Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are primarily prepared by the controlled catalytic hydrogenation of corn syrups. The resulting hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are mixtures of monomelic, dimeric, and polymeric saccharides. The ratios of these different saccharides give different hydrogenated starch hydrolysates different properties.
• the sweetening agents which may be included in the compositions of some embodiments may be any of a variety of sweeteners known in the art. These are described in more detail in the "Additional Components" section herein below and may be used in many distinct physical forms well-known in the art to provide an initial burst of sweetness and/or a prolonged sensation of sweetness. Without being limited thereto, such physical forms include free forms, such as spray dried, powdered, beaded forms, encapsulated forms, and mixtures thereof. Desirably, the sweetener is a high intensity sweetener such as aspartame, neotame, sucralose, and acesulfame potassium (Ace-K).
• Ace-K acesulfame potassium
• an effective amount of sweetener may be utilized to provide the level of sweetness desired, and this amount may vary with the sweetener selected.
• the amount of sweetener may be present in amounts from about 0.001% to about 3%, by weight of the gum composition, depending upon the sweetener or combination of sweeteners used. The exact range of amounts for each type of sweetener may be selected by those skilled in the art.
• Coloring agents may be used in amounts effective to produce the desired color.
• the coloring agents may include pigments which may be incorporated in amounts up to about 6%, by weight of the gum composition.
• titanium dioxide may be incorporated in amounts up to about 2%, and preferably less than about 1%, by weight of the gum composition.
• the colorants may also include natural food colors and dyes suitable for food, drug and cosmetic applications. These colorants are known as F.D.& C. dyes and lakes.
• the materials acceptable for the foregoing uses are preferably water-soluble.
• Illustrative nonlimiting examples include the indigoid dye known as F.D.& C. Blue No.2, which is the disodium salt of 5,5-indigotindisulfonic acid.
• Green No.l comprises a triphenylmethane dye and is the monosodium salt of 4-[4-(N-ethyl-p- sulfoniumbenzylamino) diphenylmethylene]-[l-(N-ethyl -N-p-sulfoniumbenzyl)-delta-2,5- cyclohexadieneimine].
• a full recitation of all F.D.& C. colorants and their corresponding chemical structures may be found in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, in volume 5 at pages 857-884, which text is incorporated herein by reference. Additional coloring components are described in the "Additional Components" section hereinbelow.
• Suitable oils and fats usable in gum compositions include partially hydrogenated vegetable or animal fats, such as coconut oil, palm kernel oil, beef tallow, and lard, among others. These ingredients when used are generally present in amounts up to about 7%, and preferably up to about 3.5%, by weight of the gum composition.
• Some embodiments may include a method for preparing the improved chewing gum compositions for the gum region, including both chewing gum and bubble gum compositions.
• the chewing gum compositions may be prepared using standard techniques and equipment known to those skilled in the art.
• the apparatus useful in accordance with some embodiments comprises mixing and heating apparatus well known in the chewing gum manufacturing arts, and therefore the selection of the specific apparatus will be apparent to the artisan.
• the gum region may have a water activity greater than or equal to the water activity of the center-fill composition.
• the water activity of the center-fill composition may be greater than that of the gum region.
• a higher moisture content will aid in hydration of thickeners like xanthan gum and cellulose when present in the center-fill.
• the gum region may have a total moisture content of about 14% by weight of the gum region and more specifically may have a total moisture content from about 9% to about 14% by weight, with a free moisture content of less than about 5%.
• the center-fill further may have total moisture content including free and bound moisture from about zero up to about 35% by weight of said center-fill, specifically about 22%.
• the center-fill or liquid-fill composition may include any components known in the art for incorporation with a center-fill composition.
• the liquid-fill may be present in amounts greater than zero up to about 20% by weight of the total gum composition, more specifically, up to about 10% by weight of the total chewing gum composition, i.e., including a center-fill composition, a gum region and a coating.
• the amount of liquid-fill that is included in the gum composition may be varied depending on the total size and shape of the gum piece. In some embodiments, for example, when a total gum piece is less than three grams, the center- fill may be approximately 8% by weight of the total chewing gum composition.
• the center-fill composition may include crystalline sorbitol and optionally a hydrogenated starch hydrolysate. Glycerin may also be present in an amount from zero up to about 5% by weight of the liquid-fill composition.
• hydrogenated starch hydrolysate may be present in an amount from about 58% to about 83% by weight of the liquid-fill composition, specifically from about 65% to about 75% by weight of the liquid-fill composition.
• the HSH may include 2% to about 6% by weight sorbitol, 50% to about 55% by weight maltitol, about 20% to about 25% by weight hydrogenated glucose polymers of 3-5 monomer units and about 20% to about 25% by weight of hydrogenated glucose polymers of 5 or more monomer units.
• Lycasin® 80/55 HDS which includes 85% solids.
• DP degree of polymerization
• crystalline sorbitol is also present in the liquid-fill composition.
• the amount of crystalline sorbitol may be selected depending on the desired viscosity of the liquid-fill composition.
• crystalline sorbitol may be present in an amount from about 10% to about 35% by weight of the liquid-fill composition. Any suitable form of crystalline sorbitol may be used including the gamma polymorph.
• the center-fill region may be substantially or completely filled with the liquid center-fill composition. In some other embodiments, the center-fill region may be only partially filled with the liquid center-fill composition.
• the center-fill region may include two or more center-fill compositions.
• the two or more center-fill compositions may be the same or different forms.
• some embodiments may contain a mixture of two or more distinct liquids, which may or may not be miscible.
• some embodiments may contain two or more distinct solids, semi-solids or gasses in the center-fill region. Mixtures of different center-fill forms also may be included in some embodiments.
• a liquid and a solid may be included in the center-fill region. In some embodiments where two or more liquids are employed in the center-fill region these may be included in the same or different amounts and may have similar or distinct characteristics.
• the two or more center-fill compositions may differ in a variety of characteristics, such as, viscosity, color, flavor, taste, sensation, ingredient components, functional components, sweeteners, or the like.
• the center-fill composition also may include non-liquid components, such as, for example, flavor beads, fruit particles, nut particles, flavor particles, gelatin portions, and the like.
• the center-fill composition may be aqueous or non-aqueous.
• the center-fill composition may be a solution, a suspension, an emulsion or a semisolid.
• the liquid centers may contain those traditional ingredients well known in the chewing gum and confectionery arts, such as flavoring agents, sweetening agents, and the like, and mixtures thereof, as described above.
• the liquid centers may also contain pharmaceutical additives such as medicaments, breath fresheners, vitamins, minerals, caffeine, fruit juices, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
• the confectionery and pharmaceutical agents may be used in many distinct physical forms well known in the art to provide an initial burst of sweetness and flavor and/or therapeutic activity or a prolonged sensation of sweetness and flavor and/or therapeutic activity. Without being limited thereto, such physical forms include free forms, such as spray dried, powdered, and beaded forms, and encapsulated forms, and mixtures thereof.
• liquid centers suitable for use in some embodiments include those centers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,894,154, 4,156,740, 4,157,402, 4,316,915, and 4,466,983, which disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.
• suitable additional components include taurine, guarana, vitamins, ActizolTM, chlorophyll, RecaldentTM tooth remineralization technology, and RetsynTM.
• the center-fill composition also may include a natural or synthetic gum such as carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, propylene glycol aginate, agar and gum tragacanth. These compositions serve to increase viscosity by reducing the amount of free water in the composition.
• the viscosity of the center-fill may range from about 300 cp to about 6,000 cp at 25°C. In liquid-fill compositions which have a greater water activity than the surrounding gum region, the viscosity may range from about 3,000 cp to about 6,000 cp at 25°C.
• Xanthan gum may also be used to increase the viscosity of the center-fill composition. Increasing viscosity of the liquid also helps prevent the liquid from leaking through the gum piece. Xanthan gum is available under the tradename Keltrol® from. CP Kelco of Atlanta, Georgia. Some embodiments extend to methods of making the improved center-filled chewing gum compositions.
• the improved compositions may be prepared using standard techniques and equipment known to those skilled in the art.
• the apparatus useful in accordance with the embodiments described herein comprises mixing and heating apparatus well known in the chewing gum manufacturing arts, and therefore the selection of the specific apparatus will be apparent to the artisan Such methods and apparatus are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,806,290 and 3,857,963, which disclosures are incorporated herein by reference
• Coating Composition when included in the center-fill compositions, may be applied by a variety of methods including any method known in the art such as the method described above.
• the coating composition may be present in an amount from about 2% to about 80%, more specifically from about 25% to about 35% by weight of the total center- filled gum piece, even more specifically about 30% by weight of the gum piece.
• the outer coating may be hard or crunchy or soft.
• the outer coating may include sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, erythritol, isomalt, and other crystallizable polyols; sucrose may also be used.
• the coating may include several opaque layers, such that the chewing gum composition is not visible through the coating itself, which can optionally be covered with a further one or more transparent layers for aesthetic, textural and protective purposes.
• the outer coating may also contain small amounts of water and gum arabic.
• the coating can be further coated with wax.
• the coating may be applied in a conventional manner by successive applications of a coating solution, with drying in between each coat. As the coating dries it usually becomes opaque and is usually white, though other colorants may be added.
• a polyol coating can be further coated with wax.
• the coating can further include colored flakes or speckles. If the composition comprises a coating, it is possible that one or more oral care actives can be dispersed throughout the coating. This is especially preferred if one or more oral care actives is incompatible in a single phase composition with another of the actives. Flavors may also be added to yield unique product characteristics.
• the coating may also be formulated to assist with increasing the thermal stability of the gum piece and preventing leaking of the liquid-fill.
• the coating may include a gelatin composition.
• the gelatin composition may be added as a 40% by weight solution and may be present in the coating composition from about 5% to about 10% by weight of the coating composition, and more specifically about 7% to about 8%.
• the gel strength of the gelatin may be from about 130 bloom to about 250 bloom.
• materials may be added to the coating to achieve desired properties. These materials may include without limitations, cellulosics such as carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, pullulan, alginate, starch, carrageenan, xanthan gum, gum arabic and polyvinyl acetate (PVA).
• cellulosics such as carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, pullulan, alginate, starch, carrageenan, xanthan gum, gum arabic and polyvinyl acetate (PVA).
• the coating composition may also include a pre-coating which is added to the individual gum pieces prior to an optional hard coating.
• the pre-coating may include an application of polyvinyl acetate (PVA). This may be applied as a solution of PVA in a solvent, such as ethyl alcohol.
• PVA polyvinyl acetate
• the PVA application may be approximately 3% to 4% by weight of the total coating or about 1% of the total weight of the gum piece (including a liquid-fill, gum region and hard coating).
• the coating can be amorphous or crystalline and the resulting texture can be hard, crunchy, crispy, soft, or chewy.
• Additional additives such as warming agents, cooling agents, tingling agents, flavors, sweeteners, sour agents, bitter agents, salty agents, surfactants, breath freshening agents, anti- microbial agents, anti-bacterial agents, anti-calculus agents, antiplaque agents, fluoride compounds, remineralization agents, pharmaceuticals, micronutrients, throat care actives, tooth whitening agents, energy boosting agents, concentration boosting agents, appetite suppressants, colors and other actives may also be included in any or all portions or regions of the chewing gum composition. Such components may be used in amounts sufficient to achieve their intended effects.
• Types of individual ingredients for which optional managed release from a chewing gum composition may be desired include, but are not limited to sweeteners, flavors, actives, effervescing ingredients, appetite suppressors, breath fresheners, dental care ingredients, emulsifiers, flavor potentiators, bitterness masking or blocking ingredients, food acids, micronutrients, sensates, mouth moistening ingredients, throat care ingredients, colors, sour agents, bitter agents, salty agents, pharmaceuticals, energy boosting agents, concentration boosting agents and combinations thereof.
• Ingredients may be available in different forms such as, for example, liquid form, spray-dried form, or crystalline form.
• a delivery system or chewing gum composition may include the same type of ingredient in different forms.
• a chewing gum composition may include a liquid flavor and a spray-dried version of the same flavor.
• the ingredient may be in its free or encapsulated form and may be present in any region of the gum composition such as in the center-fill, the gum region, or the coating. Further, the same component may be present in its free form as well as in its encapsulated form.
• an ingredient's release is modified such that when a consumer chews the chewing gum, they may experience an increase in the duration of flavor or sweetness perception and/or the ingredient is released or otherwise made available over a longer period of time.
• Modified release may be accomplished by any method known in the art, such as by encapsulation. Where modified release is due to encapsulation, this may be accomplished by a variety of means such as by spray coating or extrusion.
• the chewing gum composition may include ingredients without modified release (sometimes referred to as "free” ingredients), as well as ingredients with modified release.
• a free ingredient may be used to deliver an initial amount or "hit" of an ingredient (e.g., flavor, cooling agent) or an initial sensation or benefit caused by the ingredient (e.g., flavor, nasal action, cooling, warming, tingling, saliva generation, breath freshening, teeth whitening, throat soothing, mouth moistening, etc.).
• the same ingredient can be provided with modified release characteristics to provide an additional or delayed amount of the same sensation or benefit.
• the sensation or benefit due to the ingredient may be provided over a longer period of time and/or perception of the sensation or benefit by a consumer may be improved. Also, in some embodiments the initial amount or "hit" of the ingredient may predispose or precondition the consumers' mouth or perception of the chewing gum composition.
• the ingredient may be modified to allow for a lower concentration of the ingredient to be released over a longer period of time versus the release of a higher concentration of the ingredient over a shorter period of time.
• Sustained release may be accomplished by the use of a delivery system, such as encapsulation where the delivery system has a tensile strength of about 6500psi.
• Other suitable delivery systems are more fully disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0112236A1 which is herein incorporated by reference.
• a sustained release of an ingredient may be advantageous in situations when the ingredient has a bitter or other bad taste at the higher concentrations.
• a sustained release of an ingredient also may be advantageous when release of the ingredient in higher concentrations over a shorter period of time may result in a lesser amount of the ingredient being optimally delivered to the consumer.
• a tooth whitening or breath freshening ingredient providing too much of the ingredient too fast may result in a consumer swallowing a significant portion of the ingredient before the ingredient has had a chance to interact with the consumer's teeth, mucous membranes, and/or dental work, thereby wasting the ingredient or at least reducing the benefit of having the ingredient in the chewing gum composition.
• encapsulation may be employed to provide barrier protection to or from a component rather than to modify the release of the component. For instance, it often is desirable to limit the exposure of acids to other components in a chewing gum composition. Such acids may be encapsulated to limit their exposure to other components, or alternatively, the other components in the chewing gum composition may be encapsulated to limit their exposure to the acid.
• any of the additional components discussed herein may be added to any region of the center-fill chewing gum composition in their modified release form and/or without modified release (sometimes referred to as "free" components).
• a single component may be added to the center-fill chewing gum in its modified release form and free form.
• the modified release component and free component may be included together in the same region of the center-fill chewing gum or, in some embodiments, the two components may be included in different regions of the gum.
• two different components that provide the same functionality, e.g., two different flavors, sweeteners, tastes, sensations, or the like, may be included in a center-fill chewing gum.
• both components may have modified release properties.
• one of the components may be modified release, whereas the other component may be free.
• the two components may be included in the same or different regions of the center-fill chewing gum.
• flavorants may include those flavors known to the skilled artisan, such as natural and artificial flavors. These flavorings may be chosen from synthetic flavor oils and flavoring aromatics and/or oils, oleoresins and extracts derived from plants, leaves, flowers, fruits, and so forth, and combinations thereof.
• Nonlimiting representative flavor oils include spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate), peppermint oil, Japanese mint oil, clove oil, bay oil, anise oil, eucalyptus oil, thyme oil, cedar leaf oil, oil of nutmeg, allspice, oil of sage, mace, oil of bitter almonds, and cassia oil.
• sweetenings are artificial, natural and synthetic fruit flavors such as vanilla, and citrus oils including lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit, yazu, sudachi, and fruit essences including apple, pear, peach, grape, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, plum, pineapple, apricot, banana, melon, apricot, ume, cherry, raspberry, blackberry, tropical fruit, mango, mangosteen, pomegranate, papaya, watermelon, and so forth.
• fruit flavors such as vanilla, and citrus oils including lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit, yazu, sudachi, and fruit essences including apple, pear, peach, grape, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, plum, pineapple, apricot, banana, melon, apricot, ume, cherry, raspberry, blackberry, tropical fruit, mango, mangosteen, pomegranate, papaya, watermelon, and so forth.
• Other potential flavors whose release profiles can be managed include a milk flavor, a butter flavor, a cheese flavor, a cream flavor, and a yogurt flavor; a vanilla flavor; tea or coffee flavors, such as a green tea flavor, a oolong tea flavor, a tea flavor, a cocoa flavor, a chocolate flavor, and a coffee flavor; mint flavors, such as a peppermint flavor, a spearmint flavor, and a Japanese mint flavor; spicy flavors, such as an asafetida flavor, an ajowan flavor, an anise flavor, an angelica flavor, a fennel flavor, an allspice flavor, a cinnamon flavor, a camomile flavor, a mustard flavor, a cardamom flavor, a caraway flavor, a cumin flavor, a clove flavor, a pepper flavor, a coriander flavor, a sassafras flavor, a savory flavor, a Zanthoxyli Fructus flavor, a perilla flavor, a
• flavoring agents may be used in liquid or solid form and may be used individually or in admixture.
• Commonly used flavors include mints such as peppermint, menthol, spearmint, artificial vanilla, cinnamon derivatives, and various fruit flavors, whether employed individually or in admixture. Flavors may also provide breath freshening properties, particularly the mint flavors when used in combination with the cooling agents, described herein below.
• other flavorings include aldehydes and esters such as cinnamyl acetate, cinnamaldehyde, citral diethylacetal, dihydrocarvyl acetate, eugenyl formate, p-methylamisol, and so forth may be used.
• aldehydes and esters such as cinnamyl acetate, cinnamaldehyde, citral diethylacetal, dihydrocarvyl acetate, eugenyl formate, p-methylamisol, and so forth may be used.
• any flavoring or food additive such as those described in Chemicals Used in Food Processing, publication 1274, pages 63-258, by the National Academy of Sciences, may be used. This publication is incorporated herein by reference. These may include natural as well as synthetic flavors.
• aldehyde flavorings include but are not limited to acetaldehyde (apple), benzaldehyde (cherry, almond), anisic aldehyde (licorice, anise), cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamon), citral, i.e., alpha-citral (lemon, lime), neral, i.e., beta-citral (lemon, lime), decanal (orange, lemon), ethyl vanillin (vanilla, cream), heliotrope, i.e., piperonal (vanilla, cream), vanillin (vanilla, cream), alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde (spicy fruity flavors), butyraldehyde (butter, cheese), valeraldehyde (butter, cheese), citronellal (modifies, rtiany types), decanal (citrus fruits), aldehyde C-8 (cititis
• a flavoring agent may be employed in either liquid form and/or dried form. When employed in the latter form, suitable drying means such as spray drying the liquid may be used.
• the flavoring agent may be absorbed onto water soluble materials, such as cellulose, starch, sugar, maltodextrin, gum arabic and so forth or may be encapsulated.
• the flavoring agent may be adsorbed onto silicas, zeolites, and the like.
• the flavoring agents may be used in many distinct physical forms.
• such physical forms include free forms, such as spray dried, powdered, beaded forms, encapsulated forms, and mixtures thereof.
• encapsulation of a component will result in a delay in the release of the predominant amount of the component during consumption of a chewing gum composition that includes the encapsulated component (e.g., as part of a delivery system added as an ingredient to the chewing gum composition).
• the release profile of the ingredient e.g., the flavor, sweetener, etc.
• the release profile of the ingredient can be managed by managing various characteristics of the ingredient, delivery system containing the ingredient, and/or the chewing gum composition containing the delivery system and/or how the delivery system is made.
• characteristics might include one or more of the following: tensile strength of the delivery system, water solubility of the ingredient, water solubility of the encapsulating material, water solubility of the delivery system, ratio of ingredient to encapsulating material in the delivery system, average or maximum particle size of ingredient, average or maximum particle size of ground delivery system, the amount of the ingredient or the delivery system in the chewing gum composition, ratio of different polymers used to encapsulate one or more ingredients, hydrophobicity of one or more polymers used to encapsulate one or more ingredients, hydrophobicity of the delivery system, the type or amount of coating on the delivery system, the type or amount of coating on an ingredient prior to the ingredient being encapsulated, etc.
• the sweeteners involved may be selected from a wide range of materials including water-soluble sweeteners, water-soluble artificial sweeteners, water-soluble sweeteners derived from naturally occurring water-soluble sweeteners, dipeptide based sweeteners, and protein based sweeteners, including mixtures thereof. Without being limited to particular sweeteners, representative categories and examples include:
• water-soluble sweetening agents such as dihydrochalcones, monellin, steviosides, glycyrrhizin, dihydroflavenol, and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, xylitol, erythritol, and L-aminodicarboxylic acid aminoalkenoic acid ester amides, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,834, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, and mixtures thereof;
• water-soluble sweetening agents such as dihydrochalcones, monellin, steviosides, glycyrrhizin, dihydroflavenol, and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, xylitol, erythritol, and L-aminodicarboxylic acid aminoalkenoic acid ester amide
• water-soluble artificial sweeteners such as soluble saccharin salts, i.e., sodium or calcium saccharin salts, cyclamate salts, the sodium, ammonium or calcium salt of 3,4- dihydro-6-methyl-l,2,3-oxathiazine-4-one-2,2-di oxide, the potassium salt of 3,4-dihydro-6- methyl-l,2,3-oxathiazine-4-one-2,2-dioxide (Acesulfame-K), the free acid form of saccharin, and mixtures thereof;
• soluble saccharin salts i.e., sodium or calcium saccharin salts, cyclamate salts
• the potassium salt of 3,4-dihydro-6- methyl-l,2,3-oxathiazine-4-one-2,2-dioxide
• dipeptide based sweeteners such as L-aspartic acid derived sweeteners, such as L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (Aspartame), N-[N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L- ⁇ - aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester (Neotame), and materials described in U.S. Pat. No.
• water-soluble sweeteners derived from naturally occurring water-soluble sweeteners such as chlorinated derivatives of ordinary sugar (sucrose), e.g., chlorodeoxysugar derivatives such as derivatives of chlorodeoxysucrose or chlorodeoxygalactosucrose, known, for example, under the product designation of Sucralose;
• chlorodeoxysucrose and chlorodeoxygalactosucrose derivatives include but are not limited to: l-chloro-l'-deoxysucrose; 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha- D-fructofuranoside, or 4-chloro-4-deoxygalactosucrose; 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D- galactopyranosyl-l-chloro-l-deoxy-beta-D-fructo-furanoside, or 4,l'-dichloro-4,l'
• protein based sweeteners such as thaumaoccous danielli (Thaumatin I and IT) and talin;
• the intense sweetening agents may be used in many distinct physical forms well- known in the art to provide an initial burst of sweetness and/or a prolonged sensation of sweetness. Without being limited thereto, such physical forms include free forms, spray dried forms, powdered forms, beaded forms, encapsulated forms, and mixtures thereof.
• the sweetener is a high intensity sweetener such as aspartame, sucralose, and acesulfame potassium (e.g., Ace-K).
• the sweetener may be a polyol.
• Polyols can include, but are not limited to glycerol, sorbitol, malititol, maltitol syrup, mannitol, isomalt, erythritol , xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, polyglycitol syrups, polyglycitol powders, lactitol, and combinations thereof.
• the active component e.g., sweetener
• the active component which is part of the delivery system, may be used in amounts necessary to impart the desired effect associated with use of the active component (e.g., sweetness).
• an effective amount of intense sweetener may be utilized to provide the level of sweetness desired, and this amount may vary with the sweetener selected.
• the intense sweetener may be present in amounts from about 0.001% to about 3%, by weight of the composition, depending upon the sweetener or combination of sweeteners used. The exact range of amounts for each type of sweetener may be selected by those skilled in the art.
• Sensate compounds can include cooling agents, warming agents, tingling agents, effervescent agents, and combinations thereof.
• cooling agents include xylitol, erythritol, dextrose, sorbitol, menthane, menthone, ketals, menthone ketals, menthone glycerol ketals, substituted p-menthanes, acyclic carboxamides, mono menthyl glutarate, substituted cyclohexanamides, substituted cyclohexane carboxamides, substituted ureas and sulfonamides, substituted menthanols, hydroxymethyl and hydroxymethyl derivatives of p-menthane, 2-mercapto-cyclo-decanone, hydroxycarboxylic acids with 2-6 carbon atoms, cyclohexanamides, menthyl acetate, menthyl salicylate, N,
• warming components may be selected from a wide variety of compounds known to provide the sensory signal of warming to the user. These compounds offer the perceived sensation of warmth, particularly in the oral cavity, and often enhance the perception of flavors, sweeteners and other organoleptic components.
• useful warming compounds can include vanillyl alcohol n-butylether (TK-1000) supplied by Takasago Perfumary Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan, vanillyl alcohol n-propylether, vanillyl alcohol isopropylether, vanillyl alcohol isobutylether, vanillyl alcohol n-aminoether, vanillyl alcohol isoamyleather, vanillyl alcohol n-hexyleather, vanillyl alcohol methylether, vanillyl alcohol ethylether, gingerol, shogaol, paradol, zingerone, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocaps
• a tingling sensation can be provided.
• One such tingling sensation is provided by adding jambu, oleoresin, or spilanthol to some examples.
• alkylamides extracted from materials such as jambu or sanshool can be included.
• a sensation is created due to effervescence. Such effervescence is created by combining an alkaline material with an acidic material.
• an alkaline material can include alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, alkaline earth metal carbonates, alkaline earth metal bicarbonates and mixtures thereof.
• an acidic material can include acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glyconic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid and combinations thereof.
• Examples of "tingling" type sensates can be found in U.S. Patent No. 6,780,443, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
• Sensate components may also be referred to as "trigeminal stimulants" such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 205/0202118, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Trigeminal stimulants are defined as an orally consumed product or agent that stimulates the trigeminal nerve.
• cooling agents which are trigeminal stimulants include menthol, WS-3, N-substituted p-menthane carboxamide, acyclic carboxamides including WS-23, methyl succinate, menthone glycerol ketals, bulk sweeteners such as xylitol, erithyritol, dextrose, and sorbitol, and combinations thereof.
• Trigeminal stimulants can also include flavors, tingling agents, Jambu extract, vanillyl alkyl ethers, such as vanillyl n-butyl ether, spilanthol, Echinacea extract, Northern Prickly Ash extract, capsaicin, capsicum oleoresin, red pepper oleoresin, black pepper oleoresin, piperine, ginger oleoresin, gingerol, shoagol, cinnamon oleoresin, cassia oleoresin, cinnamic aldehyde, eugenol, cyclic acetal of vanillin and menthol glycerin ether, unsaturated amides, and combinations thereof.
• flavors, tingling agents such as vanillyl n-butyl ether, spilanthol, Echinacea extract, Northern Prickly Ash extract, capsaicin, capsicum oleoresin, red pepper oleoresin, black pepper oleoresin, pipe
• Breath fresheners can include essential oils as well as various aldehydes, alcohols, and similar materials.
• essential oils can include oils of spearmint, peppermint, wintergreen, sassafras, chlorophyll, citral, geraniol, cardamom, clove, sage, carvacrol, eucalyptus, cardamom, magnolia bark extract, marjoram, cinnamon, lemon, lime, grapefruit, and orange.
• aldehydes such as cinnamic aldehyde and salicylaldehyde can be used.
• chemicals such as menthol, carvone, iso-garrigol, and anethole can function as breath fresheners. Of these, the most commonly employed are oils of peppermint, spearmint and chlorophyll.
• breath fresheners can include but are not limited to zinc citrate, zinc acetate, zinc fluoride, zinc ammonium sulfate, zinc bromide, zinc iodide, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc flurosilicate, zinc gluconate, zinc tartarate, zinc succinate, zinc formate, zinc chromate, zinc phenol sulfonate, zinc dithionate, zinc sulfate, silver nitrate, zinc salicylate, zinc glycerophosphate, copper nitrate, chlorophyll, copper chlorophyll, chlorophyllin, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, chlorine dioxide, beta cyclodextrin, zeolite, silica-based materials, carbon-based materials, enzymes such as laccase, and combinations thereof.
• the release profiles of probiotics can be managed for a gum including, but not limited to lactic acid producing microorganisms such as Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus laterosporus, Bacillus laevolacticus, Sporolactobacillus inulinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus jenseni, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactococcus lactis, Pedioccocus acidilacti, Pedioccocus pentosaceus, Pedioccocus urinae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subt ⁇ lis, Bacillus laterosporus, Bacillus laevolacticus, Sporolactobacillus inulinus and mixtures thereof.
• lactic acid producing microorganisms such as Bacillus
• Breath fresheners are also known by the following trade names: Retsyn,TM Actizol,TM and Nutrazin.TM Examples of malodor- controlling compositions are also included in U.S. Patent No. 5,300,305 to Stapler et al. and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0215417 and 2004/0081713 which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference for all purposes.
• Dental care ingredients may include but are not limited to tooth whiteners, stain removers, oral cleaning, bleaching agents, desensitizing agents, dental remineralization agents, antibacterial agents, anticaries agents, plaque acid buffering agents, surfactants and anticalculus agents.
• Non-limiting examples of such ingredients can include, hydrolytic agents including proteolytic enzymes, abrasives such as hydrated silica, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and alumina, other active stain- removing components such as surface-active agents, including, but not limited to anionic surfactants such as sodium stearate, sodium palminate, sulfated butyl oleate, sodium oleate, salts of fumaric acid, glycerol, hydroxylated lecithin, sodium lauryl sulfate and chelators such as polyphosphates, which are typically employed as tartar control ingredients.
• hydrolytic agents including proteolytic enzymes, abrasives such as hydrated silica, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and alumina, other active stain- removing components such as surface-active agents, including, but not limited to anionic surfactants such as sodium stearate, sodium palminate, sulfated butyl oleate, sodium oleate, salts of
• dental care ingredients can also include tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium tri-polyphosphate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, xylitol, sodium hexametaphosphate.
• peroxides such as carbamide peroxide, calcium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, sodium peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxydiphospate are included.
• potassium nitrate and potassium citrate are included.
• Other examples can include casein glycomacropeptide, calcium casein peptone-calcium phosphate, casein phosphopeptides, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and amorphous calcium phosphate.
• Still other examples can include papaine, krillase, pepsin, trypsin, lysozyme, dextranase, mutanase, glycoamylase, amylase, glucose oxidase, and combinations thereof.
• surfactants such as sodium stearate, sodium ricinoleate, and sodium lauryl sulfate surfactants for use in some embodiments to achieve increased prophylactic action and to render the dental care ingredients more cosmetically acceptable.
• surfactants can preferably be detersive materials which impart to the composition detersive and foaming properties.
• Suitable examples of surfactants are water-soluble salts of higher fatty acid monoglyceride monosulfates, such as the sodium salt of the monosulfated monoglyceride of hydrogenated coconut oil fatty acids, higher alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, higher alkyl sulfoacetates, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, higher fatty acid esters of 1,2-dihydroxy propane sulfonate, and the substantially saturated higher aliphatic acyl amides of lower aliphatic amino carboxylic acid compounds, such as those having 12 to 16 carbons in the fatty acid, alkyl or acyl radicals, and the like.
• higher alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecyl benz
• amides are N-lauroyl sarcosine, and the sodium, potassium, and ethanolamine salts of N-lauroyl, N-myristoyl, or N-palmitoyl sarcosine.
• dental care ingredients can include antibacterial agents such as, but not limited to, triclosan, chlorhexidine, zinc citrate, silver nitrate, copper, limonene, and cetyl pyridinium chloride.
• additional anticaries agents can include fluoride ions or fluorine-providing components such as inorganic fluoride salts.
• soluble alkali metal salts for example, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium fluorosilicate, ammonium fluorosilicate, sodium monofluorophosphate, as well as tin fluorides, such as stannous fluoride and stannous chloride can be included.
• a fluorine-containing compound having a beneficial effect on the care and hygiene of the oral cavity may also be included as an ingredient.
• a fluorine-containing compound having a beneficial effect on the care and hygiene of the oral cavity e.g., diminution of enamel solubility in acid and protection of the teeth against decay
• examples thereof include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, potassium fluoride, potassium stannous fluoride (SnF.sub.2 -KF), sodium hexafluorostannate, stannous chlorofluoride, sodium fluorozirconate, and sodium monofluorophosphate.
• urea is included.
• Actives generally refer to those ingredients that are included in a delivery system and/or chewing gum composition for the desired end benefit they provide to the user.
• actives can include medicaments, nutrients, nutraceuticals, herbals, nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, drugs, and the like and combinations thereof.
• useful drugs include ace-inhibitors, antianginal drugs, anti-arrhythmias, anti-asthmatics, anti-cholesterolemics, analgesics, anesthetics, anti-convulsants, antidepressants, anti-diabetic agents, anti-diarrhea preparations, antidotes, anti-histamines, anti- hypertensive drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-lipid agents, anti-manics, anti-nauseants, anti-stroke agents, anti-thyroid preparations, anti-tumor drugs, anti-viral agents, acne drugs, alkaloids, amino acid preparations, anti-tussives, anti-uricemic drugs, anti-viral drugs, anabolic preparations, systemic and non-systemic anti-infective agents, anti-neoplasties, antiparkinsonian agents, anti-rheumatic agents, appetite stimulants, biological response modifiers, blood modifiers, bone metabolism regulators, cardiovascular agents, central nervous system stimulates,
• erythropoietic drugs examples include erythropoietic drugs, anti-asthmatics, cough suppressants, mucolytics, DNA and genetic modifying drugs, and combinations thereof.
• active ingredients contemplated for use in the present invention can include antacids, H2-antagonists, and analgesics.
• antacid dosages can be prepared using the ingredients calcium carbonate alone or in combination with magnesium hydroxide, and/or aluminum hydroxide.
• antacids can be used in combination with H2-antagonists.
• Analgesics include opiates and opiate derivatives, such as OxycontinTM, ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen, and combinations thereof that may optionally include caffeine.
• anti-diarrheals such as ImmodiumTM AD, anti-histamines, anti-tussives, decongestants, vitamins, and breath fresheners.
• anxiolytics such as XanaxTM; antipsychotics such as ClozarilTM and HaldolTM; non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAED's) such as ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, VoltarenTM and LodineTM, anti-histamines such as ClaritinTM, HismanalTM, RelafenTM, and TavistTM; anti-emetics such as KytrilTM and CesametTM; bronchodilators such as BentolinTM, ProventilTM; anti-depressants such as ProzacTM, ZoloftTM, and PaxilTM; anti-migraines such as ImigraTM, ACE-inhibitors such as VasotecTM, CapotenTM
• H2-antagonists which are contemplated for use in the present invention include cimetidine, ranitidine hydrochloride, famotidine, nizatidien, ebrotidine, mifentidine, roxatidine, pisatidine and aceroxatidine.
• Active antacid ingredients can include, but are not limited to, the following: aluminum hydroxide, dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate, aminoacetic acid, aluminum phosphate, dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate, bicarbonate, bismuth aluminate, bismuth carbonate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth subgallate, bismuth subnitrate, bismuth subsilysilate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, citrate ion (acid or salt), amino acetic acid, hydrate magnesium aluminate sulfate, magaldrate, magnesium aluminosilicate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium trisilicate, milk solids, aluminum mono-ordibasic calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium tartrate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium aluminosilicates, tartaric acids and salts.
• a variety of nutritional supplements may also be used as active ingredients including virtually any vitamin or mineral.
• Herbals are generally aromatic plants or plant parts and or extracts thereof that can be used medicinally or for flavoring. Suitable herbals can be used singly or in various mixtures. Commonly used herbs include Echinacea, Goldenseal, Calendula, Rosemary, Thyme, Kava Kava, Aloe, Blood Root, Grapefruit Seed Extract, Black Cohosh, Ginseng, Guarana, Cranberry, Gingko Biloba, St. John's Wort, Evening Primrose Oil, Yohimbe Bark, Green Tea, Ma Huang, Maca, Bilberry, Lutein, and combinations thereof.
• An effervescent system may include one or more edible acids and one or more edible alkaline materials.
• the edible acid(s) and the edible alkaline material(s) may react together to generate effervescence.
• the alkaline material(s) may be selected from, but is not limited to, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, alkaline earth metal carbonates, alkaline earth metal bicarbonates, and combinations thereof.
• the edible acid(s) may be selected from, but is not limited to, citric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, and combinations thereof.
• an effervescing system may include one or more other ingredients such as, for example, carbon dioxide, oral care ingredients, flavorants, etc. For examples of use of an effervescing system in a chewing gum, refer to U.S. Provisional Patent No.
• Appetite suppressors can be ingredients such as fiber and protein that function to depress the desire to consume food.
• Appetite suppressors can also include benzphetamine, diethylpropion, mazindol, phendimetrazine, phentermine, hoodia (P57), Olibra,TM ephedra, caffeine and combinations thereof.
• Appetite suppressors are also known by the following trade names: Adipex,TM Adipost,TM BontrilTM PDM, BontrilTM Slow Release, Didrex,TM Fastin,TM Ionamin,TM Mazanor,TM Melfiat,TM Obenix,TM Phendiet,TM Phendiet-105,TM Phentercot,TM Phentride,TM Plegine,TM Prelu-2,TM Pro-Fast,TM PT 105,TM Sanorex,TM Tenuate,TM Sanorex,TM Tenuate,TM Tenuate Dospan,TM Tepanil Ten-Tab,TM Teramine,TM and Zantryl.TM These and other suitable appetite suppressors are further described in the following U.S.
• Potentiators can consist of materials that may intensify, supplement, modify or enhance the taste and/or aroma perception of an original material without introducing a characteristic taste and/or aroma perception of their own.
• potentiators designed to intensify, supplement, modify, or enhance the perception of flavor, sweetness, tartness, umami, kokumi, saltiness and combinations thereof can be included.
• potentiators also known as taste potentiators include, but are not limited to, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, chlorogenic acid, alapyridaine, cynarin, miraculin, glupyridaine, pyridinium-betain compounds, glutamates, such as monosodium glutamate and monopotassium glutamate, neotame, thaumatin, tagatose, trehalose, salts, such as sodium chloride, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, vanilla extract (in ethyl alcohol), sugar acids, potassium chloride, sodium acid sulfate, hydrolyzed vegetable proteins, hydrolyzed animal proteins, yeast extracts, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), glutathione, nucleotides, such as inosine monophosphate, disodium inosinate, xanthosine monophosphate, guanylate
• Sweetener potentiators which are a type of taste potentiator, enhance the taste of sweetness.
• exemplary sweetener potentiators include, but are not limited to, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, licorice glycyrrhizinates, citrus aurantium, alapyridaine, alapyridaine (N-(l-carboxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium-3-ol) inner salt, miraculin, curculin, strogin, mabinlin, gymnemic acid, cynarin, glupyridaine, pyridinium- betain compounds, sugar beet extract, neotame, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, tagatose, trehalose, maltol, ethyl maltol, vanilla extract, vanilla oleoresin, vanillin, sugar beet extract
• Acidic peptides include peptides having a larger number of acidic amino acids, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid, than basic amino acids, such as lysine, arginine and histidine.
• the acidic peptides are obtained by peptide synthesis or by subjecting proteins to hydrolysis using endopeptidase, and if necessary, to deamidation.
• Suitable proteins for use in the production of the acidic peptides or the peptides obtained by subjecting a protein to hydrolysis and deamidation include plant proteins, (e.g.
• wheat gluten e.g., corn protein (e.g., zein and gluten meal), soybean protein isolate), animal proteins (e.g., milk proteins such as milk casein and milk whey protein, muscle proteins such as meat protein and fish meat protein, egg white protein and collagen), and microbial proteins (e.g., microbial cell protein and polypeptides produced by microorganisms.)
• animal proteins e.g., milk proteins such as milk casein and milk whey protein, muscle proteins such as meat protein and fish meat protein, egg white protein and collagen
• microbial proteins e.g., microbial cell protein and polypeptides produced by microorganisms.
• hydrophobic sweeteners include those of the formulae ⁇ -XI as set forth below:
• X, Y and Z are selected from the group consisting of CH 2 , O and S;
• X and Y are selected from the group consisting of S and O;
• X is C or S; R is OH or H and R 1 is OCH 3 or OH; wherein R, R 2 and R 3 are OH or H and R 1 is H or COOH;
• X is O or CH 2 and R is COOH or H;
• R is CH 3 CH 2 , OH, N (CH3) 2 or Cl;
• Perillartine may also be added as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,159,509 also incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
• Acids can include, but are not limited to acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glyconic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid and combinations thereof.
• Micronutrients can include materials that have an impact on the nutritional well being of an organism even though the quantity required by the organism to have the desired effect is small relative to macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrate, and fat.
• Micronutrients can include, but are not limited to vitamins, minerals, enzymes, phytochemicals, antioxidants, and combinations thereof.
• vitamins can include fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K and combinations thereof.
• vitamins can include water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), the B vitamins (thiamine or B 1 , riboflavoin or B 2 , niacin or B 3 , pyridoxine or Be, folic acid or B9, cyanocobalimin OrB 12 , pantothenic acid, biotin), and combinations thereof.
• vitamin C ascorbic acid
• B vitamins thiamine or B 1 , riboflavoin or B 2 , niacin or B 3 , pyridoxine or Be, folic acid or B9, cyanocobalimin OrB 12 , pantothenic acid, biotin
• minerals can include but are not limited to sodium, magnesium, chromium, iodine, iron, manganese, calcium, copper, fluoride, potassium, phosphorous, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, and combinations thereof.
• micronutrients can include but are not limited to L-carnitine, choline, coenzyme QlO, alpha-lipoic acid, omega-3-fatty acids, pepsin, phytase, trypsin, lipases, proteases, cellulases, and combinations thereof.
• Antioxidants can include materials that scavenge free radicals.
• antioxidants can include but are not limited to ascorbic acid, citric acid, rosemary oil, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin E phosphate, tocopherols, di-alpha-tocopheryl phosphate, tocotrienols, alpha lipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid, xanthophylls, beta cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, beta-carotene, carotenes, mixed carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and combinations thereof.
• phytochemicals can include but are not limited to cartotenoids, chlorophyll, chlorophyllin, fiber, flavanoids, anthocyanins, cyaniding, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin, flavanols, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechingallate, theaflavins, thearubigins, proanthocyanins, flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, flavononeshesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, tangeretin, flavones, apigenin, luteolin, lignans, phytoestrogens, resveratrol, isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, soy isoflavones, and combinations thereof.
• Mouth moisteners can include, but are not limited to, saliva stimulators such as acids and salts and combinations thereof.
• acids can include acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glyconic acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid and combinations thereof.
• Mouth moisteners can also include hydrocolloid materials that hydrate and may adhere to oral surface to provide a sensation of mouth moistening.
• Hydrocolloid materials can include naturally occurring materials such as plant exudates, seed gums, and seaweed extracts or they can be chemically modified materials such as cellulose, starch, or natural gum derivatives.
• hydrocolloid materials can include pectin, gum arabic, acacia gum, alginates, agar, carageenans, guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, gelatin, gellan gum, galactomannans, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, curdlan, konjac, chitosan, xyloglucan, beta glucan, furcellaran, gum ghatti, tamarin, bacterial gums, and combinations thereof.
• modified natural gums such as propylene glycol alginate, carboxymethyl locust bean gum, low methoxyl pectin, and their combinations can be included.
• modified celluloses can be included such as macrocrystalline cellulose, carboxymethlcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPCM), and hydroxypropylcellulose (MPC), and combinations thereof.
• humectants which can provide a perception of mouth hydration can be included.
• humectants can include, but are not limited to glycerol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, erythritol, and xylitol.
• fats can provide a perception of mouth moistening.
• Such fats can include medium chain triglycerides, vegetable oils, fish oils, mineral oils, and combinations thereof.
• Throat soothing ingredients can include analgesics, anesthetics, demulcents, antiseptic, and combinations thereof.
• analgesics/anesthetics can include menthol, phenol, hexylresorcinol, benzocaine, dyclonine hydrochloride, benzyl alcohol, salicyl alcohol, and combinations thereof.
• demulcents can include but are not limited to slippery elm bark, pectin, gelatin, and combinations thereof.
• antiseptic ingredients can include cetylpyridinium chloride, domiphen bromide, dequalinium chloride, and combinations thereof.
• antitussive ingredients such as chlophedianol hydrochloride, codeine, codeine phosphate, codeine sulfate, dextromethorphan, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, diphenhydramine citrate, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride, and combinations thereof can be included.
• throat soothing agents such as honey, propolis, aloe vera, glycerine, menthol and combinations thereof can be included.
• cough suppressants can be included. Such cough suppressants can fall into two groups: those that alter the consistency or production of phlegm such as mucolytics and expectorants; and those that suppress the coughing reflex such as codeine (narcotic cough suppressants), antihistamines, dextromethorphan and isoproterenol (non-narcotic cough suppressants).
• ingredients from either or both groups can be included.
• antitussives can include, but are not limited to, the group consisting of codeine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, diphenhydramine, hydrocodone, noscapine, oxycodone, pentoxyverine and combinations thereof.
• antihistamines can include, but are not limited to, acrivastine, azatadine, brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dexbrompheniramine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, meclizine, phenindamine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, pyrilamine, tripelennamine, triprolidine and combinations thereof.
• non-sedating antihistamines can include, but are not limited to, astemizole, cetirizine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratidine, terfenadine, and combinations thereof.
• expectorants can include, but are not limited to, ammonium chloride, guaifenesin, ipecac fluid extract, potassium iodide and combinations thereof.
• mucolytics can include, but are not limited to, acetylcycsteine, ambroxol, bromhexine and combinations thereof.
• analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory agents can include, but are not limited to, acetaminophen, aspirin, diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, ketorolac, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, caffeine and mixtures thereof.
• local anesthetics can include, but are not limited to, lidocaine, benzocaine, phenol, dyclonine, benzonotate and mixtures thereof.
• nasal decongestants and ingredients that provide the perception of nasal clearing can be included.
• nasal decongestants can include but are not limited to phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and combinations thereof.
• ingredients that provide a perception of nasal clearing can include but are not limited to menthol, camphor, borneol, ephedrine, eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, methyl salicylate, bomyl acetate, lavender oil, wasabi extracts, horseradish extracts, and combinations thereof.
• a perception of nasal clearing can be provided by odoriferous essential oils, extracts from woods, gums, flowers and other botanicals, resins, animal secretions, and synthetic aromatic materials.
• one or more colors can be included. As classified by the United States Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 C.F.R. 73), colors can include exempt from certification colors (sometimes referred to as natural even though they can be synthetically manufactured) and certified colors (sometimes referred to as artificial), or combinations thereof.
• exempt from certification or natural colors can include, but are not limited to annatto extract, (El 60b), bixin, norbixin, astaxanthin, dehydrated beets (beet powder), beetroot red/betanin (E162), ultramarine blue, canthaxanthin (E161g), cryptoxanthin (El ⁇ lc), rubixanthin (E16ld), violanxanthin (E161e), rhodoxanthin QEl ⁇ lf), caramel (E150(a-d)), ⁇ -apo-8'-carotenal (E160e), ⁇ -carotene (E160a), alpha carotene, gamma carotene, ethyl ester of beta-apo-8 carotenal (E160f), flavoxanthin (El ⁇ la), lutein (E161b), cochineal extract (E120); carmine (E132), carrnoisine/azorubine (E122
• certified colors can include, but are not limited to, FD&C blue #1, FD&C blue #2, FD&C green #3, FD&C red #3, FD&C red #40, FD&C yellow #5 and FD&C yellow #6, tartrazine (E102), quinoline yellow (E104), sunset yellow (EIlO), ponceau (E124), erythrosine (E127), patent blue V (E131), titanium dioxide (E171), aluminum (E173), silver (E174), gold (E175), pigment rubine/lithol rubine BK (E180), calcium carbonate (E170), carbon black (E153), black PN/brilliant black BN (E151), green S/acid brilliant green BS (E142), and combinations thereof.
• certified colors can include FD&C aluminum lakes. These consist of the aluminum salts of FD&C dyes extended on an insoluble substrate of alumina hydrate. Additionally, in some embodiments, certified colors can be included as calcium salts
• a delivery system or chewing gum may include two or more ingredients for which managed release from the chewing gum during consumption of the chewing gum is desired.
• the ingredients may be encapsulated or otherwise included separately in different delivery systems.
• the ingredients may be encapsulated or otherwise included in the same delivery system.
• one or more of the ingredients may be free (e.g., unencapsulated) while one or more other ingredients may be encapsulated.
• a chewing gum may include a group of ingredients for which managed release of the group during consumption of the chewing gum is desired.
• Groups of two or more ingredients for which managed release from a chewing gum during consumption of the chewing gum may be desired include, but are not limited to: color and flavor, multiple flavors, multiple colors, cooling agent and flavor, warming agent and flavor, cooling agent and warming agent, cooling agent and high intensity sweetener, warming agent and high intensity sweetener, multiple cooling agents (e.g., WS-3 and WS-23, WS-3 and menthyl succinate), menthol and one or more cooling agents, menthol and one or more warming agents, multiple warming agents, high intensity sweetener(s) and tooth whitening active(s), high intensity sweetener(s) and breath freshening active(s), an ingredient with some bitterness and a bitterness suppressor for the ingredient, multiple high intensity sweeteners (e.g., ace-k and aspartame), multiple tooth whitening actives (e.g., an abrasive ingredient and
• emulsifier/surfactant a cooling agent and an emulsifier/surfactant, a warming agent and a color, a cooling agent and a color, a warming agent and a flavor potentiator, a cooling agent and a flavor potentiator, a warming agent with sweetness potentiator, a cooling agent with a sweetness potentiator, a warming agent and an appetite suppressant, a cooling agent and an appetite suppressant, a high intensity sweetener and a flavor, a cooling agent and a teeth whitening agent, a warming agent and a teeth whitening agent, a warming agent and breath freshening agent, a cooling agent and a breath freshening agent, a cooling agent and an effervescing system, a warming agent and an effervescing system, a warming agent and an antimicrobial agent, a cooling agent and an antimicrobial agent, multiple anticalculus ingredients, multiple remineralization ingredients, multiple surfactants, remineralization ingredients with demineralization
• encapsulation of multiple ingredients will result in a delay in the release of the predominant amount of the multiple ingredients during consumption of a chewing gum that includes the encapsulated multiple ingredients (e.g., as part of a delivery system added as an ingredient to the chewing gum). This may be particularly helpful in situations wherein separate encapsulation of the ingredients may cause them to release with different release profiles. For example, different high intensity sweeteners may have different release profiles because they have different water solubilities or differences in other characteristics. Encapsulating them together may cause them to release more simultaneously.
• the release profile of the multiple ingredients can be managed for a gum by managing various characteristics of the multiple ingredients, the delivery system containing the multiple ingredients, and/or the chewing gum containing the delivery system and/or how the delivery system is made in a manner as previously discussed above.
• the additional components may be used in one or more regions or layers of the gum composition, such as in the center-fill, the gum region or the coating as desired.
• the amounts for many of the additional components are set forth in Table 1, below. The amounts provided for the components are based on the specified region in which the component may be contained.
• the amounts in Table 1 generally apply to a component as it may be added to a gum composition in a free form, i.e., unencapsulated.
• an amount greater than those amounts as set forth in Table 1 may be used due to the modified release profile of the additional component.
• the amounts represent amounts used when the component is selected for inclusion in the composition in one or more of the layers or regions of the composition. In other words, the lower limit of 0% is not included even though the component may not be present.
• the components listed in Table 1, below, may be added to one or more regions or layers of the center-fill gum in their encapsulated and/or unencapsulated forms, as well as in combination with any of the other optional components. For instance, a single component may be added to a center-fill gum in its encapsulated and unencapsulated forms. The two different forms of the component may be added to the same or different region of the center- fill gum in the same or different amounts.
• a single component may be added in two or more different encapsulated forms.
• two or more different encapsulating materials such as different polymers, may be used to encapsulate two or more separate portions of the component.
• the different encapsulated forms of the same component may be added to the same or different region of the center-fill gum in the same or different amounts.
• an unencapsulated form of the same component may be added in combination with the two or more different encapsulated forms.
• the unencapsulated form of the component may be added to any region of the center-fill gum in the same or different amount from the encapsulated forms.
• some embodiments may add an unencapsulated form of a similar component in combination with the two or more different . encapsulated forms. For instance, two encapsulated-forms of a single sweetener may be used in combination with an unencapsulated form of a different sweetener.
• combinations of two or more different components from Table 1, below, or previously discussed above, may be employed.
• at least one of the components may be encapsulated, while at least one of the components may be unencapsulated.
• the multiple components may be the same type of component, e.g., two different sweeteners, or components from distinctly different categories, e.g., a sweetener and a warming agent.
• the different components may be added to the same or different regions of the center-fill gum in the same or different amounts.
• combinations of two or more different components from Table 1, below, may be employed.
• at least one of the different components may be encapsulated, while at least one of the other components of the combination may be unencapsulated.
• the multiple components may be of the same type, e.g., two different sweeteners. Alternatively, the multiple components may be from distinctly different categories, e.g., a sweetener and a warming agent.
• the different components may be added to the same or different regions of the center-fill gum in the same or different amounts. The amounts of the component in a particular region may be selected depending on how the components may be perceived by the consumer in the different regions, the sensory experience or functional benefit desired to give to the consumer, regulatory issues, resulting bad taste if too much is used in any one region, etc.
• Some embodiments may include multiple components from Table 1, below, each of which is encapsulated.
• the multiple encapsulated components may be included in the same or different regions of the gum in the same or different amounts.
• the multiple encapsulated components may be the same type of component or from distinctly different categories.
• the multiple components may be encapsulated together or separately.
• the components may be mixed together and encapsulated by a single encapsulating material.
• the material used to encapsulate the components may be the same or different. The amounts provided for the components are based on the specified region in which the component is contained.
• Table 1 provides a list of components that optionally may be present in one or more regions of the gum product. Suitable amounts that may be present in the coating, center-fill or gum region are provided in the table. The amounts in Table 1 are provided as ppm or weight % in a region or layer of the gum product. Table 1 is only representative and is not to be construed to limit the ingredients that can be included in the gum regions in any way.
• gum ase may incu e, ut s not mte to eastomer, pastczer an er
• Gum pieces including three regions: liquid-fill, gum region and coating are prepared according to the compositions in Tables 2-4 above with each region according to the corresponding components for compositions A-H. However, the compositions are interchangeable as desired.
• compositions for the gum regions are prepared by first combining talc, where present, with the gum base under heat at about 85°C. This combination is then mixed with the maltitol or bulking agents, lecithin and other polyols for six minutes. The flavor blends which include a pre-mix of the flavors and cooling agents are added and mixed for 1 minute. Finally, the acids and intense sweeteners are added and mixed for 5 minutes.
• the liquid-fill composition is then prepared by first preparing a pre-mix of the lycasin, crystalline sorbitol, and glycerin. This pre-mix is then combined with the colors, flavors, cooling agents, and intense sweeteners and mixed.
• the gum region and liquid-fill compositions are then extruded together and formed into tablets by the process described above at pages 7-8.
• the gum pieces each have a total weight of approximately 2.2g.
• the gum region is about 62% by weight, where approximately 50-75% by weight of the total gum region is a layer of the maltitol gum composition, the liquid-fill is about 8% by weight, and the coating is about 30% by weight.
• Gum pieces that are prepared by compositions A-H demonstrate no noticeable loss of liquidity of the liquid-fill after accelerated aging at 37°C for a three week period.
• the colors, flavors, cooling agents, acids and sweeteners used in the liquid-fill, gum region and coating compositions set forth above may be specifically selected from any of those components provided in Table 1 herein. Further, any of these components may be used in their encapsulated and/or unencapsulated forms.

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