EP1943022B1 - Stirrer mill - Google Patents
Stirrer mill Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1943022B1 EP1943022B1 EP05792291A EP05792291A EP1943022B1 EP 1943022 B1 EP1943022 B1 EP 1943022B1 EP 05792291 A EP05792291 A EP 05792291A EP 05792291 A EP05792291 A EP 05792291A EP 1943022 B1 EP1943022 B1 EP 1943022B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- grinding
- rotor
- chamber
- auxiliary
- mill according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
- B02C17/16—Mills in which a fixed container houses stirring means tumbling the charge
- B02C17/166—Mills in which a fixed container houses stirring means tumbling the charge of the annular gap type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
- B02C17/16—Mills in which a fixed container houses stirring means tumbling the charge
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
- B02C17/16—Mills in which a fixed container houses stirring means tumbling the charge
- B02C17/161—Arrangements for separating milling media and ground material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
- B02C17/16—Mills in which a fixed container houses stirring means tumbling the charge
- B02C17/163—Stirring means
Definitions
- the invention relates to a stirred mill according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Such a stirring mill is from the EP 0 370 022 B1 (Corr. US 5,062,577 ) known.
- the auxiliary grinding bodies are centrifuged out of the millbase Mahlos emotions flow through the Mahlos emotions-return channels before they reach the protective sieve.
- the protective screen assumes the function of worn grinding aid bodies that are too light to be thrown off directly through the grinding aid return channels and to serve as a throttling point for establishing a backpressure counteracting the grinding stock flow.
- the agitator is provided with stirring tools projecting into the outer grinding chamber.
- an agitating mill which has a rotor which is occupied on its outside with paddle-shaped tools. Within the rotor, a protective sieve is arranged. The rotor consists of axially parallel rods to which the paddle-shaped tools are attached. The material to be ground is fed radially. In this agitator mill is achieved by the paddle-like configuration of the stirring tools, although that the Mahlosterrorism be concentrated in the container wall; a defined grinding, in particular by means of extremely small auxiliary grinding bodies and a reliable separation of Mahlosêt without risk of malfunction is also not possible hereby.
- Mahlosenia packing is flowed through radially from the material to be ground, ie the material to be ground is placed on a grinding process only over a very short path. In the case of a passage of the millbase through the agitator mill only once, only a small grinding progress is achieved.
- an agitating mill of the general type is known in which the protective sieve is attached to the cup-shaped rotor and is sealed from the inner stator by means of a mechanical seal.
- the protective sieve thus rotates with the rotor, as a result of which grinding auxiliary bodies reaching it are additionally thrown off.
- the invention has for its object to design a stirred mill of the generic type so that especially when using Mahlos stresses extremely small diameter grinding and dispersion with narrow particle distribution even with only one Mahlgut facilitator is achieved by the Rrockwerksmühle without the risk of malfunction , in particular by impact of Mahlos stressesn on the protective sieve occurs.
- the essence of the invention is that grinding auxiliary bodies are located only in the grinding space between the rotor and the container wall, which are concentrated in this grinding space.
- the measures according to claim 3 favor a concentration of Mahlosharm in the grinding chamber.
- the development according to claim 9 is particularly advantageous since in particular temperature-sensitive ground material in the grinding material discharge channel is cooled particularly intense without further energy input, ie only during the actual grinding process in the grinding chamber high energy input is suspended.
- agitator mill has in the usual way a stand 1, on which a cylindrical grinding container 2 can be attached.
- a stand 1 on which a cylindrical grinding container 2 can be attached.
- an electric drive motor 3 is housed, which is provided with a V-belt pulley 4, of which via V-belt 5 with a drive shaft 6 rotatably connected V-belt pulley 7 is rotationally driven.
- the grinding container 2 a cylindrical, a grinding chamber 8 surrounding container wall 9, which is surrounded by a substantially cylindrical cooling jacket 10, on.
- the container wall 9 and the cooling jacket 10 define a cooling space 11 between them.
- the lower end of the grinding chamber 8 is formed by an annular bottom plate 12, which is fastened to the grinding container 2 by means of screws 13.
- the grinding container 2 has an upper annular flange 14, by means of which it is attached to the underside of a support housing 15 by means of screws 16 which is mounted on the stator 1 of the agitator mill.
- the grinding chamber 8 is closed by means of a lid 17.
- the support housing 15 has a central bearing and seal housing 18 which is arranged coaxially to the central longitudinal axis 19 of the grinding container 2. This bearing and seal housing 18 is penetrated by the likewise coaxial to the axis 19 extending drive shaft 6, to which a stirrer 20 is mounted.
- a projecting into the grinding container 2 approximately pot-shaped, cylindrical inner stator 22 is arranged coaxially to the axis 19 an outer wall 23 and within this outer wall 23 has a cylindrical inner shell 24.
- the outer wall 23 and the inner shell 24 define between them a cooling space 25 of the inner stator 22.
- the cooling space 25 is supplied with cooling water via a cooling water supply port 26, which is discharged via a cooling water discharge port 27.
- the cooling space 11 of the grinding container 2 is supplied with cooling water via a cooling water supply pipe 28, which is discharged via a cooling water discharge pipe 29.
- a protective screen 30 is arranged, which is connected to a regrind discharge line 31.
- the drain line 31 is provided in the region of the bottom plate 12 with a retaining bracket 32 which is releasably connected by means of screws 33 with the bottom plate 12.
- the protective sieve 30 is sealed against the inner stator 22 by means of a seal 34 and can be pulled out after loosening the screws 33 together with the drain line 31 down from the inner stator.
- the agitator 20 is cup-shaped in its basic structure, ie it has a substantially annular cylindrical rotor 35. At its upper end, the agitator 20 has a lid-like end part 36 of the rotor 35. In the agitator 20, in the transition region between the lid-like end part 36 and the annular cylindrical, ie tubular rotor 35, a Mahlwhis stresses recirculator 37 is arranged.
- a (D9 - D35) / 2
- D9 is the diameter of the container wall 9, that is, the outer diameter of the grinding chamber 8 and wherein D35 denotes the outer diameter of the rotor 35, ie the inner diameter of the grinding chamber
- the inside of the container wall 9 is cylindrical smooth, so has no projecting into the annular grinding chamber 8 tools.
- projecting pin-shaped tools 38 are mounted on the likewise cylindrical outer side of the rotor 35 radially to the central longitudinal axis 19 in the grinding chamber 8 . They extend close to the container wall 9, to which they release only a structurally predetermined gap 39 with a gap width b. As Fig. 3 can be removed, the tools 38 are mounted helically on the rotor surface.
- the tools 38 which are arranged in the first region 40 assigned to the closure part 36 are arranged on a first helix 41 designed in such a way that they rotate on the agitator 20 and thus of the rotor 35 in the direction of rotation 42 on the auxiliary grinding bodies 43 with a diameter located in the grinding chamber 8 c a in the flow direction 44 of the material to be ground down, ie to the bottom plate 12 out, directed conveying action on the auxiliary grinding body 43 exercise.
- This first area 40 with the arrangement of the tools 38 on the first helix 41 extends approximately to the lower side of the return device 37, such as Fig. 3 is removable.
- the tools 38 are arranged on a second, oppositely directed helical line 46 so that they exert a pulse directed counter to the flow direction 44 of the millbase in the direction of rotation 42 on the grinding aid bodies 43 when the agitator 20 is driven ,
- Fig. 3 results in the circumferential direction of the rotor 35 adjacent tools 38 on both the first helical line 41 and on the second helix 46 in the direction of the central longitudinal axis 19 are arranged overlapping each other, so that upon rotation of the rotor 35, the container wall 9 completely from the Tools 38 is swept over.
- a ring-cylindrical Mahlgut-Ablite channel 47 is formed between the rotor 35 and the outer wall 23 of the inner stator 22 .
- pin-shaped stripping tools 48 attached on the outer wall 23 of the inner stator 22 .
- adjacent stripping tools 48 in the direction of the central longitudinal axis 19 are arranged overlapping each other, so that in one revolution of the rotor 35 whose wall is completely swept by these tools 48.
- the stripping tools 48 have opposite the inner stator 22, a gap 49, the gap width e is only as large as it is structurally necessary.
- the auxiliary grinding body 43 applies in relation to the diameter c: 4c ⁇ b ⁇ 6c, with the use of particularly small auxiliary grinding bodies 43 as the minimum boundary condition: 1.0 mm ⁇ b ⁇ 2.0 mm. Accordingly, for the gap width e of the gap 49 in relation to the diameter c, the auxiliary grinding body 43 is: 4c ⁇ e ⁇ 6c, whereby the following applies for extremely small auxiliary grinding bodies 43 as a minimum boundary condition: 1.0 mm ⁇ e ⁇ 2.0 mm. Because of this configuration, the tools 38 constantly swirl the grinding aid body packing in the grinding chamber 8. The scraper tools scrape due to the small gap width e the rotor 35 while driving it as it were. If Mahlös stresses 43 extremely small diameter c, so micro-Mahlos emotions be used, then applies to their diameter c: 20 microns ⁇ c ⁇ 100 microns.
- the grinding chamber 8 is connected to the discharge channel 47 by means of a deflection channel 50 whose width - as out Fig. 2 shows that corresponds approximately to the discharge channel 47. This deflection channel 50 thus surrounds the rotor 35 at its free lower end.
- the grinding chamber 8 is adjacent to the deflection channel 50 substantially closed by means of a radially extending to the axis 19 bottom surface 51, in the immediate vicinity of the lowest, so next adjacent tool 38 rotates, the distance g to the bottom surface 51 about the gap widths b and e corresponds. In this way, it is achieved that in this region, that is to say immediately before entry into the deflection channel 50, grinding aid bodies 43 are accelerated radially outwardly, ie they are conveyed away from the deflection channel 50.
- the cylindrical protective sieve 30 consists of a stack of annular discs 52, between each of which a separating gap 53 is released, whose width is smaller than the diameter c of the smallest grinding auxiliary body 43 used.
- the stack of annular discs 52 is the front side, so on the shaft 6 facing side, closed by a closure plate 54.
- the protective screen 30 is disposed inside the return device 37.
- grinding aid return channels 55 are formed in the return device 37.
- Their respective inlet opening 56 is located immediately adjacent to the return channel 47 and the protective screen 30.
- Their respective outlet opening 57 opens into the in the initial region of the grinding chamber 8, in the first region 40 of the helical arrangement of the tools 38th Wie Fig. 3 can be removed, the respective outlet openings 57 are - in relation to the direction of rotation 42 - immediately before one or more tools 38, so received back through a discharge channel 47 Mahltos stresses 43 immediately after their exit from the outlet opening 57 a delivery pulse in the flow direction 44.
- the ground material flows through the grinding chamber 8 corresponding to the flow direction 44 coming from the grinding material supply line 21 through a Mahlgut feed space 58 between the end portion 36 of the agitator 20 and the lid 17, the first portion 40 and the second portion 45 of the grinding chamber 8 down through the deflection channel 50 radially inwardly and from there through the grinding stock removal channel 47 up to a trained between the end part 36 and the inner stator 22, substantially radially inwardly directed to the protective sieve 30 AbströmKanal 59. Then it enters through the protective sieve 30 in the ground material drain line 31 and through this from the agitator mill.
- the material to be ground is ground in rotationally driven agitator 20 in cooperation with the auxiliary grinding bodies 43.
- the auxiliary grinding bodies 43 receive tangential pulses which convey them in the direction of the container wall 9.
- a compression of the auxiliary grinding bodies 43 occurs in the radially outer region of the grinding chamber 8, as indicated in the drawing. Due to the small width b of the gap 39 between the tools 38 and the container wall 9 no deposits of grinding auxiliary bodies 43 occur on the container wall 9; also Mahltos stresses 43 thrown there are repeatedly activated and taken away.
- Mahlosharm 43 get into the regrind discharge channel 47, they are there promoted by the stripping tools 48 with the ground material through the entire stripping channel 47. They are thrown off again by the return device 37 into the first region 40 of the grinding chamber 8.
- FIG. 5 The embodiment according to Fig. 5 is different from the after Fig. 2 only in that in the rotor 35 'distributed over the axial length and over its circumference distributed through holes formed additional small Mahltos emotions return transport channels 60 are formed with a diameter h of 5.0 to 30.0 mm.
- the small Mahltos emotions return transport channels 60 are arranged on helical lines, wherein circumferentially adjacent channels 60 overlap each other, so that nevertheless arrived in the Mahlgut-discharge channel 47 and centrifuged on the rotor 35 Mahlosharm 43 mandatory on at least one such Pass channel 60, through which they can be thrown back into the outer grinding chamber 9.
- Fig. 7 is different from the after Fig. 2 only in that the protective sieve 30 'in a conventional manner one with the inner stator 22 has associated support body 61 which is provided with slot-shaped openings 62. On the outside of this support body 61, a very thin sheet or a film 63 is arranged, which is provided with very fine separation slots 64, whose width is not shown in the drawing in any case smaller than the diameter c of the smallest Mahlös stresses 43rd
- the agitator mill after Fig. 8 is different from the after Fig. 2 in that the rotor 35 'is the Mahltosterrorism return transport channels 60 according to the embodiment in Fig. 5 and the protective screen 30 'according to the embodiment according to Fig. 7 having.
- the design after Fig. 9 basically corresponds to the after Fig. 5 and 7 that is, the rotor 35 'is provided with the auxiliary grinding body return transport channels 60.
- the protective screen 30 is in this case not attached to the inner stator 22, but in the end part 36 of the rotor 35 ', in which a generally all protective screens 30, 30', 30" enclosing or receiving cylindrical recess 65 is formed .
- the protective screen 30 has a supporting body 66, which is connected to the terminal part 36 of the rotor 35 'by means of a screw 67.
- the supporting body 66 is provided with slot-shaped openings 62 and on its cylindrical outer periphery with a foil or a sheet metal 63 is enclosed in the support body 66.
- the ground material discharge line 31' extends in a sealed manner through the otherwise closed one upper end wall 70 of the inner stator 22 ', until just before the facing end wall 71 of the protective sieve 30 ". Between the regrind discharge line 31 'and this closure wall 71, a narrow gap 72 is formed. This The gap 72 usually has a width i which is smaller than the smallest diameter c of the auxiliary grinding bodies 43. The width i of the gap 72 must be so small that a sufficiently large pressure loss occurs here during the outflow of the ground material to be ground, so that the material to be ground passes through the Protection strainer 30 "drains off.
- the end wall 71 of this protective sieve 30 "opens frustoconically towards the end wall 70 and delimits at its radially outer region to the end wall 70 an annular gap 73 through which virtually no auxiliary grinding bodies 43 can penetrate during operation of the agitator mill Grinding aid bodies 43 are thrown outwards again through the annular gap 73 and enter the grinding aid return channels 55.
- the protective sieve 30 "with its foil or its metal sheet 63 is completely in axial overlap with the grinding aid body return channels 55. Should any grinding aid bodies 43 reach the area of the protective sieve 30", then They are also thrown from their film-forming their cylindrical circumference film or sheet 63 in the return channels 55.
- the millbase has a very gerihge viscosity in the range of 1 to 100 mPas.
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Rührwerksmühle nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruches 1.The invention relates to a stirred mill according to the preamble of
Eine derartige Rührwerksmühle ist aus der
Aus der
Aus der
Aus der
Aus der
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Rührwerksmühle der gattungsgemäßen Art so auszugestalten, dass insbesondere bei Einsatz von Mahlhilfskörpern extrem kleinen Durchmessers eine Mahlung und Dispergierung mit enger Partikel-Verteilung auch bei nur einem Mahlgutdurchlauf durch die Rührwerksmühle erreicht wird, ohne dass die Gefahr von Betriebsstörungen, insbesondere durch Aufprall von Mahlhilfskörpern auf das Schutz-Sieb, auftritt.The invention has for its object to design a stirred mill of the generic type so that especially when using Mahlhilfskörpern extremely small diameter grinding and dispersion with narrow particle distribution even with only one Mahlgutdurchlauf is achieved by the Rührwerksmühle without the risk of malfunction , in particular by impact of Mahlhilfskörpern on the protective sieve occurs.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale im Kennzeichnungsteil des Anspruches 1 gelöst. Der Kern der Erfindung besteht darin, dass sich nur in dem Mahlraum zwischen dem Rotor und der Behälterwand Mahlhilfskörper befinden, die in diesem Mahlraum aufkonzentriert werden. Durch die Aufkonzentration der Mahlhilfskörper in diesem Mahlraum wird bereits erreicht, dass diese nicht in den Mahlgut-Abführ-Kanal gelangen. Die Mahlhilfskörper werden durch die am Rotor angebrachten, sich bis in die Nähe der Behälterwand erstreckenden Werkzeuge nach außen beschleunigt und aufkonzentriert. Das Mahlgut durchströmt diese dichte Mahlhilfskörper-Packung in axialer Richtung, wodurch eine gleichmäßige Mahlung und Dispergierung erreicht wird. Über die Maßnahmen zur Aufkonzentration von Mahlhilfskörpern im ringförmigen äußeren Mahlraum hinaus sind Einrichtungen vorgesehen sind, die ein Durchströmen der Mahlhilfskörper zum Schutz-Sieb wirksam unterbinden. Im Mahlgut-Abführ-Kanal, der sich innerhalb des Rotors befindet und durch den Rotor und den Innen-Stator begrenzt wird, befinden sich keine oder nur sehr wenige Mahlhilfskörper. Die eingangs geschilderten Nachteile werden also wirksam unterbunden.This object is achieved by the features in the characterizing part of
Die Maßnahmen nach Anspruch 3 begünstigen eine Aufkonzentration der Mahlhilfskörper im Mahlraum.The measures according to claim 3 favor a concentration of Mahlhilfskörper in the grinding chamber.
Durch die Maßnahmen nach den Ansprüchen 3 bis 5 wird weiterhin unterstützt, dass die Mahlhilfskörper gar nicht erst in den Umlenk-Kanal gelangen.By the measures according to
Durch die Weiterbildung nach Anspruch 6 wird erreicht, dass die wenigen Mahlhilfskörper, die noch in den Mahlgut-Abführ-Kanal gelangen, sich nicht absetzen können und demzufolge in der Strömung in Richtung zu den Mahlhilfskörper-Rückführ-Kanälen verbleiben und dort in den Anfang des Mahlraums zurückgeführt werden. Durch die Maßnahmen nach Anspruch 7 wird hierbei erreicht, dass die Mahlhilfskörper noch in Richtung zu den Mahlhilfskörper-Rückführ-Kanälen beschleunigt werden.Through the development according to
Durch die Weiterbildung nach Anspruch 8 wird hierbei erreicht, dass an der Innenseite des Rotors keine Mahlgut-Mahlhilfskörper-Schicht gebildet wird, die nicht mehr am Prozess beteiligt ist.As a result of the development according to
Im Zusammenhang mit den Maßnahmen nach den Ansprüchen 8 bis 10 ist die Weiterbildung nach Anspruch 9 besonders vorteilhaft, da hierdurch insbesondere temperaturempfindliches Mahlgut im Mahlgut-Abführ-Kanal ohne weitere Energieeinleitung besonders intensiv gekühlt wird, also nur während des eigentlichen Mahlprozesses im Mahlraum einer hohen Energieeinleitung ausgesetzt wird.In connection with the measures according to
Durch die Ausgestaltung nach Anspruch 10 wird erreicht, dass im Mahlgut-Abführ-Kanal vorhandene Mahlhilfskörper direkt wieder in den Mahlraum nach außen abgeschleudert werden können. Dies wird durch die Weiterbildung nach Anspruch 13 noch begünstigt.Due to the configuration according to
Zweckmäßige Durchmesserbereiche für extrem kleine Mahlhilfskörper ergeben sich aus Anspruch 12.Advantageous diameter ranges for extremely small auxiliary grinding bodies emerge from
Weitere Merkmale, Vorteile und Einzelheiten ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung von Ausführungsbeispielen der Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung. Es zeigt
- Fig. 1
- eine schematische Darstellung einer Rührwerksmühle in einer Seitenansicht,
- Fig. 2
- einen vertikalen Längsschnitt durch ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel einer Rührwerksmühle,
- Fig. 3
- eine Abwicklung der Außenseite des Rotors der Rührwerksmühle nach
Fig. 2 , - Fig. 4
- eine Seitenansicht des Innen-Stators der Rührwerksmühle nach
Fig. 2 und3 , - Fig. 5
- einen vertikalen Längsschnitt durch ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel der Rührwerksmühle,
- Fig. 6
- eine Abwicklung der Innenseite des Rotors der Rührwerksmühle nach
Fig. 5 , - Fig. 7
- einen vertikalen Längsschnitt durch ein drittes Ausführungsbeispiel der Rührwerksmühle,
- Fig. 8
- einen vertikalen Längsschnitt durch ein viertes Ausführungsbeispiel der Rührwerksmühle und
- Fig. 9
- einen Längsschnitt durch ein fünftes Ausführungsbeispiel der Rührwerksmühle.
- Fig. 1
- a schematic representation of a stirred mill in a side view,
- Fig. 2
- a vertical longitudinal section through a first embodiment of a stirred mill,
- Fig. 3
- a settlement of the outside of the rotor of the agitator mill after
Fig. 2 . - Fig. 4
- a side view of the inner stator of the agitator mill
Fig. 2 and3 . - Fig. 5
- a vertical longitudinal section through a second embodiment of the agitator mill,
- Fig. 6
- a development of the inside of the rotor of the agitator mill
Fig. 5 . - Fig. 7
- a vertical longitudinal section through a third embodiment of the agitator mill,
- Fig. 8
- a vertical longitudinal section through a fourth embodiment of the agitator mill and
- Fig. 9
- a longitudinal section through a fifth embodiment of the agitator mill.
Die in
Wie insbesondere aus
Der Mahlbehälter 2 weist einen oberen Ringflansch 14 auf, mittels dessen er an der Unterseite eines Traggehäuses 15 mittels Schrauben 16 befestigt ist, das am Ständer 1 der Rührwerksmühle angebracht ist. Der Mahlraum 8 ist mittels eines Deckels 17 verschlossen. Das Traggehäuse 15 weist ein mittleres Lager- und Dichtungsgehäuse 18 auf, das koaxial zur Mittel-Längs-Achse 19 des Mahlbehälters 2 angeordnet ist. Dieses Lager- und Dichtungsgehäuse 18 wird von der ebenfalls koaxial zur Achse 19 verlaufenden Antriebs-Welle 6 durchsetzt, an der ein Rührwerk 20 angebracht ist.The grinding
In den dem Mahlraum 8 benachbarten Bereich des Lager- und Dichtungsgehäuses 18 mündet eine Mahlgut-Zuführleitung 21 ein.In the grinding
An der Bodenplatte 12 ist ein in den Mahlbehälter 2 hineinragender, etwa topfförmig ausgebildeter, zylindrischer Innen-Stator 22 angeordnet, der koaxial zur Achse 19 eine Außenwand 23 und innerhalb dieser Außenwand 23 einen zylindrischen Innenmantel 24 aufweist. Die Außenwand 23 und der Innenmantel 24 begrenzen zwischen sich einen Kühlraum 25 des Innen-Stators 22. Dem Kühlraum 25 wird Kühlwasser über einen Kühlwasser-Zuführanschluss 26 zugeführt, das über einen Kühlwasser-Abführanschluss 27 abgeführt wird. Dem Kühlraum 11 des Mahlbehälters 2 wird Kühlwasser über einen Kühlwasser-Zuführstutzen 28 zugeführt, das über einen Kühlwasser-Abführstutzen 29 abgeführt wird.On the
An dem in der Zeichnung oberen Ende des Innen-Stators 22 ist ein Schutz-Sieb 30 angeordnet, das mit einer Mahlgut-Ablaufleitung 31 verbunden ist. Die Ablaufleitung 31 ist im Bereich der Bodenplatte 12 mit einem Haltebügel 32 versehen, der mittels Schrauben 33 mit der Bodenplatte 12 lösbar verbunden ist.At the upper end of the
Das Schutz-Sieb 30 ist gegenüber dem Innen-Stator 22 mittels einer Dichtung 34 abgedichtet und kann nach Lösen der Schrauben 33 zusammen mit der Ablaufleitung 31 nach unten aus dem Innen-Stator herausgezogen werden.The
Das Rührwerk 20 ist in seinem Grundaufbau topfförmig ausgebildet, d. h. es weist einen im Wesentlichen ringzylindrischen Rotor 35 auf. An seinem oberen Ende weist das Rührwerk 20 ein deckelartiges Abschlussteil 36 des Rotors 35 auf. Im Rührwerk 20, und zwar im Übergangsbereich zwischen dem deckelartigen Abschlussteil 36 und dem ringzylindrischen, also rohrförmigen Rotor 35, ist eine Mahlhilfskörper-Rückführeinrichtung 37 angeordnet.The
Für die radiale Weite a des Mahlraumes 8 gilt: a = (D9 - D35)/2, wobei D9 der Durchmesser der Behälterwand 9, also der Außendurchmesser des Mahlraums 8 ist und wobei D35 den Außendurchmesser des Rotors 35, also den Innendurchmesser des Mahlraums bezeichnet. Es gilt: 0,6 ≤ D35/D9 ≤ 0,95 und bevorzugt 0,7 ≤ D35/D9 ≤ 0,85.For the radial width a of the grinding chamber 8: a = (D9 - D35) / 2, where D9 is the diameter of the
Die Innenseite der Behälterwand 9 ist zylindrisch glatt, weist also keine in den ringförmigen Mahlraum 8 ragenden Werkzeuge auf. Demgegenüber sind an der ebenfalls zylindrischen Außenseite des Rotors 35 radial zur Mittel-Längs-Achse 19 in den Mahlraum 8 ragende stiftförmige Werkzeuge 38 angebracht. Sie erstrecken sich bis nahe an die Behälterwand 9, zu der sie nur einen konstruktiv vorgegebenen Spalt 39 mit einer Spaltweite b freilassen. Wie
In einem unterhalb des ersten Bereichs 40 liegenden zweiten Bereich 45 sind die Werkzeuge 38 auf einer zweiten, entgegengesetzt gerichteten Schraubenlinie 46 angeordnet, sodass sie bei Antrieb des Rührwerks 20 in der Drehrichtung 42 auf die Mahlhilfskörper 43 einen entgegen der Durchströmrichtung 44 des Mahlguts gerichteten Impuls ausüben. Wie sich aus
Zwischen dem Rotor 35 und der Außenwand 23 des Innen-Stators 22 ist ein ringzylindrischer Mahlgut-Abführ-Kanal 47 ausgebildet. An der Außenwand 23 des Innen-Stators 22 sind radial nach außen in den Abführ-Kanal 47 ragende, stiftförmige Abstreif-Werkzeuge 48 angebracht. Wie sich aus
Für die Spaltweite b des Spalts 39 gilt im Verhältnis zum Durchmesser c der Mahlhilfskörper 43: 4c ≤ b ≤ 6c, wobei bei Einsatz besonders kleiner Mahlhilfskörper 43 als Mindest-Randbedingung gilt: 1,0 mm ≤ b ≤ 2,0 mm. Entsprechend gilt für die Spaltweite e des Spalts 49 im Verhältnis zum Durchmesser c der Mahlhilfskörper 43: 4c ≤ e ≤ 6c, wobei auch hier für extrem kleine Mahlhilfskörper 43 als Mindest-Randbedingung gilt: 1,0 mm ≤ e ≤ 2,0 mm. Aufgrund dieser Ausgestaltung verwirbeln die Werkzeuge 38 die Mahlhilfskörper-Packung im Mahlraum 8 ständig. Die Abstreif-Werkzeuge 48 schaben aufgrund der geringen Spaltweite e den Rotor 35 bei dessen Antrieb gleichsam ab. Wenn Mahlhilfskörper 43 extrem kleinen Durchmessers c, also Mikro-Mahlhilfskörper, eingesetzt werden, dann gilt für deren Durchmesser c: 20 µm ≤ c ≤ 100 µm.For the gap width b of the
Der Abführ-Kanal 47 weist eine radiale Weite f auf, für die gilt: f = (d35 - d23)/2, wobei d35 den Innendurchmesser des Rotors 35, also den Außendurchmesser des Abführ-Kanals 47 und d23 den Außendurchmesser des Innen-Stators 22, also den Innendurchmesser des Abführ-Kanals 47 bezeichnen. Es gilt: 0,8 ≤ d23/d35 ≤ 0,98 und bevorzugt 0,9 ≤ d23/d35 ≤ 0,98. Der Mahlraum 8 ist mit dem Abführ-Kanal 47 mittels eines Umlenk-Kanals 50 verbunden, dessen Weite - wie aus
Wie in
Wie aus
Das Mahlgut durchströmt den Mahlraum 8 entsprechend der Durchströmrichtung 44 von der Mahlgut-Zuführleitung 21 kommend durch einen Mahlgut-Zuführraum 58 zwischen dem Abschlussteil 36 des Rührwerks 20 und dem Deckel 17, den ersten Bereich 40 und den zweiten Bereich 45 des Mahlraums 8 nach unten, durch den Umlenk-Kanal 50 radial nach innen und von dort durch den Mahlgut-Abführ-Kanal 47 nach oben bis zu einem zwischen dem Abschlussteil 36 und dem Innen-Stator 22 ausgebildeten, im Wesentlichen radial nach innen zum Schutz-Sieb 30 gerichteten AbströmKanal 59. Dann tritt es durch das Schutz-Sieb 30 in die Mahlgut-Ablaufleitung 31 ein und durch diese aus der Rührwerksmühle aus.The ground material flows through the grinding
Auf dem Weg durch den Mahlraum 8 wird das Mahlgut bei drehend angetriebenem Rührwerk 20 im Zusammenwirken mit den Mahlhilfskörpern 43 gemahlen. Durch die Werkzeuge 38 erhalten die Mahlhilfskörper 43 Tangentialimpulse, die sie in Richtung zur Behälterwand 9 befördern. Es tritt also eine Verdichtung der Mahlhilfskörper 43 im radial äußeren Bereich des Mahlraums 8 ein, wie in der Zeichnung angedeutet ist. Durch die geringe Weite b des Spaltes 39 zwischen den Werkzeugen 38 und der Behälterwand 9 treten keine Ablagerungen von Mahlhilfskörpern 43 an der Behälterwand 9 auf; auch dorthin geschleuderte Mahlhilfskörper 43 werden immer wieder aktiviert und mitgenommen. Durch die bereits geschilderte Anordnung der Werkzeuge 38 auf den beiden Schraubenlinien 41 bzw. 46 wird sichergestellt, dass einerseits im oberen ersten Bereich 40 die Mahlhilfskörper 43 nicht durch den Mahlgut-Zuführraum 58 in die Mahlgut-zuführleitung 21 zurückströmen. Durch die Anordnung der Rührwerkzeuge im zweiten Bereich 45 wird erreicht, dass keine Mahlhilfskörper 43, oder jedenfalls nicht in nennenswertem Umfang Mahlhilfskörper 43 durch den Umlenk-Kanal 50 in den Abführ-Kanal 47 gelangen. Im Mahlraum 8 stellt sich eine turbulente Strömung ein, d. h. das Mahlgut durchströmt den Mahlraum 8 nicht geradlinig, sondern stark verwirbelt. Dadurch strömen die einzelnen Mahlgutpartikel immer abwechselnd zum Rotor 35 und dann wieder in Richtung zur Behälterwand 9 und dann wieder in Richtung zum Rotor 35 etc. Diese in radialer Richtung hin und her gehende Strömung wird überlagert durch den Durchsatz der Rührwerksmühle in Durchströmrichtung 44, wobei die Größe der Geschwindigkeitskomponente in Durchströmrichtung 44 sich aus dem Volumen-Durchsatz an Mahlgut pro Zeiteinheit und dem freien Querschnitt des Mahlraums 8, also dem Querschnitt des Mahlraums 8 abzüglich des Querschnitts der vorhandenen Mahlhilfskörper 43, ergibt.On the way through the grinding
Soweit trotz der geschilderten Maßnahmen Mahlhilfskörper 43 in den Mahlgut-Abführ-Kanal 47 gelangen, werden sie dort durch die Abstreif-Werkzeuge 48 mit dem Mahlgut durch den gesamten Abstreif-Kanal 47 gefördert. Sie werden durch die Rückführ-Einrichtung 37 wieder in den ersten Bereich 40 des Mahlraums 8 abgeschleudert.As far as despite the described measures Mahlhilfskörper 43 get into the
Die Ausführungsform nach
Wie sich aus der Abwicklung der Innenseite des Rotors 35' gemäß
Die Ausführungsform nach
Die Rührwerksmühle nach
Die Ausgestaltung nach
Die Abschluss-Wand 71 dieses Schutz-Siebes 30" öffnet sich zur Stirnwand 70 hin kegelstumpfförmig und begrenzt an ihrem radial äußeren Bereich zur Stirnwand 70 einen Ringspalt 73, durch den beim Betrieb der Rührwerksmühle praktisch keine Mahlhilfskörper 43 eindringen können. Im Stillstand möglicherweise in diesen Bereich gelangte Mahlhilfskörper 43 werden durch den Ringspalt 73 wieder nach außen abgeschleudert und gelangen in die Mahlhilfskörper-Rückführ-Kanäle 55.The end wall 71 of this
Auch bei dieser Ausgestaltung befindet sich das Schutz-Sieb 30" mit ihrer Folie bzw. ihrem Blech 63 vollständig in axialer Überdeckung mit den Mahlhilfskörper-Rückführ-Kanälen 55. Sollten irgendwelche Mahlhilfskörper 43 doch in den Bereich des Schutz-Siebes 30" gelangen, so werden sie auch von deren ihren zylindrischen Umfang bildender Folie bzw. Blech 63 in die Rückführ-Kanäle 55 geschleudert.In this embodiment too, the
Obwohl die zuvor geschilderten Ausführungsbeispiele jeweils Rührwerksmühlen mit einer vertikalen Mittel-Längs-Achse 19 zeigen, sind die geschilderten Ausführungen auch ohne weiteres in horizontaler Position einsetzbar oder in einer dazwischen liegenden Position.Although the above-described embodiments each show agitator mills with a vertical central
Für den Fall, dass Mahlhilfskörper 43 extrem kleinen Durchmessers c, also Mikro-Mahlhilfskörper, eingesetzt werden, hat das Mahlgut eine sehr gerihge Viskosität im Bereich von 1 bis 100 mPas.In the event that
Claims (15)
- Agitator mill for treating free-flowing grinding stock, comprising- a grinding receptacle (2) which defines a substantially closed grinding chamber (8) by means of a receptacle wall (9) and- an agitator (20) which is rotatably drivably disposed in the grinding receptacle (2) in a direction of rotation (42) and which is cup-shaped with respect to a common central longitudinal axis (19), and which has an annular cylindrical rotor (35, 35') which is provided with implements (38) extending as far as into the vicinity of the receptacle wall (9), and- an interior stator (22, 22') which is disposed within the rotor (35, 35'), which is joined to the grinding receptacle (2), and which has a closed outer wall (23),- wherein the annular cylindrical grinding chamber (8) is formed between the receptacle wall (9) and the rotor (35, 35') and receives auxiliary grinding bodies with a diameter c, and wherein an annular cylindrical interior chamber in the shape of an annular gap is formed between the rotor (35, 35') and the outer wall (23) of the interior stator (22, 22'), said interior chamber being disposed coaxially within the grinding chamber (8) and connected thereto via a deflection conduit (50), and- wherein the grinding chamber (8) is at least partially filled with auxiliary grinding bodies (43), and- wherein a grinding-stock supply chamber (58), which is disposed upstream of the grinding chamber (8) and opens into the latter in a direction of flow (44), and a protective screen (30, 30"), which is disposed downstream of the interior chamber (8) in the direction of flow (44), are disposed approximately on the same side of the grinding receptacle (2) for the grinding stock to pass through, and- wherein auxiliary-grinding-body return conduits (55) are provided in the agitator (20) for returning the auxiliary grinding bodies (43) from the vicinity of the protective screen (30, 30") into the grinding chamber (8), said return conduits (55) connecting the end of the interior chamber to the beginning of the grinding chamber (8), andwherein the receptacle wall (9) is free of implements
characterized
in that the implements (38) fixed to the rotor (35, 35') leave only a narrow gap (39) in relation to the receptacle wall (9),
in that the interior chamber is a grinding-stock discharge conduit (47), and
in that the implements (38) fixed to the rotor (35, 35') serve as devices for preventing a carry-over of auxiliary grinding bodies (43) from the grinding chamber (8) into the grinding-stock discharge conduit (47) and are disposed along a helical curve (46) in an area (45) between the auxiliary-grinding-body return conduits (55) and the deflection conduit (50) in the circumferential direction of the rotor (35, 35') so as to overlap with one another, thereby imparting a momentum to the auxiliary grinding bodies (43) which is opposite to the direction of flow (44) when the rotor (35, 35') is rotatably driven in the direction of rotation (42). - Agitator mill according to claim 1, characterized
in that the gap (39) between the implements (38) and the receptacle wall (9) has a gap width b to which applies in relation to the diameter c of the auxiliary grinding bodies (43): 4c ≤ b ≤ 6c, the minimum gap width b being defined as: 1.0 mm ≤ b ≤ 2.0 mm. - Agitator mill according to claim 1 or 2, characterized
in that the grinding chamber (8) has a bottom surface (51) upstream of the deflection conduit (50), said bottom surface (51) being wiped by the nearest implement (38) while leaving a distance g uncovered. - Agitator mill according to claim 3, characterized
in that the following applies to the distance g between the bottom surface (51) and the nearest implement (38) in relation to the diameter c of the auxiliary grinding bodies (43): 4c ≤ g ≤ 6c, with the minimum distance g being defined as: 1.0 mm ≤ g ≤ 2.0 mm. - Agitator mill according to claim 3 or 4, characterized
in that the deflection conduit (50) projects out of the grinding chamber (8) directly next to the rotor (35, 35') and
in that the bottom surface (51) is disposed radially beyond thereof. - Agitator mill according to one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized
in that wiper elements (48) extending towards the rotor (35, 35') are disposed along the interior stator (22, 22'), and
in that the rotor (35, 35') is free of implements on the inside thereof defining the grinding-stock discharge conduit (47). - Agitator mill according to claim 6, characterized
in that the wiper elements (48) disposed along the interior stator (22, 22') overlap with one another in the direction of the central longitudinal axis (19) and are disposed along a helical curve in the circumferential direction of the interior stator (22, 22) in a way as to impart a momentum to the auxiliary grinding bodies (43) in the direction of flow (44) when the rotor (35, 35') is driven in the direction of rotation (42). - Agitator mill according to claim 6 or 7, characterized
in that the wiper elements (48) leave a gap (49) in relation to the rotor (35, 35') to the gap width e thereof applies the following in relation to the diameter c of the auxiliary grinding bodies (43): 4c ≤ e ≤ 6c, with a minimum gap width e being defined as: 1.0 mm ≤ c ≤ 2.0 mm. - Agitator mill according to one of the claims 1 to 8, characterized
in that the interior stator (22, 22') is provided with a cooling chamber (25). - Agitator mill according to one of the claims 1 to 9, characterized
in that small auxiliary-grinding-body return conduits (60) connecting the grinding-stock discharge conduit (47) to the grinding chamber (8) are formed in the rotor (35') to the diameter h thereof applies: 5.0 mm ≤ h ≤ 30.0 mm. - Agitator mill according to claim 10, characterized
in that the auxiliary-grinding-body return conduits (60) are disposed to overlap with one another in the direction of the central longitudinal axis (19) and along a helical curve rising from the deflection conduit (15) towards the protective screen (30, 30', 30") in the direction of rotation (42). - Agitator mill according to one of the claims 1 to 11, characterized
in that the following applies to the diameter c of the auxiliary grinding bodies (43):
c ≤ 0.3 mm, and preferably 0.02 mm ≤ c ≤ 0.1 mm. - Agitator mill according to one of the claims 1 to 12, characterized
in that the protective screen (30") is joined to the agitator (20) in a non-rotational manner, and
in that a discharge (68) of the protective screen (30") directly projects into a grinding-stock discharge conduit (31') which is stationary with respect to the grinding receptacle (2). - Agitator mill according to one of the claims 1 to 13, characterized
in that the following applies to the relationship between the internal diameter D35 of the grinding chamber (8) and the external diameter D9 of the grinding chamber (8):
0.6 ≤ D35/D9 ≤ 0.95, and preferably 0.7 ≤ D35/D9 ≤ 0.85. - Agitator mill according to one of the claims 1 to 14, characterized
in that the following applies to the relationship between the internal diameter d23 of the discharge conduit (47) and the external diameter d35 of the discharge conduit (47):
0.8 ≤ d23/d35 ≤ 0.98, and preferably 0.9 ≤ d23/d35 ≤ 0.98.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP08013806A EP1992412B1 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2005-10-11 | Agitator mill |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2005/010910 WO2007042059A1 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2005-10-11 | Stirrer mill |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP08013806A Division EP1992412B1 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2005-10-11 | Agitator mill |
EP08013806.8 Division-Into | 2008-08-01 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1943022A1 EP1943022A1 (en) | 2008-07-16 |
EP1943022B1 true EP1943022B1 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
Family
ID=35519817
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP08013806A Ceased EP1992412B1 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2005-10-11 | Agitator mill |
EP05792291A Ceased EP1943022B1 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2005-10-11 | Stirrer mill |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP08013806A Ceased EP1992412B1 (en) | 2005-10-11 | 2005-10-11 | Agitator mill |
Country Status (7)
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US (2) | US20090179099A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1992412B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2009511255A (en) |
KR (2) | KR101128541B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101287554B (en) |
DE (2) | DE502005008983D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007042059A1 (en) |
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DE102015107789B3 (en) * | 2015-05-19 | 2016-07-07 | Netzsch-Feinmahltechnik Gmbh | Agitator ball mill and method of operating a stirred ball mill |
EP4032615A1 (en) | 2021-01-25 | 2022-07-27 | Wilhelm Niemann GmbH & Co KG | Agitator mill |
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- 2005-10-11 US US12/089,849 patent/US20090179099A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-10-11 DE DE502005008983T patent/DE502005008983D1/en active Active
- 2005-10-11 DE DE502005009341T patent/DE502005009341D1/en active Active
- 2005-10-11 EP EP08013806A patent/EP1992412B1/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-10-11 KR KR1020087010450A patent/KR101128541B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2005-10-11 KR KR1020107010389A patent/KR101230133B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-10-11 EP EP05792291A patent/EP1943022B1/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-10-11 WO PCT/EP2005/010910 patent/WO2007042059A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-10-11 CN CN2005800518113A patent/CN101287554B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-07-20 US US12/840,242 patent/US7931222B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102015107789B3 (en) * | 2015-05-19 | 2016-07-07 | Netzsch-Feinmahltechnik Gmbh | Agitator ball mill and method of operating a stirred ball mill |
WO2016184445A1 (en) | 2015-05-19 | 2016-11-24 | Netzsch-Feinmahltechnik Gmbh | Agitator ball mill and method for operating an agitator ball mill |
EP4032615A1 (en) | 2021-01-25 | 2022-07-27 | Wilhelm Niemann GmbH & Co KG | Agitator mill |
DE102021101527A1 (en) | 2021-01-25 | 2022-07-28 | Wilhelm Niemann Gmbh & Co. | agitator mill |
DE102021101527B4 (en) | 2021-01-25 | 2023-05-17 | Wilhelm Niemann Gmbh & Co. | agitator mill |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1943022A1 (en) | 2008-07-16 |
KR101128541B1 (en) | 2012-03-23 |
CN101287554B (en) | 2010-06-09 |
US7931222B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 |
US20090179099A1 (en) | 2009-07-16 |
KR101230133B1 (en) | 2013-02-05 |
WO2007042059A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
DE502005009341D1 (en) | 2010-05-12 |
CN101287554A (en) | 2008-10-15 |
JP2009511255A (en) | 2009-03-19 |
EP1992412B1 (en) | 2010-02-03 |
US20100282884A1 (en) | 2010-11-11 |
KR20080069979A (en) | 2008-07-29 |
EP1992412A1 (en) | 2008-11-19 |
KR20100077017A (en) | 2010-07-06 |
DE502005008983D1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
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