EP1948939A1 - Radialverdichter-laufrad - Google Patents
Radialverdichter-laufradInfo
- Publication number
- EP1948939A1 EP1948939A1 EP06807648A EP06807648A EP1948939A1 EP 1948939 A1 EP1948939 A1 EP 1948939A1 EP 06807648 A EP06807648 A EP 06807648A EP 06807648 A EP06807648 A EP 06807648A EP 1948939 A1 EP1948939 A1 EP 1948939A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- curved
- blades
- edge
- compressor impeller
- radial compressor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
- F04D29/28—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps
- F04D29/284—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps for compressors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
- F04D29/28—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps
- F04D29/30—Vanes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/4932—Turbomachine making
- Y10T29/49321—Assembling individual fluid flow interacting members, e.g., blades, vanes, buckets, on rotary support member
Definitions
- the invention relates to a centrifugal compressor impeller best ⁇ starting from a wheel disc and uniformly arranged in the circumferential direction blades with an inlet edge and a trailing edge.
- Radial compressors convert mechanical energy into pressure energy by exploiting centrifugal acceleration.
- Radial compressors consist essentially of an impeller mounted on a driving shaft, a diffuser and a housing.
- the impeller has a plurality of curved blades.
- the mechanical design of the impeller takes place in the manner of egg ⁇ nes closed or semi-open impeller. With closed impellers, the blades are provided with a cover disk, with half-open wheels, the blades have a free outer edge.
- the conveying gas is sucked axially approximately in the center of the compressor ⁇ and compressed by the centrifugal force, supported by the curved shape of the blades, and accelerated to the outside.
- the kinetic energy is mostly consists in additional pressure vice ⁇ and the conveying gas is further compressed.
- centrifugal compressors have a curved characteristic.
- a stable Kenn ⁇ line is sought, which is characterized by an increasing delivery pressure at a decreasing flow rate.
- the operating range of a centrifugal compressor is limited by the so-called pump limit. This is generally the point of the characteristic with the smallest flow. Beyond the surge line, the centrifugal compressor no longer be used, because the flow dissolves from the blades and a stable operation is no longer guaranteed.
- Vane suction side is supplied, so that the vortices that are formed on the blade suction side at low flow rates and high ⁇ pressure ratios are transported away.
- the invention has for its object to provide a centrifugal compressor impeller, which allows an increased stable operating range with high efficiency. Furthermore, the object of the invention is to provide a production method for such a radial compressor impeller.
- the first object is achieved by a radial compressor impeller consisting of a wheel disc and uniformly arranged in the circumferential direction blades.
- the blades have a leading edge and an off ⁇ takes edge, wherein at least a portion of the surface of the blades is a double-curved portion, the generatrix of which is formed as a curved line and the curved section perpendicular to the generatrix also ge ⁇ is curved.
- the surface in the curved subregion is formed with a double curvature, ie, starting from a point on the surface of the curved subregion, the surface extends curved in two directions spanning the surface. All lines passing through this point are therefore curved and not formed as straight lines.
- the curved part Overall, the area is characterized by the fact that all the lines, including the generatrix, are curved on the surface in this subarea. This area thus forms a so-called sculptured surface.
- generatrix is understood to mean a line which is part of the surface in a direction spanning the surface (for example the x direction), that is to say has the course of the surface in this direction and defines it.
- the surface is formed and defined by movement or displacement of the generatrices in a second, not parallel to the generating dur ⁇ fende direction (for example, y-direction, perpendicular to the x-direction).
- the generator does not necessarily have to be static, but it can change in dependence on the position of the generators in the second direction.
- the advantage of the invention is to be seen in particular in that a double-curved surface is better adapted to the three-dimensional development of the flow and thus results in an improved flow behavior. Mung behave the stable Strö ⁇ leads in turn to stabilize the compressor characteristic and to increase the efficiency of the radial compressor.
- blade surfaces of centrifugal compressor impellers are nowadays often defined by means of rectilinear generators.
- rule surfaces ruled surfaces
- rule surface lines For the production of these surfaces, machining by means of flank miling is usually resorted to using a cylindrical or conical roll mill. In this case, the milling cutter is brought into engagement so that its ideal surface line in the cutting area is oriented parallel to the respective straight line straight line of the blade surface.
- a further subregion of the surface of the blades is formed as a ruled surface Operabe ⁇ rich, the generatrix of which is a straight line. This subarea thus forms a ruled surface, so that at least one straight line runs through each point of this subarea.
- transition from the double-curved to the ruled-surface partial area is preferably continuous. So there are no kinks or edges between these two parts. The transition between these two subareas is rounded. This ensures that no turbulence is generated by the separation of the flow due to surface irregularities.
- the blades have a hub edge and an approximately opposite outer edge, wherein the doppelge ⁇ curved portion adjacent to the outer edge and the ruled surface portion of the hub edge.
- the hub edge is adjacent to a hub of the wheel disc edge, so it ⁇ be found in the lower part of the blade.
- the outer edge is approximately opposite the hub edge. It is formed at half ⁇ open wheels as a free edge. In CLOSED ⁇ Senen impellers it is adjacent to the cover plate. Outer edge, the hub edge, leading edge and trailing edge be ⁇ limits the blade, said outer edge and hub edge respectively connecting the leading edge with the trailing edge.
- the double curved portion and / or the ruled portion extends from the leading edge to the trailing edge.
- the double-curved partial area and the regular-area partial area are approximately the same size.
- the surface of the blades has a plurality of double curved portions.
- the surface consists of a plurality of double-curved and ruled-surface portions, which are arranged alternately, whereby the aerodynamic properties of the blade are improved.
- a further advantageous embodiment is achieved by a double-curved portion is on ⁇ adjoining the hub edge and the outer edge in each case, between which a control-surface section is arranged.
- An efficient deflection of the flow with reduced risk of tearing is achieved according to a particularly preferred embodiment in that the entire surface of the blades is doubly curved, that is completely formed by a curved generatrix.
- the blades are preferably designed such that the curvature of the generatrix changes from the leading edge toward the trailing edge. This indicates loading that the generatrix of the double-curved Operabe ⁇ kingdom which extends in the transverse direction of the blades having a curvature which varies in the longitudinal direction of the blade.
- the wheel disc, the blades and possibly the cover disc form separate units.
- the object is further achieved by a method for producing a centrifugal compressor impeller, which consists of a wheel disc and uniformly in the circumferential direction arranged arranged blades, wherein the surface of the blades is at least partially made by point milling by means of a ball or radius cutter.
- a technique for producing a centrifugal compressor impeller which consists of a wheel disc and uniformly in the circumferential direction arranged arranged blades, wherein the surface of the blades is at least partially made by point milling by means of a ball or radius cutter.
- FIG. 2a shows a side view of a blade with a double-curved and a ruled-surface partial area
- FIG. 2b shows a plan view of the blade according to FIG. 2a
- 3 a shows a side view of a blade with a convexly curved leading edge in the flow direction
- FIG 3b shows a plan view of the blade according to FIG 3a
- FIG. 4a shows a side view of a blade with a concave curved in the flow direction leading edge
- 4b is a plan view of the blade according to FIG 4a
- 5A is a side view of a blade with two dop ⁇ peltgekrümmten portions between which a control-surface section is arranged
- FIG 5b is a plan view of the blade according to FIG 5a
- 6a shows a side view of a blade with a multiply curved leading edge
- FIG 6b is a plan view of the blade of FIG 6a.
- FIG. 7 shows a compressor characteristic of a radial compressor.
- FIG. 1 a single-flow (conveying gas supply only from one side) and single-stage working radial compressor 2 is shown.
- the centrifugal compressor 2 comprises an impeller 4, a rotatable shaft in rotation D 6, on which the impeller 4 is brought to ⁇ and defines an axial direction A and ei ⁇ nen diffuser 8 and a cover plate 10.
- the impeller 4 consists of a wheel disc 12th and a plurality of circumferentially arranged blades 14.
- a conveying gas is sucked in axially in the region of the shaft 6 and accelerated radially outwardly via the channels formed between the blades by the centrifugal force. This is indicated by the arrows F, which indicate the flow direction of the conveying gas.
- both the Geschwin ⁇ speed and the pressure of the delivery gas increases.
- the flow is slowed down, resulting in a further increase in the pressure of the delivery gas.
- the conveying gas leaves the centrifugal compressor again in the axial direction.
- the aerodynamic geometry of the blades 14 contributes to the correct energy conversion.
- This geometry is shown for example in FIG 2a and 2b, which show a side view and a plan view of a first Ausure ⁇ tion form of the blades 14.
- the blade 14 has an entry edge 16. At the other end in the longitudinal direction of the blade 14 is an outlet edge 18, which is oriented in the assembled state to ⁇ to the diffuser 8.
- the blade is hen verse 14 with the cover plate 10 ⁇
- in a semi-open impeller 14 includes a free blade trailing edge 18.
- a hub edge 20 of the blade 14 extends over the surface of the wheel disc 12 and abuts directly on this in a hub region.
- the blade 14 has an outer edge 22.
- the generatrix 24 of the vane surface leading with respect to the direction of rotation D is convexly curved.
- the surface of the blades 14 is defined by a respective He ⁇ convincing 24th This extends in each case in cross ⁇ direction of the blade 14, that is, from the hub edge 20 of 22 to the outer edge in the longitudinal direction of the blade 14, ie in the direction from the leading edge 16 to the trailing edge 18, varies the generatrix 24. Viewed another way, is made up the entire surface of a plurality of infinite ⁇ simalen sub-surfaces together, which are each defined by different static generatrix.
- the surface is divided into a dop ⁇ peltgekrümmten portion 26, and a ruled-surface portions 28th
- the double-curved portion 26 adjoins the outer edge 22 and extends in the longitudinal ⁇ direction of the leading edge 16 to the exit edge 18.
- the ruled surface portion 28 adjacent to the hub edge 20 and also extends like the double curved Operabe ⁇ rich 26 along the whole Blade 14.
- the two subregions 26, 28 form a continuous transition therebetween such that the surface of the blade 14 has no edges, grooves or protrusions which could have a negative impact on the evolution of the flow.
- the shape of the blade 14 is adapted to the flow requirements in terms of stabilization of the flow.
- the complex geometry of the blades 14 requires Her ⁇ delivery method, the degrees of freedom in all three spatial Rich ⁇ obligations ensured during the preparation of the double-curved portion 26th
- Particularly suitable in this case is the use of a face milling cutter, which can produce curved planes with different directions of curvature and radii of curvature through the point contact with the surface of the blade 14.
- FIG. 3a and FIG. 3b A further embodiment of the blade 14 is shown in FIG. 3a and FIG. 3b.
- the blade 14 has for its ge ⁇ entire surface to a curved generatrices 24a which extends from the leading edge 16 to the trailing edge 18 and concave to the flow direction F of the conveying gas is oriented. From Figures 3a and 3b that the curvature of the generatrix edge 24a in Strö ⁇ flow direction F from the leading edge 16 to the exit ⁇ is also clear changed 28th In the side view in FIG. 3 a, the blade has a convexly curved leading edge 16.
- the Erzeu ⁇ is curved constricting 24 leading in relation to the rotational direction D of the blade surface concave.
- a double curved part ⁇ region 26 and a regulating surface section provided 28th The double curved portion 26 in this case forms about 1/3 of the entire surface.
- a further preferred embodiment of the show ⁇ blades 14 is illustrated, namely a in the side view in FIG 4a is a concave curved edge 16, which improves the aero ⁇ dynamic properties of the blade 14.
- the blade 14 has two double-curved portions 26 which adjoin the hub edge 20 and the outer edge 22 and between which a ruled-surface portion 28 is arranged. This is shown in FIG. 5a and FIG. 5b. Here, the entry ⁇ edge 16 is formed curved again. The individual subregions 26, 28 are approximately the same size.
- the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 6a and 6b is essentially a combination of the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 4a, 4b and FIGS. 5a, 5b.
- haftge ⁇ assembles that are interconnected by a ruled-surface region 24b.
- the double-curved partial area 26 illustrated in the figures covers in each case a large surface area of the blade surface of-depending on the exemplary embodiment-20% to 60% of the total surface area. Only in the embodiment ⁇ example of FIG 3a, 3b, the curved portion 26 forms 100% or nearly 100% of the total surface.
- the partial regions 26, 28 are only roughly indicated in the figures by the dashed line. Since the Krümmungsver ⁇ running in the longitudinal direction of the blade 14 changes, there is a possibility that not curved in the illustrated sections 26 in limited portions, the generatrix but a line. This may occur, for example, when the curvature within a portion 26 is changed from convex to concave.
- the operating behavior of the radial compressor 2 for a certain rotational speed is qualitatively described on the basis of the diagram in FIG. 7 by a compressor characteristic curve VK. In this slide ⁇ program is the pressure ratio - via the volume flow V
- the characteristic VK is bounded on the left by the pumping limit ⁇ S. There, the flow dissolves at too small volume flows and at high pressure ratios of the show fine 14.
- the operating point B of the radial ⁇ compressor 2 is the intersection of the compressor characteristic VK with a system characteristic AK. As a rule, B moves on the compressor characteristic curve VK depending on the system parameters.
- the compressor characteristic VK x and the associated tear-off point W x and surge limit S x of a conventional centrifugal compressor are indicated. Thanks to the improved aerodynamics of the blades 14 is the rise of the characteristic VK toward surge limit stei ⁇ ler. As a result, the operating point B is at higher pressure ratios than the operating point B x of a conventional centrifugal compressor when the two compressors convey about the same amount of delivery gas, so that a higher efficiency of the centrifugal compressor 2 is achieved.
- a white ⁇ tere improvement of compressor characteristic values is the displacement of the Abr aloneticians W at lower flow rates than the breakpoint V W x of a conventional centrifugal compressor.
- the flow behavior of the delivery gas is stabilized and the centrifugal compressor 2 still works properly and safely at low flow rates V.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06807648A EP1948939B1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-10-30 | Radialverdichter-laufrad |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05025048A EP1788255A1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2005-11-16 | Radialverdichter-Laufrad |
EP06807648A EP1948939B1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-10-30 | Radialverdichter-laufrad |
PCT/EP2006/067919 WO2007057292A1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-10-30 | Radialverdichter-laufrad |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1948939A1 true EP1948939A1 (de) | 2008-07-30 |
EP1948939B1 EP1948939B1 (de) | 2009-12-02 |
Family
ID=36087765
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05025048A Withdrawn EP1788255A1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2005-11-16 | Radialverdichter-Laufrad |
EP06807648A Not-in-force EP1948939B1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-10-30 | Radialverdichter-laufrad |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05025048A Withdrawn EP1788255A1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2005-11-16 | Radialverdichter-Laufrad |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8277187B2 (de) |
EP (2) | EP1788255A1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN101310112B (de) |
AT (1) | ATE450712T1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE502006005551D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2336371T3 (de) |
NO (1) | NO338811B1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2007057292A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102022203619A1 (de) | 2022-04-11 | 2023-10-12 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Verdichterschaufel zur Umlenkung eines strömenden Mediums in einem Verdichter, insbesondere Radialverdichter, Rotor und System |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8529210B2 (en) | 2010-12-21 | 2013-09-10 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Air cycle machine compressor rotor |
US9102397B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2015-08-11 | General Electric Company | Airfoils including tip profile for noise reduction and method for fabricating same |
CN103256248B (zh) * | 2012-02-21 | 2015-08-26 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | 叶轮及包括该叶轮的离心压缩机 |
JP5606515B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-13 | 2014-10-15 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 圧縮機 |
ITCO20130024A1 (it) * | 2013-06-13 | 2014-12-14 | Nuovo Pignone Srl | Giranti di compressore |
CN105164427A (zh) * | 2013-07-04 | 2015-12-16 | 株式会社Ihi | 压缩机叶轮、离心压缩机、压缩机叶轮的加工方法以及压缩机叶轮的加工装置 |
US10151321B2 (en) | 2013-10-16 | 2018-12-11 | United Technologies Corporation | Auxiliary power unit impeller blade |
US10634157B2 (en) * | 2014-01-07 | 2020-04-28 | Nuovo Pignone Srl | Centrifugal compressor impeller with non-linear leading edge and associated design method |
WO2015189234A1 (de) * | 2014-06-12 | 2015-12-17 | Abb Turbo Systems Ag | Verdichter für hohes schluckvermögen |
DE102014219058A1 (de) * | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Radialverdichterlaufrad und zugehöriger Radialverdichter |
CN106351872A (zh) * | 2016-09-12 | 2017-01-25 | 深圳友铂科技有限公司 | 一种兼顾气动与强度的压气机转子叶片 |
US10605087B2 (en) * | 2017-12-14 | 2020-03-31 | United Technologies Corporation | CMC component with flowpath surface ribs |
FR3089576B1 (fr) * | 2018-12-05 | 2022-11-25 | Safran Helicopter Engines | Rouet centrifuge |
KR20200124375A (ko) * | 2019-04-23 | 2020-11-03 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 터보차저 컴프레서휠 |
CN110657126B (zh) * | 2019-09-10 | 2021-07-30 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | 控制离心叶轮流动的非轴对称轮毂结构、离心叶轮 |
CN115380169A (zh) * | 2020-04-23 | 2022-11-22 | 三菱重工船用机械株式会社 | 叶轮及离心压缩机 |
US11506059B2 (en) * | 2020-08-07 | 2022-11-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Compressor impeller with partially swept leading edge surface |
CN112922899A (zh) * | 2021-02-05 | 2021-06-08 | 深圳森蓝忠信科技有限公司 | 一种轴流式压气机转子叶片 |
CN113738695B (zh) * | 2021-08-25 | 2024-05-10 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种具有抛物线型前缘叶片的高性能呼吸机离心叶轮 |
DE102022127147B4 (de) | 2022-10-17 | 2024-06-27 | Man Energy Solutions Se | Verdichter und Turbolader |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE897470C (de) * | 1944-01-27 | 1953-12-14 | Sulzer Ag | Laeufer fuer Schleuderverdichter mit diagonalem Stroemungsverlauf |
DE4214753A1 (de) | 1992-05-04 | 1993-11-11 | Asea Brown Boveri | Radialverdichter-Laufrad |
JP3693121B2 (ja) * | 1994-06-10 | 2005-09-07 | 株式会社 荏原製作所 | 遠心または斜流ターボ機械 |
US5730582A (en) * | 1997-01-15 | 1998-03-24 | Essex Turbine Ltd. | Impeller for radial flow devices |
US6588485B1 (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2003-07-08 | Borgwarner, Inc. | Hybrid method for manufacturing titanium compressor wheel |
JP4545009B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-23 | 2010-09-15 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 遠心圧縮機 |
-
2005
- 2005-11-16 EP EP05025048A patent/EP1788255A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-10-30 CN CN200680042871.3A patent/CN101310112B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-10-30 WO PCT/EP2006/067919 patent/WO2007057292A1/de active Application Filing
- 2006-10-30 EP EP06807648A patent/EP1948939B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-10-30 AT AT06807648T patent/ATE450712T1/de active
- 2006-10-30 US US12/084,920 patent/US8277187B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-10-30 ES ES06807648T patent/ES2336371T3/es active Active
- 2006-10-30 DE DE502006005551T patent/DE502006005551D1/de active Active
-
2008
- 2008-06-13 NO NO20082659A patent/NO338811B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2007057292A1 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102022203619A1 (de) | 2022-04-11 | 2023-10-12 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Verdichterschaufel zur Umlenkung eines strömenden Mediums in einem Verdichter, insbesondere Radialverdichter, Rotor und System |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101310112B (zh) | 2011-04-13 |
CN101310112A (zh) | 2008-11-19 |
ES2336371T3 (es) | 2010-04-12 |
NO20082659L (no) | 2008-08-08 |
DE502006005551D1 (de) | 2010-01-14 |
US20090220346A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 |
EP1948939B1 (de) | 2009-12-02 |
WO2007057292A1 (de) | 2007-05-24 |
NO338811B1 (no) | 2016-10-24 |
EP1788255A1 (de) | 2007-05-23 |
ATE450712T1 (de) | 2009-12-15 |
US8277187B2 (en) | 2012-10-02 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20080424 |
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