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  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
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  • C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
  • C12P7/42—Hydroxy-carboxylic acids

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of a keto compound to the corresponding chiral hydroxy compound, wherein the keto compound is reduced with an oxidoreductase.
• the invention further relates to novel oxidoreductases for use in the enantioselective reduction of keto compounds to chiral hydroxy compounds.
• Optically active hydroxy compounds are valuable chiral building blocks with wide application for the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds, aromatic substances, pheromones, agrochemicals and enzyme inhibitors.
• pharmacologically active compounds aromatic substances, pheromones, agrochemicals and enzyme inhibitors.
• chiral compounds there is an increasing demand for chiral compounds and thus for chiral synthesis technologies, since racemic compounds will scarcely be used as pharmaceuticals in the future.
• the asymmetric reduction of prochiral keto compounds is a sector of stereoselective catalysis in which biocatalysis represents a powerful competitive technology for chemical catalysis.
• Chemical asymmetric hydrogenation requires the use of highly toxic and environmentally hazardous heavy metal catalysts, extreme and thus energy-intensive reaction conditions and large amounts of organic solvents. Furthermore, these methods are often characterized by side reactions and insufficient enantiomeric excesses.
• Reductions of prochiral keto compounds to hydroxy compounds and vice versa occur in nature in numerous biochemical pathways, both in primary metabolism and in secondary metabolism, in any organism and are catalyzed by different types of secondary alcohol dehydrogenases and oxidoreductases. These enzymes are usually cofactor-dependent.
• biocatalysts for the reduction of prochiral keto compounds to chiral hydroxy compounds has been repeatedly demonstrated in the past by model systems using both isolated oxidoreductases and different whole-cell biotransformation systems.
• the biocatalytic approach proved to be advantageous in terms of mild reaction conditions, lack of by-products and often significantly better achievable enantiomeric excesses.
• isolated enzymes is advantageous over whole cell methods in terms of the achievable enantiomeric excess, degradation and by-product formation, as well as product isolation.
• the Use of whole-cell processes is not possible for every chemical company because special equipment and know-how are required.
• Carbonyl reductase from Candida parapsilosis (CPCR) (US 5,523,223 and US 5,763,236, (Enzyme Microb Technol. 1993 Nov; 15 (l l): 950-8)) and Pichia capsulata (DE 10327454.4).
• Carbonyl reductase from Rhodococcus erythropolis (RECR) (US 5,523,223), Norcardia fusca (Biosci Biotechnol.Biochem., 63 (10) (1999), pages 1721-1729), (Appl Microbiol Biotechnol., 2003 Sep; 62 (4): 380 Epub 2003 Apr 26), and Rhodococcus ruber (J Org Chem. 2003 Jan 24; 68 (2): 402-6.).
• the present invention is now a series of new, enantioselective, R- and S-specific oxidoreductases, which are characterized by good stability in aqueous / organic two-phase systems as well as by good expressibility in Escherichia coli (> 500 units / g E. coli biosynthetic mass), and a method for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of a keto compound to the corresponding chiral hydroxy compound.
• amino acids are identical to the amino acids of one of the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 6 and SEQ ID No 8, or
• amino acids are identical to the amino acids of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 5, or
• the polypeptide according to SEQ ID No 1 can be obtained from yeasts, in particular from yeasts of the genus Rhodotorula, in particular from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa.
• the invention furthermore relates to a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No. 9 which codes for the protein having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
• the oxidoreductase from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa reduces 2-octanone to S-2-octanol and oxidizes preferably S-2-octanol from both enantiomers of 2-octanol.
• the oxidoreductase from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is, for example, a homodimer with a molecular weight determined in the SDS gel of 30 ⁇ 2 k Da.
• the pH optimum for the reduction reaction for this oxidoreductase is in the range of 7.0 to 8.0 and the pH optimum for the oxidation reaction is in the range of 8.5-10.
• Rhodotorula mucilaginosa has a good temperature and pH stability and shows in pH range of 5.5 to 10 and at temperatures up to 35 0 C even with incubation times of several hours only little loss of activity. Furthermore, the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa oxidoreductase has high stability in organic solvents.
• Polypeptides corresponding to SEQ ID No 2 or SEQ ID No 8 can be obtained from yeasts, in particular from yeasts of the genera Pichia, Candida, Pachysolen, Debaromyces or Issachenkia, in particular from Pichia farinosa DSMZ 3316 or Candida nemodendra DSMZ 70647.
• the invention furthermore relates to a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No 10 and a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No 16 which code for the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No 2 and SEQ ID No 8.
• the oxidoreductase preferably reduces 2-butanone to R-2-butanol and preferentially oxidizes R-2-butanol from both enantiomers of 2-butanol.
• the oxidoreductase from Pichia farinosa has a much higher activity towards R-2-butanol and 2-propanol than compared to R-2-octanol, furthermore, the enzyme has a much higher activity towards acetone and 2-butanone as compared to 2- octanone.
• the oxidoreductase from Candida nemodendra has a similar activity to R-2-butanol, 2-propanol and R-2-octanol, further, the enzyme also has an approximately similar activity to 2-octanone.
• the oxidoreductase from Pichia farinosa is a homodimer with a molecular weight determined in the SDS gel of 27 ⁇ 2 k Da.
• the pH optimum for the reduction reaction for this oxidoreductase is in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 and the pH optimum for the oxidation reaction is in the range of 7.5-10.
• the oxidoreductase from Pichia farinosa has good pH and solvent stability and shows in the pH range of 5.5 to 10, even at incubation times of several hours only little loss of activity.
• the oxidoreductase from Candida nemodendra is a homomer with a molecular weight determined in the SDS gel of 27 ⁇ 2 k Da.
• the pH optimum for the reduction reaction is 6 for this oxidoreductase and the pH optimum for the oxidation reaction is in the range of 10-1.
• the oxidoreductase from Candida nemodendra has a good pH and solvent stability and shows in the pH range of 6.5 to 9.5, even at incubation times of several hours, only slight loss of activity.
• the polypeptides corresponding to SEQ ID No 3 or SEQ ID No 7 can be obtained from yeasts, in particular from yeasts of the genera Pichia and Candida, in particular from Pichia stipidis DSMZ 3651 and Pichia trehalophila DSMZ 70391.
• the invention further relates to a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No 11 and a Nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No 15, which encode for the polypeptides SEQ ID No 3 and SEQ ID No 7, respectively.
• the carbonyl reductase from yeasts of the genus Pichia and Candida which have at least 65% identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 3 or at least 50% identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 7 reduce 2-octanone preferably to S-2-octanol and oxidize of both enantiomers of 2-octanol, preferably S-2-octanol. They are also particularly suitable for the reduction of 4-haloacetoacetate ester to R-4-halo-3-hydroxybutyric acid esters.
• the oxidoreductase from Pichia stipidis is a homodimer with a molecular weight determined in the SDS gel of 36 ⁇ 2 k Da.
• the pH optimum for the reduction reaction for this oxidoreductase ranges from 5.5 to 6.5, and the pH optimum for the oxidation reaction is in the range of 6.5-8.0.
• the oxidoreductase from Pichia stipidis has a good pH and solvent stability and shows in the pH range of 5.5 to 10, even at incubation times of several hours only little loss of activity.
• the oxidoreductase from Pichia trehalophila is a homomer with a molecular weight determined in the SDS gel of 36 ⁇ 2 k Da.
• the pH optimum for the reduction reaction for this oxidoreductase is in the range of 7-7.5 and the pH optimum for the oxidation reaction is in the range of 7-8.
• the polypeptide according to SEQ ID No 4 can be obtained from bacteria of the group Leuconostoc, in particular from Leuconostoc carnosum DSMZ 5576.
• the invention furthermore relates to a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No 12 which codes for a protein having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 4.
• the polypeptide is particularly useful for the reduction of 2-octanone to R-2-octanol and for the oxidation of R-2-octanol. It is also very suitable for the reduction of 4-haloacetoacetate ester to S-4-halo-3-hydroxybutyric acid esters.
• the oxidoreductase from Leuconostoc carnosum is a homodimer with a molecular weight determined in the SDS gel of 27 ⁇ 2 k Da.
• the pH optimum for the reduction reaction for this oxidoreductase is in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 and the pH optimum for the oxidation reaction is in the range of 6.0-9.0.
• the oxidoreductase from Leuconostoc carnosum has a good temperature, pH and solvent stability and shows in the pH range of 4.5 to 10 and at temperatures up to 35 ° C, even with incubation times of several hours only little loss of activity.
• the polypeptide corresponding to SEQ ID No 5 can be selected from bacteria of the group Actinobacteria, in particular from bacteria of the group Microbacterium, in particular from Microbacterium spec. DSMZ 20028 won.
• the invention furthermore relates to a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No 13 which codes for the protein having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 5.
• the polypeptide is very well suited for the reduction of 2-octanone to S-2-octanol and oxidized by both enantiomers of 2-octanol preferably S-2-octanol oxidized. It is also very suitable for the reduction of 4-haloacetoacetate ester to R-4-halo-3-hydroxybutyric acid esters.
• DSMZ 20028 is a homotetramer with a molecular weight determined in the SDS gel of 35 ⁇ 2 k Da.
• the pH optimum for the reduction reaction for this oxidoreductase is in the range of 6.0 to 7.5, and the pH optimum for the oxidation reaction is in the range of 7.5-9.5.
• the oxidoreductase from Microbacterium spec has a good temperature, pH and solvent stability and shows in the pH range of 4.5 to 10 and at temperatures up to 50 0 C, even with incubation times of several hours only little loss of activity.
• the polypeptide according to SEQ ID No 6 can be obtained from bacteria of the group Actinobacteria, in particular from bacteria of the group Gordonia, in particular from Gordonia rubripertincta DSMZ 43570.
• the invention furthermore relates to a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No 14 which codes for the protein having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 6.
• the polypeptide is very well suited for the reduction of 2-octanone to S-2-octanol and oxidized by both enantiomers of 2-octanol preferably S-2-octanol oxidized. It is also very suitable for the reduction of 4-haloacetoacetate ester to R-4-halo-3-hydroxybutyric acid esters.
• the Gordoria rubripertincta DSMZ 43570 oxidoreductase is a homomer with a molecular weight determined in the SDS gel of 41 ⁇ 3 k Da.
• the pH optimum for the reduction reaction for this oxidoreductase is in the range of 4.5 to 5.5, and the pH optimum for the oxidation reaction is in the range of 7.5 to 9.5.
• the oxidoreductase from Gordonia rubripertincta DSMZ 43570 has a good temperature, pH and solvent stability and shows in the pH range of 4.5-10 and at temperatures up to 55 ° C, even with incubation times of several hours only little loss of activity.
• the polypeptide according to SEQ ID No 129 can be obtained from yeasts, in particular from yeasts of the genera Lodderomyces, in particular from Lodderomyces elongisporus DSMZ 70320.
• the invention furthermore relates to a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No 130 which codes for the protein having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 129.
• the polypeptide is very well suited for the reduction of 2-octanone to S-2-octanol and oxidized of both enantiomers of 2-octanol preferably S-2-octanol oxidized. It is also very suitable for the reduction of 4-haloacetoacetate ester to R-4-halo-3-hydroxybutyric acid esters.
• the invention further relates to fusion proteins, which are characterized in that they contain oxidoreductases having the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 2, SEQ ID No 3, SEQ ID No 4, SEQ ID No 5, SEQ ID No 6, SEQ ID No 7, SEQ ID No 8, SEQ ID No 129 or their homologs which are peptidically linked to another polypeptide at the N-terminal or carboxy-terminal end.
• fusion proteins can be more easily separated from other proteins, or can be recombinantly expressed in larger quantities.
• the invention further relates to antibodies which are specific to the oxidoreductases according to SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 2, SEQ ID No 3, SEQ ID No 4, SEQ ID No 5, SEQ ID No 6, SEQ ID No 7, SEQ ID No 8, SEQ ID No 129 or their homologs bind.
• the production of these antibodies is carried out by known methods by immunization of suitable mammals and subsequent recovery of the antibodies.
• the antibodies can be monoclonal or polyclonal.
• Comparisons of amino acid sequences can be made, for example, on the Internet in protein data beacons such as e.g. SWISS-PROT, PIR and DNA databases such as EMBL, GenBank etc. using the FASTA program or BLAST program.
• the optimal alignment is determined using the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) algorithm (Altschul et al., 1990, Proc Natl Acd., See, USA, 87: 2264-2268).
• the scoring matrix used to calculate sequence similarity is based on the PAM30 matrix. (Dayhoff; MO, Black, RM, Orcutt, BC 1978. "A Model of Evolutionary Change in Proteins” in "Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure” 5 (3) MO Dayhoff (ed) 345-352, National Biomedical Research Foundation) ,
• the invention further relates to protein fragments which are characterized in that they represent fragments of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 1, with a number of more than 26 amino acids per fragment.
• the invention furthermore relates to a microbial carbonyl dehydrogenase which has the N-terminal amino acid sequence MPATLRLDK (SEQ ID No 17) and / or the C-terminal amino acid sequence QALAAPSNLAPKA (SEQ ID No 18) and one of the internal partial sequences VEIIKTQVQD (SEQ ID No 19), KVAIITGGASGIGL (SEQ ID No 20), SCYVTPEG (SEQ ID No 21), TDFKVDGG (SEQ ID No 22), VMFNNAGIMH (SEQ ID No 23), or VHAREGIRIN (SEQ ID No 24).
• the invention further relates to protein fragments which are characterized in that they represent fragments of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 2, with a number of more than 15 amino acids per fragment.
• the invention furthermore relates to a microbial carbonyl dehydrogenase which has the N-terminal amino acid sequence MA YNFTNKVA (SEQ ID No. 25) and / or the C-terminal amino acid sequence TTLLVDGGYTAQ (SEQ ID No. 26) and / or one of the internal partial sequences EYKEAAFTN (SEQ ID No. 27). , NKV AIITGGIS GIGLA (SEQ ID NO 28), DVNLNGVFS (SEQ ID NO 29), HYCASKGGV (SEQ ID NO 30), NCINPGYI (SEQ ID NO 31), or LHPMGRLGE (SEQ ID NO 32).
• the invention further relates to protein fragments which are characterized in that they represent fragments of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 3, with a number of more than 15 amino acids per fragment.
• the invention further relates to a microbial carbonyl dehydrogenase N-terminal amino acid sequence MSIP ATQ YGFV (SEQ ID No 33) and / or C-terminal amino acid sequence SAYEGRVVFKP (SEQ ID No 34) and / or one of the internal partial sequences CHSDLHAIY (SEQ ID No 35), GYQQYLLVE (SEQ ID No 36), TFDTCQKYV (SEQ ID No 37), LLTPYHAM (SEQ ID No 38), LVSKGKVKP (SEQ ID No 39), GAGGLGVNG (SEQ ID No 40), IQIAKAFGAT (SEQ ID No 41 ) or LGSFWGTS (SEQ ID No 42).
• the invention further relates to protein fragments which are characterized in that they represent fragments of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 4, with a number of more than 18 amino acids per fragment.
• the invention furthermore relates to a microbial carbonyl dehydrogenase which has the N-terminal amino acid sequence MTDRLKNKVA (SEQ ID No 43) and / or the C-terminal amino acid sequence AEFVVDGGYLAQ (SEQ ID No 44) and / or one of the internal partial sequences VVITGRRAN (SEQ ID No 45). , GGASIINMS (SEQ ID No 46), TQTPMGHI (SEQ ID No 47) or GYIKTPLVDG (SEQ ID No 48).
• the invention further relates to protein fragments which are characterized in that they represent fragments of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 5, with a number of more than 18 amino acids per fragment.
• the invention furthermore relates to a microbial carbonyl dehydrogenase which has the N-terminal amino acid sequence MKALQYTKIGS (SEQ ID No. 49) and / or the C-terminal amino acid sequence LAAGTVRGRAVIVP (SEQ ID No. 50) and / or one of the internal partial sequences CHSDEFVMSLSE (SEQ ID No. 51). , VYGP WGCGRC (SEQ ID No 52), VSLTDAGLTPYHA (SEQ ID NO 53), LRAVSAATVIAL (SEQ ID No 54) or DFVGADPTI (SEQ ID No 55).
• the invention also relates to protein fragments which are characterized in that they represent fragments of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 6, with a number of more than 26 amino acids per fragment.
• the invention furthermore relates to a microbial carbonyl dehydrogenase which has the N-terminal amino acid sequence MKAIQIIQ (SEQ ID No 56) and / or the C-terminal amino acid sequence DLRGRA VV VP (SEQ ID No 57) and / or one of the internal partial sequences TAAGACHSD (SEQ ID No 58), TPYHAIKPSLP (SEQ ID NO 59), DFVGLQPT (SEQ ID No 60), VYGAWGCG (SEQ ID No 61), DDARHLVP (SEQ ID No 62), MTLGHEGA (SEQ ID No 63) or GGLGHVGIQLLRHL (SEQ ID No 64) contains.
• MKAIQIIQ SEQ ID No 56
• DLRGRA VV VP SEQ ID No 57
• TAAGACHSD SEQ ID No 58
• TPYHAIKPSLP SEQ ID NO 59
• DFVGLQPT SEQ ID No 60
• the invention further relates to a cloning vector comprising one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding the carbonyl reductases according to SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 2, SEQ ID No 3, SEQ ID No 4, SEQ ID No 5, SEQ ID No 6, SEQ ID No 7, SEQ ID No 8, SEQ ID No 129 or their homologs.
• the invention further comprises such a cloning vector which, in addition to the carbonyl reductase, contains a suitable enzyme for the regeneration of the NAD (P), e.g. Formate dehydrogenases, alcohol dehydrogenases or glucose dehydrogenase.
• NAD NAD
• the invention furthermore relates to an expression vector which is located in a bacterial, insect, plant or mammalian cell and contains a nucleic acid sequence which corresponds to the carbonyl reductases according to SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 2, SEQ ID No 3, SEQ ID No 4 , SEQ ID No 5, SEQ ID No 6, SEQ ID No 7, SEQ ID No 8, SEQ ID No 129 or their homologues encoded and which is suitably connected to an expression control sequence.
• the invention further relates to a recombinant host cell which is a bacterial, yeast, insect, plant or mammalian cell and has been transformed or transferred with such an expression vector and to a production process for obtaining a carbonyl reductase which is based on cultivation of such a recombinant host cell.
• cloning vectors examples include ppCR script, pCMV script, pBluescript (Stratagene), pDrive cloning Vector (Quiagen, Hilden, Germany), pS Blue, pET Blue, pET LIC vectors (Novagen, Madison, USA) and TA-PCR cloning vectors (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany).
• Suitable expression vectors are pKK223-3, pTrc99a, pUC, pTZ, pSK, pBluescript, pGEM, pQE, pET, PHUB, pPLc, pKC30, pRMI / pRM9, pTrxFus, pAS 1, pGEx, pMAL or pTrx.
• Suitable expression control sequences are, for example, trp-lac (tac) promoter, trp-lac (trc) promoter, lac promoter, T7 promoter or ⁇ pL promoter.
• the oxidoreductases according to SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 2, SEQ ID No 3, SEQ ID No 4, SEQ ID No 5, SEQ ID No 6, SEQ ID No 7, SEQ ID No 8, SEQ ID No 129 or their homologs can be obtained in such a way that the above-mentioned recombinant E. coli cells are cultured, the expression of the corresponding oxidoreductase is induced and then after about 10 to 18 hours (h) the cells are sonicated, wet-milled with glass beads in a ball mill (Retsch, GmbH, Haan Germany 10 min, 24 Hz) or by means of a high-pressure homogenizer.
• the resulting cell extract can either be used directly or further purified.
• the cell extract is centrifuged, for example, and the supernatant obtained is subjected to ion exchange chromatography, for example by ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose Fast Flow® (Pharmacia).
• the invention further relates to a process for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of a keto compound to the corresponding chiral hydroxy compound, wherein the keto compound is reduced in the presence of a co-factor with an oxidoreductase, characterized in that an oxidoreductase is used which have an amino acid sequence in which
• amino acids are identical to the amino acids of one of the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 6 and SEQ ID No 8, or
• amino acids are identical to the amino acids of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No 5, or
• alkenyl is straight-chain or branched-chain and optionally contains up to four double bonds
• alkynyl is straight-chain or branched-chain and optionally contains up to four triple bonds
• R 2 is one of the radicals
• alkyl is straight-chain or branched-chain
• alkenyl is straight-chain or branched-chain and optionally contains up to three double bonds
• alkynyl is straight-chain or branched-chain and optionally contains two triple bonds
• the invention further relates to a process for the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of a keto compound to the corresponding chiral hydroxy compound, wherein the Keto compound is reduced in the presence of a co-factor with an oxidoreductase, which is characterized in that an oxidoreductase is used, for which
• aryl refers to aromatic carbon radicals having 6 to 14 carbon atoms in the ring.
• - (C 6 -C i 4) -aryl radicals are for example phenyl, naphthyl, for example 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, biphenylyl, for example 2-biphenylyl, 3-biphenylyl and 4-biphenylyl, anthryl or fluorenyl.
• Biphenylyl radicals, naphthyl radicals and in particular phenyl radicals are preferred aryl radicals.
• halogen is understood to mean an element from the series fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• - (Cj-C20) - alkyl is a hydrocarbon radical understood whose carbon chain is straight or branched and comprises 1 to 20 carbon atoms for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tertiary-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl , Octyl, nonenyl or decanyl
• -C 0 -alkyl is understood to mean a covalent bond.
• - (C 3 -C 7) -cycloalkyl means cyclic hydrocarbon radicals, such as cyclopropyl, cylobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.
• - (C 5 -C 14) heterocycle means a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-membered to 14-membered heterocyclic ring which is partially saturated or fully saturated.
• heteroatoms are N, O and S.
• Examples of the term - (C 5 -Cn) - heterocycle are radicals which are derived from pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, tetrazole, l , 2,3,5-oxathiadiazole-2-oxides, triazolones, oxadiazolones, isoxazolones, oxadiazolidinediones, triazoles, represented by F, -CN, -CF 3 or - C (O) -O- (C 1 -C 4 ) -alkyl substituert, 3-hydroxypyrro-2,4-diones, 5-o
• the radicals are 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, phenylpyrrolyl, such as 4- or 5-phenyl-2-pyrrolyl, 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, 4-imidazolyl, methylimidazolyl, for example 1-methyl-2, -4- or -5-imidazolyl, 1,3-thiazol-2-yl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl-N-oxide, 2-pyrazinyl, 2 -, 4- or 5-pyrimidinyl, 2-, 3- or 5-indolyl, substituted 2-indolyl, for example 1-methyl, 5-methyl, 5-methoxy, 5-benzyloxy, 5-chloro or 4,5-dimethyl-2-indolyl, 1-benzyl-2- or 3-indolyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-indolyl, cyclohepta [b]
• Preferred compounds of the formula I are, for example, ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl 8-chloro-6-oxooctanoic acid, ethyl 3-oxovalerate, 4-hydroxy-2-butanone, ethyl 2-oxovalerate, ethyl 2-oxo 4-phenylbutyric acid, ethyl pyruvate, ethyl phenylglyoxylate, 1-phenyl-2-propanone, 2-chloro-1- (3-chlorophenyl) ethan-1-one, acetophenone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, 2-butanone, [3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] ethane-1-one, 2,5-hexanedione, 1,4-dichloro-2-butanone, acetoxyacetone, phenacyl chloride, e
• the oxidoreductases can either be used completely purified or partially purified in the process according to the invention or can be carried out with cells containing the oxidoreductases according to the invention.
• the cells used can be native, permeabilized or lysed. Preference is given to the monten oxidoreductases according to SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 2, SEQ ID No 3, SEQ ID No 4, SEQ ID No 5, SEQ ID No 6, SEQ ID No 7, SEQ ID No 8, SEQ ID No 129 or their homologues used.
• the enzyme unit 1 U corresponds to the amount of enzyme required to react 1 ⁇ mol of the compound of the formula I per minute (min)
• the enzymatic reduction itself proceeds under mild conditions, so that the alcohols produced do not continue to react.
• the novel processes have a long service life and an enantiomeric purity of generally more than 95% of the chiral alcohols prepared and a high yield based on the amount of keto compounds used.
• the carbonyl compound is used in the process according to the invention in an amount of from 3% to 50%, based on the total volume, preferably from 5% to 40%, in particular from 10% to 30%.
• a preferred embodiment of the invention is further characterized in that the NAD or NADP formed in the reduction is reduced continuously with a cosubstrate to NADH or NADPH.
• the co-substrate preferably used are primary and secondary alcohols, such as ethanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-heptanol, 2-octanol or cyclohexanol.
• cosubstrates are converted by means of an oxidoreductase and NAD or NADP to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones and NADH or NADPH. This leads to the regeneration of NADH or NADPH.
• the proportion of the cosubstrate for the regeneration is from 5 to 95% by volume, based on the total volume.
• an alcohol dehydrogenase may additionally be added.
• Suitable NADH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases are obtainable, for example, from baker's yeast, from Candida boidinii, Candida parapsilosis or Pichia capsulata.
• Suitable NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases are also found in Lactobacillus brevis (DE 196 10 984 A1), Lactobacillus minor (DE 101 19 274), Pseudomonas (US 5,385,833) or in Thermoanaerobium brockii.
• Suitable cosubstrates for these alcohol dehydrogenases are the abovementioned secondary alcohols, such as ethanol, 2-propanol (isopropanol), 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-octanol or cyclohexanol.
• cofactor regeneration may also be performed, for example, with NAD- or NADP-dependent formate dehydrogenase (Tishkov et al., J. Biotechnol., Bioeng., 1999, 64, 187-193, Pilot-scale production and isolation of recombinant NAD and NADP specific Formats dehydrogenase) are performed.
• Suitable cosubstrates of formate dehydrogenase are, for example, salts of formic acid, such as ammonium formate, sodium formate or calcium formate.
• the methods of the invention are carried out without such additional dehydrogenase, i. a substrate-coupled coenzyme regeneration takes place.
• the aqueous portion of the reaction mixture in which the enzymatic reduction takes place preferably contains a buffer, for example potassium phosphate, tris / HCl or triethanolamine buffer, having a pH of from 5 to 10, preferably a pH of from 6 to 9.
• the buffer may additionally contain ions for stabilizing or activating the enzymes, for example zinc ions or magnesium ions.
• the temperature is advantageously from about 10 ° C to 70 0 C, preferably from 20 0 C to 40 0 C while carrying out the inventive method.
• the enzymatic reaction is carried out in the presence of an organic solvent which is immiscible or only slightly miscible with water.
• This solvent is for example, a symmetrical or unsymmetrical di (Ci-C 6 ) alkyl ether, a straight-chain or branched alkane or cycloalkane or a water-insoluble secondary alcohol, which also represents the cosubstrate.
• the preferred organic solvents are, for example, diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, butyl acetate, heptane, hexane, 2-octanol, 2-heptanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol or cyclohexane.
• the solvent can also serve as co-substrate for cofactor regeneration.
• the reaction mixture consists of the use of water-insoluble solvents or cosubstrates of an aqueous and an organic phase.
• the substrate is distributed according to its solubility between organic and aqueous phase.
• the organic phase generally has a content of from 5 to 95%, preferably from 10 to 90%, based on the total reaction volume.
• the two liquid phases are preferably mechanically mixed so that a large surface is created between them.
• the NAD or NADP formed in the enzymatic reduction can be reduced again to NADH or NADPH with a cosubstrate as described.
• the concentration of the cofactor NADH or NADPH in the aqueous phase is generally 0.001 mM to ImM, in particular 0.01 mM to 0.1 mM.
• a stabilizer of the oxidoreductase / dehydrogenase is also possible.
• Suitable stabilizers are, for example, glycerol, sorbitol, 1,4-DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
• the process according to the invention is carried out, for example, in a closed reaction vessel made of glass or metal.
• the components are transferred individually into the reaction vessel and stirred under an atmosphere of, for example, nitrogen or air.
• the reaction time is from 1 hour to 48 hours, especially from 2 hours to 24 hours.
• the reaction mixture is worked up.
• the aqueous phase is separated, the organic phase is filtered. If appropriate, the aqueous phase can be extracted once more and, like the organic phase, worked up further. Thereafter, if necessary, the solvent is evaporated from the filtered organic phase.
• the invention further relates to a process for obtaining chiral hydroxy compound of the formula II,
• reaction conditions are essentially the same as in the abovementioned process for the enantiospecific reduction of the keto compound of the formula I.
• an enantioselective reduction of the keto compound of the formula I from the racemic mixture of the compound of the formula II only one enantiomer of the hydroxy compound of the formula II is enantioselective oxidized corresponding keto compound. This leaves the opposite enantiomer of the hydroxy compound of formula II and can be isolated.
• the alcohols used as cosubstrates such as ethanol, 2-propanol (isopropanol), 2-butanol, 2-pentanol or 2-octanol
• their corresponding ketones such as acetone used for the regeneration of the NAD.
• the acetone and NAD (P) H are reacted with the oxidoreductase according to the invention or an additional dehydrogenase to form NAD and isopropanol.
• the yeast strains Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DSMZ 70825, Pichia farinosa DSMZ 3316, Candida nemodendra DSMZ 70647, Pichia stipidis DSMZ 3651 and Pichia trehalophila DSMZ 70391, Lodderomyces elongisporus DSMZ 70320 were cultured in the following medium: Yeast extract (3), malt extract (3), peptones (5) and glucose (10) (numbers in parenthesis are each g / l). The medium was sterilized at 121 ° C. and the yeasts were cultivated without further pH regulation at 25 ° C and on a shaker at 160 revolutions per minute (rpm).
• the strain Leuconostoc carnosum DSMZ 5576 was cultured in the following medium: glucose (20), yeast extract (5), meat extract (10), diammonium hydrogen citrate (2), sodium acetate (5), magnesium sulphate (0.2), manganese sulphate (0, 05), di-potassium hydrogen phosphate (2).
• the medium was sterilized at 121 ° C and the organism was cultured at 30 ° C without further pH regulation or oxygenation.
• the strain Microbacterium spec. DSMZ 20028 was cultured on a medium of yeast extract (3) and trypticase soy flour (30) at 30 ° C and 160 revolutions per minute (rpm).
• the strain Gordonia rubripertincta DSMZ 43570 was cultured on a medium of yeast extract (4), glucose (4), malt extract (10) and CaCO 3 (2) at 37 ° C and 160 revolutions per minute (rpm).
• the supernatant (lysate) obtained after centrifugation for 2 min at 12000 rpm was used in the following activity screening and for determination of the enantiomeric excess (ee value).
• various ketones such as 2-butanone, 2-octanone, ethyl-4-chloroacetoacetate, acetophenone or ethyl-2-oxo-4-phenylbutyric acid were used.
• ee (%) ((R-Alcohol -S-Alcohol) / (R-Alcohol + S-Alcohol)) x 100.
• DSMZ German Collection for Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Mascheroder Weg Ib, 38124 Braunschweig. Definition of the enzyme units: 1 U corresponds to the amount of enzyme required to react 1 ⁇ mol of substrate per minute.
• the crude extract obtained after centrifugation (7000 rpm) was then further purified by FPLC (fast protein liquid chromatography).
• All oxidoreductases according to the invention could be prepared by different combinations of ion exchange chromatography, for example on Q-Sepharose Fast Flow (Pharmacia). or Uno Q (Biorad, Kunststoff, Germany), hydrophobic interaction chromatography, for example on Octyl Sepharose Fast Flow or Butyl Sepharose Fast Flow (Pharmacia), ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography and gel permeation.
• the oxidoreductase-containing fractions were combined and concentrated by ultrafiltration (cut-off 10 kDa) to a suitable volume.
• the concentrated fractions of the oxidoreductase were further purified by means of Uno Q.
• Catalase (232 kDa), aldolase (158 kDa), albumin (69.8 kDa) and ovalbumin (49.4 kDa) were used as molecular weight standards.
• the enzyme activity of the oxidoreductase was determined in the test system according to Example 1, (activity screening approach) and the amount of protein was determined according to Lowry et al. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193 (1951): 265-275 or Peterson et al. , Analytical Biochemistry, 100 (1979): 201-220). The quotient of enzyme activity to protein amount gives the specific activity, wherein the conversion of 1 .mu.mol per minute corresponds to 1 unit (U).
• the oxidoreductase was eluted at 0.6 to 0.8 M NaCl.
• the oxidoreductase-containing fractions were pooled and concentrated by ultrafiltration (10 kDa cut-off) to an appropriate volume.
• the concentrated fractions of the oxidoreductase were further purified by means of Uno Q.
• the oxidoreductase was applied directly to a UnoQ column equilibrated with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) (Biorad) and eluted with increasing linear salt gradient, the oxidoreductase eluting at 0.2-0.25 M NaCl.
• the third purification step was carried out on a ceramic hydroxyapatite column (Pharmacia) using the oxidoreductase from Microbacterium spec.
• the oxidoreductase was eluted at 80-100 mM potassium phosphate buffer. Thereafter, the molecular weight of the resulting purified oxidoreductase was determined as described under 2a.
• Example S ⁇ determination of the N-terminal sequence of an oxidoreductase according to the invention
• the enzyme preparations according to Example 2 were separated after gel permeation in 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel and transferred to a polyvinylidene diflouride membrane (PVDF membrane).
• SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
• PVDF membrane polyvinylidene diflouride membrane
• the conspicuous band was subjected to N-terminal sequencing by Edman degradation (Procise 492 (PE-Biosystems).
• Amplification is in PCR buffer [67 mm Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 16 mM (NH 4) 2 SO 4, 115 mM MgCl 2, 0.01% to Tween 20], 0.2 mM deoxy-nucleotide triphosphate mix (dNTP), 40 pmol per primer and 2.5 U BioTherm Star Polymerase (Genecraft, Lüdingshausen, Germany)].
• PCR buffer 67 mm Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 16 mM (NH 4) 2 SO 4, 115 mM MgCl 2, 0.01% to Tween 20
• dNTP deoxy-nucleotide triphosphate mix
• the specific fragment resulting in the polymerase chain reaction is ligated into the TA cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany) and ligated with the primers M13 rev (SEQ ID No 65) and M1 3 uni (SEQ ID No 128) using ABI Sequenced DNA sequencer.
• the 5'- and 3'-terminal regions of the gene coding sequence are determined by means of RACE method (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). Based on the nucleic acid sequence of the specific fragment, oligonucleotides for 3'-RACE and 5'-RACE are constructed. As a template for the synthesis of the first cDNA strand by means of 3'-RACE System (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany) serves total RNA prepared from the cells. This is followed by amplification and reamplification of the specific cDNA using 3'-RACE oligonucleotides (SEQ ID Nos. 76, 77, 84, 85). Then the batch is applied to a 1% agarose gel for analysis. The specific fragment carrying the missing 3 'flanking sequence information is ligated in isolation into a TA cloning vector pCR2.1 and sequenced.
• the coding and non-coding 5'-terminal sequences are determined by means of 5'-RACE system (Invitrogen).
• mRNA is enriched from the previously obtained total RNA with the aid of oligo dT cellulose (NEB, Beverly, USA) and used in the synthesis of the first cDNA strand with the gene-specific oligonucleotides (SEQ ID No. 70; 71; 78; 79; 86; 87).
• Subsequent amplification and reamplification of the specific cDNA results in a fragment which is ligated for analysis into a pCR2.1 TA cloning vector (Invitrogen).
• the plasmid containing the fragment is analyzed by means of an ABI DNA sequencer. Thus, the missing sequence information about 5 'end of the gene is obtained.
• Chromosomal DNA serves as a template in subsequent PCR.
• the coding for the respective oxidoreductase DNA section is amplified using Platinum pfic polymerase (Invitrogen).
• the resulting PCR product is treated after purification via a 1% agarose gel with appropriate DNA endonucleases and into the backbone of the pET21a vector (Novagen, Madison, USA) treated with the same endonucleases, or backbone of the pQE70 vector (Qiagen, Hilden , Germany).
• the resulting expression construct is brought after sequencing in expression strain BL21 Star (Invitrogen), or RB791 (E. coli genetic stock, YaIe, USA).
• chromosomal DNA was extracted from the fresh cells Pichia Farinosa by the method described in "Molecular Cloning" by Manniatis & Sambrook.
• the resulting nucleic acid served as a template for a touch-down PCR with oligonucleotides SEQIDNo. 74; 75.
• Biotherm Star polymerase activation in a PCR cycler (BioRad, Hercules, USA), the following 30 temperature cycles were programmed to identify the specific DNA fragment: 94 ° C 45 See
• oligonucleotides were constructed for a 3'-RACE (SEQ ID NO: 76; 77) and 5'-RACE (SEQ ID NO: 78; 79; 88).
• SEQ ID NO: 76; 77 3'-RACE
• SEQ ID NO: 78; 79; 88 5'-RACE
• the synthesis of the first cDNA strand was performed using 3'RACE System (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany).
• the specific cDNA with oligonucleotides SEQ ID No 76 and AUAP in the reaction: 67 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 16 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 115 mM MgCl 2 , 0.01% Tween 20] , 0.2 mM deoxy-nucleotide triphosphate mix (dNTPs), 10 pmole per primer and 2.5 U BioTherm Star Polymerase (Genecraft, Ludinghausen, Germany) and the following 30 temperature cycles: 94 ° C 40 sec, 55 ° C 40 sec, 72 ° C 1 min amplified.
• the PCR signal was amplified by a nest PCR with primer SEQ ID NO 77 and primer UAP (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany) with 30 temperature cycles: 94 ° C 40 sec, 55 ° C 40 sec, 72 ° C 50 sec. This resulted in a specific DNA fragment of a size of about 400 bp, which was ligated after isolation from the 1% agarose gel in the vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). Sequence analysis of the 382 bp DNA segment provided sequence information about the 3 'extension to the stop codon and the poly-A loop of the Pichia Farinosa oxidoreductase-encoding cDNA.
• RNA prepared from the cells Pichia farinosa were used.
• the synthesis of gene-specific cDNA was carried out using the 5'RACE system (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany) and the oligonucleotide SEQIDNo 78.
• the resulting gene-specific cDNA was subjected to a homopolymeric dCTP addition reaction.
• the PCR signal was through a nest PCR with primer SEQ ID NO 88 and primer UAP (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany) with 30 temperature cycles: 94 ° C 40 sec, 55 ° C 40 sec, 72 0 C l min amplified. This resulted in a specific DNA fragment of about 350 bp in size which, after elution from the 1% agarose gel, was ligated into the vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). Sequence analysis of the 352 bp DNA segment provided sequence information about the 5'-end of the alcohol dehydrogenase / reductase-encoding cDNA.
• the DNA segment encoding the protein has a total length of 765 bp (SEQ ID No. 10) and an open reading frame of 254 amino acids (SEQ ID No. 2).
• Chromosomal DNA of Pichia farinosa cells was used as template for the generation of full-length DNA in a polymerase chain reaction [10 mM Tris-HCl, (pH 8.0); 50 mM KCl; 10mM MgSO 4 ; 0.2 mM dNTP mix; 20 pmol of primer SEQ ID No 91, or 20 pmol of primer SEQ ID No 92, 20 pmoles of primer SEQ ID No. 93 and 2 U Platinum PFIC polymerase (Invitrogen)] and temperature cycles: Cycle 1 94 0 C, 2 min
• the resulting PCR product was treated after purification with 1% agarose gel with Nde I and Hind III, or with Sph I and Hind III, and into the backbone of the vector pET21a treated with the same endonucleases (Novagen, Madison, USA), or pQE70 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) ligated. After the transformation of 2 ⁇ l of the ligation mixture into E.
• Genomic DNA is extracted according to the method described in "Molecular cloning" by Manniatis & Sambrook
• the resulting nucleic acid serves as a template for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers, whereby 5'-primers of the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 104; and the 3 'primers are derived from the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 105; 113), including the organism-specific gene code (SEQ ID NO: 106; 107; 114; 115).
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• Amplification is in PCR buffer [67 mm Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 16 mM (NH4 ⁇ SO4, 115 mM MgCl 2, 0.01% to Tween 20], 0.2 mM deoxy-nucleotide triphosphate mix (dNTP), 40 pmoles of each Primer and 2.5 U BioTherm Star Polymerase (Genecraft, Lüdingshausen, Germany)] After activation of BioTherm Star Polymerase (8 min 95 ° C) and subsequent 45-50 cycles of a touch-down PCR, the reaction is cooled to 4 ° C and the entire PCR approach is applied to a 1% agarose gel for analysis.
• the specific fragment resulting in the polymerase chain reaction is ligated into the TA cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany) and ligated with the primers M13 rev (SEQ ID No 65) and M1 3 uni (SEQ ID No 128) using an ABI Sequenced DNA sequencer.
• oligonucleotides SEQ ID No. 100; 101; 102; 103; 108; 109; 110; 1 1 1; 116; 1 17; 118; 119 constructed. Genomic DNA is digested with the aid of a restriction endonuclease and inserted into a religation so that smaller DNA segments circularize. This mixture of religions is then used as a template for an iPCR and primer SEQIDNo 100; 102; 108; 110; 116; 118 used.
• the PCR signal is generated by subsequent nest PCR with primer SEQIDNo 101; 103; 109; 111; 1 17; 1 19 reinforced.
• the resulting specific fragment is ligated into the vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen) after elution from the 1% agarose gel.
• fragment-containing vector pCR2.1 provides the missing sequence information about 3 'and 5' coding regions of the alcohol dehydrogenase / reductase gene.
• the amplification of the full-length DNA coding for the protein from genomic DNA with subsequent restriction and ligation into the expression vector is carried out as described in Example 3.
• the expression strain BL21 Star (Invitrogen), or RB791 (E. coli genetic stock, YaIe, USA) is transformed with the resulting expression construct.
• oxidoreductase from Microbacterium sp For the cloning of oxidoreductase from Microbacterium sp. For example, genomic DNA from the fresh cells Microbacterium sp. extracted according to the method described in "Molecular cloning" by Manniatis & Sambrook. The resulting nucleic acid served as template for a PCR with 30 pmol of oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO. 106; 107. After a 10-minute activation of the Biotherm Star polymerase in a PCR cycler (BioRad, Hercules, USA), the following 30 temperature cycles were programmed for identification of the specific DNA fragment: 94 0 C 50 sec
• oligonucleotides SEQ ID Nos. 108, 109, 110, 111 were constructed for inverse PCR (iPCR).
• Genomic DNA (2.5 ⁇ g) from the cells Microbacterium sp. was treated in a 50 ⁇ l assay with 20 U restriction endonuclease Sac I for 25 min. After
• Phenol chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24: 1) Extraction of the entire reaction and precipitation with 1/10 part by volume of 3M Na acetate (pH 5.2) and 2.5% ethanol, the thus digested DNA was taken up in 25 ⁇ l H 2 O. , Of these, 5 ⁇ l (200 ng) were used in a religation reaction in the total volume of 40 ⁇ l and 2 U T4 ligase (Fermentas).
• the religated genomic DNA (2 ⁇ l 20ng) was then added to an iPCR [67mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 16mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 15mM MgCl 2 , 0.01% Tween 20], 0.2mM deoxy Nucleotide triphosphate mix (dNTPs), 30 pmoles per primer (SEQ ID NO: 108; 110) with 2.5 U BioTherm Star Polymerase (Genecraft, Ludinghausen, Germany)]. Amplified was with the following cycles:
• the Amplifierunssignal was amplified in a nest PCR with the oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO 109 and SEQ ID NO 1 1 1.
• the amplification reaction was then cooled to 4 ° C and applied to a total of 1% agarose gel. This resulted in a specific fragment of about 1000 bp in size. After elution from the gel, the fragment was ligated into the pCR2.1 vector (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany). Sequence analysis of the plasmid containing the fragment provided information about the 5 'and 3' flanking sequences. Thus, the DNA segment encoding the protein has a total length of 1044 bp that ends with a stop codon (SEQ ID NO 13) and has an open reading frame of 347 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 5).
• Genomic DNA of Microbacterium sp. Cells were used as templates for the generation of full-length DNA encoding the protein in a polymerase chain reaction using GC-Rich PCR System (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and 30 pmol oligucleotide SEQ ID NO 123 or SEQ ID NO 124 with 30 pmol oligonucleotide SEQID NO 125 and temperature cycles:
• the resulting PCR product was treated after purification with 1% agarose gel with Nde I and Hind III, or with Sph I and Hind III, and into the backbone of the vector pET21a treated with the same endonucleases (Novagen, Madison, USA), or pQE32 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) ligated.
• plasmid DNAs of ampicillin-resistant colonies were checked for the correctness of the ligation by means of a restriction analysis with endonucleases Nde I or Sph I and Hind III.
• the DNA of the insert-positive vectors was transformed into the expression strain BL21 Star (Invitrogen), or RB791 (E. coli genetic stock, YaIe, USA).
• the Escherichia coli strains BL21 Star (Invitrogen, Düsseldorf, Germany) or RB791 (E. coli genteic stock, YaIe, USA) transformed with the expression construct were dissolved in 200 ml LB medium (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 1%). NaCl) with ampicillin (50 ⁇ g / ml) or carbenicillin (50 ⁇ g / ml) until an optical density measured at 550 nm of 0.5 was reached.
• the expression of recombinant protein was induced by adding isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG) at a concentration of 0.1 mM.
• IPTG isopropyl thiogalactoside
• the buffers listed in Table 4 were prepared. The concentration of the respective buffer components was 50 mM each.
• Table 5 summarizes the results for the oxidoreductases according to the invention.
• the determination of the activity of the recombinant oxidoreductases was investigated by storage in the buffer systems mentioned in Table 4.
• the various buffers (5OmM) in the range of pH 4 to 1 1 were prepared and the oxidoreductase prepared according to Example 4 diluted with it. After incubation for 30, 60 and 120 minutes, 10 ⁇ l were taken from the batch and used in the activity test according to Example 1.
• Table 6 summarizes the pH ranges for the oxidoreductases according to the invention in that the enzymes had not less than 50% of the starting activity after incubation for 120 minutes.
• the enzyme activity for the oxidoreductases according to the invention in the temperature range of 15 ° C to 7O 0 C in Standardmeßanthesis was measured.
• Example 5c the temperature stability for the range of 15 ° C to 7O 0 C was determined.
• a dilution of the oxidoreductases according to the invention for 60 min and 180 min at the respective temperature was incubated and then measured at 30 ° C with the above assay.
• Table 8 summarizes the temperature ranges for the oxidoreductases according to the invention in that the enzymes had not less than 50% of the starting activity at 120 min incubation.
• the substrate spectrum of the oxidoreductases according to the invention was determined by measuring the enzyme activity for reduction and oxidation with a series of ketones and alcohols. For this purpose, the standard measurement batch according to Example 1 with different substrates was used.
• the stability of the novel oxidoreductases in aqueous / organic two-phase systems was investigated by diluting the lysates (from recombinant expression) obtained in Example 6 in an aqueous buffer suitable for the respective oxidoreductase (about 10 units / ml buffer). The same volume of an organic, water-immiscible solvent was then added to the oxidoreductase diluted in the buffer, and the mixture was incubated at room temperature with constant mixing (thermomixer at 170 rpm).
• the reaction mixture was worked up by first removing the 2-propanol using a rotary evaporator. The reaction mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate, the solvent removed by rotary evaporation and the crude product recovered. The thus obtained crude product ethyl (S) -4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyric acid had an enantiomeric excess of> 99.5%.

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