EP1953004A1 - Lame pour un taille-crayon - Google Patents

Lame pour un taille-crayon Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1953004A1
EP1953004A1 EP07001463A EP07001463A EP1953004A1 EP 1953004 A1 EP1953004 A1 EP 1953004A1 EP 07001463 A EP07001463 A EP 07001463A EP 07001463 A EP07001463 A EP 07001463A EP 1953004 A1 EP1953004 A1 EP 1953004A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metal
sharpener blade
protective layer
steel
sharpener
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP07001463A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1953004B1 (fr
Inventor
Fritz Dr. Lüttgens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
KUM Ltd
Original Assignee
KUM Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by KUM Ltd filed Critical KUM Ltd
Priority to EP07001463A priority Critical patent/EP1953004B1/fr
Priority to US12/019,334 priority patent/US20080178476A1/en
Publication of EP1953004A1 publication Critical patent/EP1953004A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1953004B1 publication Critical patent/EP1953004B1/fr
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B43—WRITING OR DRAWING IMPLEMENTS; BUREAU ACCESSORIES
    • B43L—ARTICLES FOR WRITING OR DRAWING UPON; WRITING OR DRAWING AIDS; ACCESSORIES FOR WRITING OR DRAWING
    • B43L23/00—Sharpeners for pencils or leads
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26B—HAND-HELD CUTTING TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B26B21/00—Razors of the open or knife type; Safety razors or other shaving implements of the planing type; Hair-trimming devices involving a razor-blade; Equipment therefor
    • B26B21/54—Razor-blades
    • B26B21/58—Razor-blades characterised by the material
    • B26B21/60—Razor-blades characterised by the material by the coating material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sharpener blade made of steel.
  • the invention relates to a sharpener blade for a colored, lead or cosmetic pencil.
  • a sharpener blade inserted into the sharpener body must be able to cope with high mechanical loads.
  • the sharpener blade is usually made of a hard special steel with a high carbon content.
  • the sharpener blade must be able, for example, to remove hard graphite from a pencil lead without losing much sharpness.
  • the sharpener blade must comply with the desired cutting line over its entire life, especially in the case of cosmetic pencils.
  • a hard special steel with a high carbon content which meets the requirements placed on a sharpener blade, a relatively high susceptibility to corrosion.
  • Corrosion of a sharpener blade made of steel is further accelerated when the sharpener blade is in direct contact with the sharpener body as well as the screws or rivets used for attachment to the sharpener body, as usual.
  • the sharpener body or the fastening element consists of a metal that is more noble than iron or of a nobler metal alloy
  • the corrosion of the sharpener blade is accelerated by a local element interaction.
  • the corrosion is promoted even in the case of a sharpener body of non-metallic materials, such as plastic or wood, as well as these materials themselves or their constituents have a corrosive effect.
  • a sharpener blade made of steel with a chemically bonded inorganic protective layer comprising at least one element selected from the group comprising the metals of the main groups III and IV and the subgroups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and oxides, ceramics, nitrides, carbides , Silicides and borides thereof.
  • the invention is based on the consideration that a paint for corrosion protection of the sharpener blade made of steel does not have sufficient connection to the steel. Especially with a sharpener body in constant use, this leads in particular to the sharpener blade to a rapid abrasion or bursting of the paint layer, so that the sharpener blade is unsightly overall and also the now exposed steel in turn tends to corrosion.
  • the invention now proceeds in a further step from the recognition that a chemical attachment is associated with stronger binding forces than a physical attachment.
  • a lacquer layer adheres to a body in particular by adhesion and / or by microscopic positive connection.
  • the disadvantages associated with such a physical connection are overcome by making the sharpener blade made of steel a protective layer obtained from an inorganic composition which is chemically bondable with the steel. Suitable for such a protective layer are the metals of the main groups III and IV and of the subgroups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, as well as oxides, ceramics, nitrides, silicides and borides thereof.
  • the invention has the further advantage that the chemically bonded protective layer is substantially thinner than a known lacquer with the same corrosion-inhibiting effect. Due to the high binding forces of a chemically bonded protective layer, a coating is additionally achieved which is able to cope with the high mechanical stresses of the sharpener blade during its service life. Overall, for example, less material is used compared to a lacquer layer, which is associated with a cost advantage. Furthermore, the materials used can easily be recycled.
  • the protective layer is connected to the sharpener blade via a metallic bond.
  • a mixed phase can occur between the steel and the metal applied as the protective layer.
  • Suitable metal layers can be produced, for example, by reductive electrodeposition of metal cations, metallates and / or metal complexes on the surface of the sharpener blade. By choosing suitable reaction media, such as complexing agents or solvents, such metal layers can be deposited by varying the electrochemical voltage series. The application can be done in particular by a simple dipping process.
  • a metal oxide or mixed metal oxide of the metals mentioned can be produced by the simultaneous addition of a suitable oxidizing agent or by the choice of suitable counteranions on the surface of the sharpener blade.
  • a metal oxide or a mixed metal oxide may be prepared by vapor deposition or by vapor deposition of a volatile oxygen-containing compound of the respective metal or by precipitation from a solution containing a metal salt and an oxidizing agent.
  • a metal layer can also be chemically bonded via a transition layer such as a metal oxide or a metal mixed oxide of the sharpener blade.
  • oxides denotes both oxides of the mentioned metals of alternating and combined oxidation states and also those mixed oxides which comprise several of these metals. Ceramics are understood to mean those materials which contain the metal oxides mentioned and which have a crystalline structure of at least 30% by volume. For example, an Al 2 O 3 layer deposited on the sharpener blade may also be referred to as a ceramic.
  • nitrides, carbides, silicides and borides are understood as meaning those chemical compositions or compounds of the metals mentioned which contain nitrogen, carbon, silicon or boron. It does not have to be a stoichiometric composition. A chemical connection to steel is possible directly or by means of transitional phases. Such compounds are particularly advantageous since they usually have a high hardness.
  • Both the protective layer as such and a transition phase or transition layer optionally present between the protective layer and the steel may be of stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric composition.
  • a chemical linkage can be made by occupying the lattice sites with foreign atoms or by incorporating them into the volume of existing lattice structures.
  • the steel is a carbon-rich steel with a Rockwell hardness of more than 61.
  • the Rockwell hardness is an internationally used unit of measure for the hardness of technical surfaces.
  • the Rockwell hardness indicates the penetration depth of a diamond cone into the measured surface.
  • a steel with a Rockwell hardness of more than 65 is used.
  • Such a special steel has a high content of carbon between 0.98 and 1.05 wt .-%, a content of silicon between 0.3 and 0.5 wt .-%, a content of manganese between 0.4 and 0, 6 wt .-% and other low-alloy components, such as aluminum, copper, chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
  • Such a steel has grown to the high mechanical loads of a sharpener blade, but in itself shows a high susceptibility to corrosion.
  • the protective layer comprises at least one element selected from the group comprising the metals of main groups III and IV, excluding In, Tl, Sn and Pb, and subgroups Ib, IVb, Vb, Vlb, VIIb and VIIIb, except Tc , Fe and Os, of the Periodic Table of the Elements and oxides, ceramics, nitrides, carbides, silicides and borides thereof.
  • the protective layer comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Pd and Pt and oxides, ceramics, Nitrides, carbides, silicides and borides thereof.
  • Cu, Ag, Au, Pd and Pt are suitable noble metals for protecting the steel from corrosion. If the sharpener body is made of a more noble metal than copper, the coating must be selected with Ag, Au, Pd or Pt. In particular, copper can also be connected via a transition phase from a copper oxide of the sharpener blade. The nobler metals Ag, Au, Pd and Pt can also be attached to the copper, and in particular to the copper oxide. This will accelerate the corrosion Local element interaction excluded. Titanium and chromium are useful because of their ability to form consistent oxidation layers and as a protective layer against corrosion. In addition to their metallic coloring, vanadium and chromium have a high mechanical strength.
  • Titanium, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten are particularly suitable in their shape as metal nitride for a protective layer, since such metal nitrides have a high hardness and durability. Also, because of its ability to form a passivation layer, niobium is useful as a protective layer.
  • niobium is known as a strong carbide former. Particularly in the case of oxides, ceramics, nitrides, carbides, silicides and borides, a protective layer of high mechanical strength and hardness can be achieved, wherein a high passivation of the steel against corrosion is additionally achieved by a transition phase into the metallic phase. Tungsten may also be applied as an alloying component and in particular in the form of a tungsten carbide of the sharpener blade. This makes the sharpener blade particularly resistant and hard.
  • the protective layer may also comprise a combination of different layers.
  • a mixed oxide layer may be combined with a nitride or boride layer to form a cure.
  • the protective layer comprises at least one layer of a metal and / or of a metal oxide.
  • the metal oxide can be used as a transition phase with decreasing metal content allow the connection of the metal to the steel of the sharpener blade.
  • the protective layer comprises at least one layer of a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal silicide, a metal oxide or a metal boride.
  • the indicated layers can each be connected individually or in combination with the sharpener blade.
  • the metal does not alloy with iron, the metal is preferably attached via a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal silicide, a metal oxide or a metal boride of the sharpener blade.
  • Such layers show a high hardness, so that the sharpener blade is additionally protected against mechanical wear. By such a protective layer, the sharpener blade is additionally hardened.
  • the layer of a metal, a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal silicide, a metal oxide or a metal boride so that it continuously transitions into the metallic phase of the steel over a transition phase.
  • a metal transition layer can be produced, for example, by targeted metal diffusion into the interior of the sharpener blade by thermal treatment, by vapor deposition with metals, metal salts or organometallic compounds, in particular metal carbonyls.
  • a metal oxide, metal boride, metal nitride, metal carbide or metal silicide transfer layer may be formed by targeted metal diffusion into the interior of the sharpener blade by thermal treatment, vapor deposition with metals, metal salts or organometallic compounds, especially metal carbonyls, with simultaneous oxidation or by treating the sharpener blade in one Nitrogen plasma and / or concurrent, preceding and / or downstream thermal treatment and / or gas phase vapor deposition and / or from solution with borides, borates, silicides, silicates and / or covalent boron and / or silicon compounds.
  • a metal layer having an insulating intermediate layer of a metal oxide may in turn be formed by reductive electrodeposition of metal cations, metallates and / or metal complexes from a solution on the surface of the sharpener blade under the control of pH and with the simultaneous addition of an oxidizing agent.
  • this has a protective layer, wherein a layer of Cu, Ag, Au, Pt or Pd passes over an iron-containing mixed oxide phase in the metallic phase of the steel.
  • the metal layer is preferably prepared by immersing the sharpener blade in a solution of salts of said metals in the simultaneous presence of a sufficiently weakly acting oxidant at a controlled pH with simultaneous formation of an oxide interlayer by reductive direct deposition in one step.
  • an iron oxide layer forms on the dipped sharpener blade, on which the metal is then chemically deposited.
  • Copper can also occur as copper oxide.
  • Silver, gold, palladium and platinum are metallic. The latter can be applied in particular for optical reasons or as corrosion protection against a sharpener body made of a nobler metal than copper of the copper and in particular a copper oxide layer of the sharpener body.
  • solvents for the metal salts water or alcohols, in particular ethanol, methanol or isopropanol, can be used. The salts used were successfully nitrates, sulfates, acetates, propionates, citrates and acetonitrile complexes.
  • the metal layer can be applied wholly or in part to the sharpener blade. Since the sharpener blade is arranged, in particular on its cutting edge, away from the sharpener body, it is sufficient to coat the sharpener blade in the region of its attachment points with the sharpener body in order to avoid local element formation. In particular, the cutting edge of the sharpener blade can after the Dipping be removed again without causing a demolition of the protective layer. Thus, the sharpener blade is sufficiently sharp and yet safely protected against a local element interaction.
  • the protective layer may in particular comprise a metal nitride or metal carbide, in particular the metals Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo and / or W.
  • a metal layer in particular applied by a galvanic dipping method on the sharpener blade.
  • the galvanically applied metal is chemically bonded to the steel.
  • the metal nitride or metal carbide is then subsequently achieved by targeted introduction of nitrogen or carbon. This can be achieved, for example, by treating the coated sharpener blade by means of a plasma.
  • the plasma can be generated by means of an electrical discharge, for example via an arc.
  • the metal nitride or the metal carbide is produced by a plasma deposition.
  • the sharpener blade is used as a cathode, wherein the metal to be applied is used as an anode or is added as a volatile compound to the gas space.
  • a nitrogen plasma for example, the metal of the anode or of the volatile compound with embedded nitrogen atoms is deposited on the surface of the sharpener blade.
  • a transition phase is formed between the steel and the metal nitride, in which nitrogen atoms occupy lattice sites of the metal.
  • a metal carbide can be produced by plasma deposition, for example, creating a methane atmosphere.
  • the metal nitride or metal carbide is formed such that the protective layer has a composition of decreasing concentration of the metal toward the metallic phase of the steel.
  • a nitride or carbide layer is applied in a first phase of the sharpener blade in a nitrogen or carbon-containing atmosphere.
  • the gas atmosphere is then added to the metal or more metals each as a volatile compound, so that the metal, the metals or the Metal compounds are deposited together with nitrogen or carbon atoms on the sharpener blade.
  • a final phase of the nitrogen or carbon content of the gas atmosphere can then be reduced or completely withdrawn.
  • the concentration gradient of the metal in the protective layer can be adjusted continuously or in stages.
  • the layer thickness can be further adjusted specifically, so that when a desired corrosion protection, the sharpener blade is cured, while maintaining the required sharpness.
  • Particularly suitable for the plasma sipping process are the compounds: boric acid esters, boranes, alkyl and / or arylboranes, silicon tetrachloride, 1-4-fold substituted alkyl and / or aryl derivatives thereof, eg.
  • Trimethylsilyl chloride titanium alcoholates, titanium tetrachloride and 1-4-fold substituted alkyl, alkyloxy, aryl and / or aryloxy derivatives thereof, biscyclopentadienyltitanium dichloride, vanadyl acetylacetonate, vanadine oxychloride, vanadium (III) chloride tetrahydrofuran, vanadyl naphthenate, cyclopentadienyl niobium (V) tetrachloride, niobium (V) bromide, niobium (V) ethoxide, niobium (IV) 2-ethylhexanoate, niobium (V) fluoride, pentakis (dimethylamino) tantalum (V), cyclopentadienyltantaltene chloride, tantalum (V) bromide, tantalum (V) chloride,
  • the plasma deposition process can be carried out at temperatures below 800 ° C, especially at temperatures below 300 ° C.
  • the hardness of the carbon-rich, low alloy steel is significantly deteriorated at temperatures above 800 ° C, since this phase changes occur.
  • the protective layer is used for dyeing the sharpener blade.
  • a titanium nitride can achieve a golden color of the sharpener blade.
  • Suitable volatile compounds can also be deposited from nitrogen-free gas phase on the steel surface as mixed oxides, by decomposing the starting compounds.
  • the colors can be derived from the oxidation states of the metals used.
  • the different oxidation states of niobium, tantalum or vanadium can be used here.
  • Such a colored inorganic protective layer which is chemically bonded to the steel of the sharpener blade, is durable, insensitive to mechanical stresses and in particular does not affect the sharpness of the blade.
  • colored sharpener blades can be created whose properties are not deteriorated, unlike a paint applied, but improved.
  • sharpener bodies can be provided with colored sharpening blades, so that aesthetically pleasing office supplies with a high utility value are available.
  • Fig. 1 is schematically a sharpener blade 1 made of an alloyed stainless steel.
  • the sharpener blade 1 is intended for use in a sharpener body, and for this purpose has a bore 2, via which it can be locked, for example by means of a screw or a rivet on the sharpener body.
  • the sharpener blade 1 has for sharpening a colored or pencil or a cosmetic pencil on a cutting edge 3, in which the material of the sharpener blade 1 tapers to form a tip.
  • the sharpener blade 1 was first coated with a chromium nitride as a cathode in a nitrogen atmosphere by plasma deposition with the addition of a chromium carbonyl.
  • the plasma was generated at a voltage of about 1000 V and a temperature between 200 and 250 ° C.
  • a titanium alcoholate was added to the headspace to control the morphology and coloration.
  • a niobium (IV) 2-ethylhexanoate was added, which decomposes and precipitates to form niobium oxide and / or niobium nitride on the surface.
  • the proportion of niobium oxide can be adjusted in the resulting protective layer.
  • the color of the protective layer can be varied.
  • the surface of the thus treated sharpener blade 1 is shown schematically. It can be seen the surface of the steel 5 and the resulting applied protective layer 7, which is chemically bonded to the metallic phase of the steel 5. It can be seen that the protective layer 7 essentially comprises a layer 8 of a chromium and titanium nitride, which rests on the steel 5. The nitrogen atoms of the metal nitride with changing valences occupy lattice sites in the metallic steel compound. It can further be seen that the layer of chromium and titanium nitride 8 has a further niobium oxide and niobium nitride-containing layer 9 attached to it. From this last layer 9 results in a color of the treated sharpener blade 1, which can be set almost arbitrarily by the choice of suitable process parameters leaves. In addition or separately, the already mentioned tantalum or vanadium compounds can be used to produce the layer 9.
  • a sharpener blade By coating with a chromium / titanium nitride, which is chemically bonded to the steel of the sharpener blade 1, hardening is additionally achieved in addition to the coloring. This protects the steel from abrasion or wear. Overall, using a low-cost stainless steel, a sharpener blade can be realized that can withstand the peaking conditions of hardness, wear and corrosion. In addition, the sharpener blade 1 can be provided with a coloring by the coating.
  • a sharpener blade 1 with the bore 2 and the cutting edge 3 is shown.
  • the sharpener blade 1 is hereby made of a carbon-rich steel.
  • the steel has a Rockwell hardness of 65
  • the sharpener blade 1 is immersed in an aqueous solution of copper nitrate and nitric acid.
  • the pH is set between 1 and 4.
  • the copper is chemically bound to form a mixed oxide transition phase, in particular of iron oxide, to the steel of the sharpener blade 1.
  • the protective layer 7 comprises a surface layer 10 of copper, wherein between the copper of the layer 10 and the steel 5, a transition phase 11 is formed from a mixed oxide. Along this transition phase 11, the layer 10 of copper with a continuously decreasing proportion of copper merges into the metallic phase of the steel 5. Although copper and iron do not form an alloy, it is possible by the given surprisingly simple method to chemically bond a copper layer 10 to the steel 5.
  • the sharpener blade 1 is permanently protected from corrosion.
  • the copper layer 10 has a visually appealing coloring.
  • a layer of silver, gold, palladium or platinum can now be applied to the copper layer 10 or a copper oxide layer in a dipping process as an additional layer.

Landscapes

  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)
EP07001463A 2007-01-24 2007-01-24 Lame pour un taille-crayon Expired - Fee Related EP1953004B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07001463A EP1953004B1 (fr) 2007-01-24 2007-01-24 Lame pour un taille-crayon
US12/019,334 US20080178476A1 (en) 2007-01-24 2008-01-24 Sharpener Blade

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07001463A EP1953004B1 (fr) 2007-01-24 2007-01-24 Lame pour un taille-crayon

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1953004A1 true EP1953004A1 (fr) 2008-08-06
EP1953004B1 EP1953004B1 (fr) 2012-03-07

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ID=38134858

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EP07001463A Expired - Fee Related EP1953004B1 (fr) 2007-01-24 2007-01-24 Lame pour un taille-crayon

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US (1) US20080178476A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1953004B1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7934319B2 (en) * 2002-10-28 2011-05-03 Acme United Corporation Pencil-sharpening device
US8505414B2 (en) 2008-06-23 2013-08-13 Stanley Black & Decker, Inc. Method of manufacturing a blade
US20140296890A1 (en) * 2008-12-31 2014-10-02 Eva M. T. Slaughter Secondary pigmentary glaucoma iris scraping treatment method and iris scraping tool
US20110213394A1 (en) * 2008-12-31 2011-09-01 Slaughter Eva M T Pigmentary glaucoma iris scraping treatment method and the iris T aluminum scraping scalpel tool
US8769833B2 (en) 2010-09-10 2014-07-08 Stanley Black & Decker, Inc. Utility knife blade
CA2969267C (fr) * 2014-12-22 2021-07-27 Bic-Violex Sa Lame de rasoir
JP2018123353A (ja) * 2017-01-30 2018-08-09 新明和工業株式会社 刃物の製造方法
CN108357265B (zh) * 2018-04-04 2024-02-23 三木控股集团有限公司 一种卷笔刀架
AT520930B1 (de) * 2018-06-29 2019-09-15 Voestalpine Prec Strip Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bandstahlmessers und Bandstahlmesser für Werkzeuge

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH261380A (de) 1943-05-15 1949-05-15 Gillette Industries Ltd Verfahren zum Schützen von Schneiden gegen Korrosion.
US3829969A (en) 1969-07-28 1974-08-20 Gillette Co Cutting tool with alloy coated sharpened edge
GB1416887A (en) 1972-06-07 1975-12-10 Gillette Industries Ltd Coating of razor blade cutting edges gas flow regulation
US4981756A (en) 1989-03-21 1991-01-01 Vac-Tec Systems, Inc. Method for coated surgical instruments and tools
EP1075909A1 (fr) * 1999-08-12 2001-02-14 C. & E. Fein Gmbh & Co. KG Lame de coupe
EP1079909A1 (fr) 1998-05-12 2001-03-07 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Procede de purification, et de concentration en un constituant minoritaire, d'un melange gazeux, procede de detection de ce constituant, et installation
WO2005005110A1 (fr) 2003-07-15 2005-01-20 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Element de coupe pourvu d'un revetement et presentant un substrat durci au nitrure
US20050268470A1 (en) 2004-06-03 2005-12-08 Skrobis Kenneth J Colored razor blades
WO2007056751A2 (fr) 2005-11-08 2007-05-18 Acme United Corporation Dispositif pour tailler les crayons

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU485283B2 (en) * 1971-05-18 1974-10-03 Warner-Lambert Company Method of making a razorblade

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH261380A (de) 1943-05-15 1949-05-15 Gillette Industries Ltd Verfahren zum Schützen von Schneiden gegen Korrosion.
US3829969A (en) 1969-07-28 1974-08-20 Gillette Co Cutting tool with alloy coated sharpened edge
GB1416887A (en) 1972-06-07 1975-12-10 Gillette Industries Ltd Coating of razor blade cutting edges gas flow regulation
US4981756A (en) 1989-03-21 1991-01-01 Vac-Tec Systems, Inc. Method for coated surgical instruments and tools
EP1079909A1 (fr) 1998-05-12 2001-03-07 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Procede de purification, et de concentration en un constituant minoritaire, d'un melange gazeux, procede de detection de ce constituant, et installation
EP1075909A1 (fr) * 1999-08-12 2001-02-14 C. & E. Fein Gmbh & Co. KG Lame de coupe
WO2005005110A1 (fr) 2003-07-15 2005-01-20 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Element de coupe pourvu d'un revetement et presentant un substrat durci au nitrure
US20050268470A1 (en) 2004-06-03 2005-12-08 Skrobis Kenneth J Colored razor blades
WO2007056751A2 (fr) 2005-11-08 2007-05-18 Acme United Corporation Dispositif pour tailler les crayons

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US20080178476A1 (en) 2008-07-31
EP1953004B1 (fr) 2012-03-07

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