EP1897200A2 - Systeme d'alimentation en courant et son utilisation - Google Patents
Systeme d'alimentation en courant et son utilisationInfo
- Publication number
- EP1897200A2 EP1897200A2 EP06754481A EP06754481A EP1897200A2 EP 1897200 A2 EP1897200 A2 EP 1897200A2 EP 06754481 A EP06754481 A EP 06754481A EP 06754481 A EP06754481 A EP 06754481A EP 1897200 A2 EP1897200 A2 EP 1897200A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- capacitor
- power supply
- supply arrangement
- arrangement according
- load current
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
- H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
- H05B45/375—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] using buck topology
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
- H05B45/38—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] using boost topology
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
- Y02B20/30—Semiconductor lamps, e.g. solid state lamps [SSL] light emitting diodes [LED] or organic LED [OLED]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a power supply arrangement and its use in a mobile radio device.
- accumulator For power supply in MobiIfunkön is usually a rechargeable battery, a so-called accumulator.
- accumulators have a battery voltage of, for example, 3.3 volts to 4.2 volts, depending on their state of charge.
- accumulators such as lithium ion accumulators, metal hydride accumulators or nickel-cadmium accumulators have a relatively large internal resistance of typically approximately 200 milliohms.
- Light-emitting diodes can also perform a flash function without exceeding the limit of 60 V safety extra-low voltage.
- the problem is, however, such light emitting diodes require relatively large currents of up to 5 amperes to achieve sufficient flash brightness, as peak load at a forward voltage of 5 volts.
- high currents can not be provided by the abovementioned types of accumulator due to their relatively high internal resistance, not even in the short term, since the voltage dip would cause a reset of the mobile phone.
- the object of the present invention is to specify a power supply arrangement which is suitable for use in mobile radio devices and for driving light-emitting diodes with flash-light functionality.
- the proposed power supply arrangement has an input for connecting a voltage source.
- a capacitor having a low internal resistance is coupled via a means for charging the capacitor to the input of the power supply arrangement.
- a load current regulator couples the capacitor to a means for connecting an electrical load.
- the load current regulator has a return input to which the Means for connecting the electrical load via a return branch and a means for load current detection is coupled.
- the capacitor acts as a transient energy store to reduce the peak current needed by the electrical load that would otherwise have to supply the battery itself. This avoids that, for example, a mobile radio device, in which the power supply arrangement is accommodated, automatically switches off due to the collapsed battery voltage.
- a charging phase of the capacitor this is charged with a small current, for example, half an ampere for a certain period of time, for example one second from the voltage source to its nominal voltage.
- the capacitor In a subsequent discharge phase, the capacitor is not discharged via a simple resistor to the electrical load, but it takes place according to the proposed principle, a controlled discharge with controlled current.
- the load current regulator is provided, in which, depending on the actual load current, which can be measured with the means for detecting the load current, in a closed control loop by means of the load current regulator, a regulation of the load current.
- the input for connecting a voltage source is designed in particular for connection to an accumulator, which has a relatively large internal resistance.
- the described power supply arrangement is preferred for use in mobile radios, in particular for the control one or more light-emitting diodes designed as an electrical load.
- the internal resistance of the capacitor is preferably smaller than the internal resistance of the voltage source.
- the internal resistance of the capacitor is less than 50 milliohms.
- the means for connecting an electrical load is preferably designed as a means for connecting a light emitting diode, in particular a flash light emitting diode, English: Flash LED, light-emitting diode.
- a light-emitting diode is connected to the means for connecting an electrical load.
- the capacitor is preferably a so-called supercap.
- the capacitance value of the capacitor is advantageously in a range of 0.1 Farad to 10 Farad. Particularly preferably, the capacity range is between 1 and 2 farads.
- the supercap has a nominal voltage of 2.5 volts, 4.5 volts or 5 volts.
- the means for load current detection preferably comprises a current source. Due to their position in the circuit, the power source can also be understood as a current sink. In the simplest case, for example, a resistor is connected in series with the electrical load, wherein the voltage drop across the resistor is measured. With knowledge of this Voltage and the a priori known resistance value can be closed to the actual load current.
- the current source can be connected in a common current path either between the load current regulator and the electrical load or between the electrical load and a reference potential connection.
- the means for charging the capacitor preferably comprises a charge pump.
- the charge pump provides at its output a voltage which may be greater than the voltage at its input.
- the charge pump normally works with one or more small capacitors. This makes it possible to use a supercap, the voltage in the charged state is greater than the voltage of a battery connected to the input of the device. Thus, the energy content of the capacitor can be increased.
- the charging of the capacitor regardless of the state of charge of the battery is possible.
- the load current regulator preferably comprises a means for limiting the load current.
- the load current regulator can be designed, for example, as a DC / DC converter, which has a feedback input.
- the means for charging the capacitor and the load current regulator may have a shared inductance.
- only one inductance is required for the entire power supply arrangement, which is used as part of the load current regulator both during charging of the capacitor as part of the means for charging, as well as in a discharge operation.
- this double tion of the inductance a significant space and thus cost savings.
- the means for charging the capacitor preferably comprises a Bück converter.
- a charge pump does not necessarily have to be connected upstream of the Bück converter.
- Bück converters are also referred to as downconverters or step downsamplers.
- the load current regulator preferably comprises a boost converter.
- boost converters are also referred to as boost converters or boost converters.
- the Bück converter and the boost converter are combined in the load current controller into one unit.
- the multiple use of individual components such as an inductance is particularly advantageous.
- a bypass branch which can be switched on and off is provided which couples the means for charging the capacitor with the means for connecting the electrical load. This allows the capacitor to be bypassed. This is used in particular to operate an electrical load such as a light emitting diode in a bypass operation not as a flashlamp, but to operate in a continuous operation, for example in a flashlight function or as a video lamp.
- the capacitor may be coupled in parallel to the voltage source in a charging operation via the means for charging.
- the capacitor In a discharge operation, the capacitor is preferably connected in parallel to a current path via the load current regulator. sen, which includes the electrical load or at least the means for connecting the electrical load.
- the capacitor can be connected in series to the voltage source in the discharge mode.
- the latter has the advantage of a higher output voltage in the discharge case, while in the case of parallel discharge, a higher peak current can be provided.
- the choice of the interconnection in the unloading operation depends on the application and the characteristics of the electrical load and the capacitor.
- the capacitor is connected in series with the voltage source both in the charging mode and in the discharging mode.
- a Boost Converter can be used for charging purposes. It is an advantage of this development that the arrangement can be constructed without those switches which are necessary for switching from the parallel circuit to the serial circuit of the capacitor to the voltage source.
- the power supply arrangement described is constructed using integrated circuit technology.
- the power supply arrangement in a mobile radio device for coupling an electrical load designed as a flashlamp light-emitting diode with a voltage source designed as an accumulator.
- Show it: 1 shows an embodiment of a power supply arrangement according to the proposed principle
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary development of the circuit of FIG. 1,
- FIG. 3 shows an exemplary development of the circuit of FIG. 2
- FIG. 4 shows another exemplary development of the circuit of FIG. 1,
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary development of the circuit of FIG. 4,
- FIG. 6 shows an example of a charging phase in the circuit of FIG. 5,
- FIG. 7 shows an example of a discharge phase in the circuit of FIG. 5 and FIG.
- FIG. 8 shows an example of a flashlight operation in the circuit of FIG. 5.
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a power supply arrangement according to the proposed principle.
- An input 1 of the power supply arrangement is designed to connect a voltage source.
- a battery 2 is connected as a voltage source to the input 1.
- a capacitor 3 is provided which has a low internal resistance of 50 m ⁇ by way of example. This capacitor 3 is designed as a so-called supercap.
- a means for charging 4 of the Kon- connected denators which is designed in this case as a charge pump.
- This comprises two capacitors 5, 6, which allow the charge pump to provide at its output a higher voltage than the battery voltage at the input 1 ready.
- a light-emitting diode 8 is connected.
- the capacitor 3 is connected to the means for connecting an electrical load 7 via a load current regulator 9.
- the load current regulator 9 comprises a means for limiting the current.
- a means for load current detection 10 is connected to the means 7 for connecting an electrical load.
- the means for load current detection 10 has two terminals, which are connected to form a feedback branch with a return input 11 of the load current regulator.
- a control circuit for controlling the load current through the diode 8 is formed.
- the diode 8 is connected in series with the means for load current detection in the form of a resistor in a common current branch.
- a bypass branch 12 is provided which comprises a switch 13.
- the bypass branch 12 with the switch 13 connects and disconnects an output of the charge pump with an input of the load current regulator.
- the operation of the circuit of Figure 1 is characterized by two phases.
- a first phase namely the charging phase
- the capacitor 3 is charged by means of the battery 2 and the charge pump, preferably to its maximum voltage.
- the discharge phase the Laststromregier 9 is used to quickly discharge the capacitor 3 and to transfer its energy content to the flash LED 8.
- the load continue to transfer energy to the capacitor 3 to extend the duration of the flash.
- the capacitor 3 designed as a supercap is therefore used for the temporary storage of electrical energy in the form of charge, in order to reduce the peak current from the battery 2.
- the peak current from the battery must therefore be limited in order to preclude switching off the application in which the proposed power supply arrangement is embedded, for example a mobile telephone.
- a mobile phone would cause the load circuits to be disconnected from the battery when the supply voltage drops, as would occur without support from the supercap.
- the internal resistance of the capacitor 3 is much smaller, for example less than or equal to 50 milliohms.
- the capacitance of the capacitor 3 is preferably between 1 and 2 Farad at a nominal voltage of the capacitor of 5 volts.
- the charging of the capacitor 3 from the battery takes place in a relatively long time interval of for example one second with a relatively low current of, for example, half a ampere.
- a high current of, for example, up to 5 amperes is driven through the light emitting diode 8, which generates the flash light for a fraction of a second.
- the proposed circuit Due to the advantageous properties of the proposed circuit such as cost-effective implementability, need for only one or two small capacitors 5, 6 in the La tion pump for charging the supercap 3 and the optional parallel path 12 for operating the flash light emitting diode 8 in a flashlight or video light function, the proposed arrangement is particularly suitable for use in mobile phones that have a digital camera.
- a special feature is that due to the control loop of the load current regulator 9 together with the means for load current detection 10 and the return branch, a controlled discharge of the capacitor with a regulated current.
- the load current controller is advantageously designed so that the electrical load 8 is operated with a constant discharge current.
- the second capacitor 6 can be omitted.
- FIG. 2 shows a further development of the circuit of FIG. 1, which largely corresponds to one another in the components used, their advantageous interconnection and mode of operation and which, to that extent, will not be described again.
- a DC / DC converter 14 comprising an inductance 15 is provided as the load current regulator in FIG.
- the load current regulator 14 additionally has a current limiting function.
- a support capacitance 16 is connected to ground at the output of the DC / DC converter 14.
- the bypass branch 12 comprising the switch 13 is laid in the example of FIG. 2 from an output of the means for charging the capacitor 4 to the output of the DC / DC converter 14 connected to the backup capacitance 16.
- the capacity 3 can be used to provide a flashlight or video light function. be bridged, in order to avoid unnecessary charging of the capacitor in this case.
- the output stage of the means preferably designed as a charge pump, for charging the capacitor is preferably doubled, for example two output driver transistors with common control.
- the charge pump has two outputs, namely one which is connected to the capacitor 3 and one which is directly connected to the light-emitting diode 8 in the switched-on state of the bypass branch 12. This branch is also running current limited.
- the circuit of Figure 2 has the following advantages: The utilization of the energy content of the capacitor 3 in flash mode is improved. Due to the improved utilization of the capacitor 3, the capacitor 3 can be realized with a smaller size and lower cost. To charge the capacitor, a very simple charge pump can be used, which requires no additional inductance but only one or two small external capacitors. The circuit is particularly suitable for supercaps with a rated voltage of 4.5 or 5 volts. The bypass branch can be realized with only one additional transistor as an additional output stage of the charge pump and a further transistor as a switch 13 and thus with a particularly low additional cost.
- the support capacity 16 may be omitted.
- Figure 3 shows a development of the circuit of Figure 2, wherein both circuits largely correspond to the components used and the advantageous function and will not be described again in so far at this point.
- a DC / DC converter is provided in Figure 3 for controlling the load current through the light emitting diode 8, which comprises a coil 17 which is connected between a terminal of the capacitor 3 and a terminal of a controlled path of a transistor 18. Another connection of the controlled path of the transistor 18 is connected to the backup capacitor 16 and the light emitting diode 8. Another transistor 19 connects the output terminal of the inductor 17 to a reference potential terminal.
- a control unit 20 for controlling the transistors 18, 19 is provided, the reference numeral 20 carries. Outputs of the control unit 20 are connected to control terminals of the two transistors 18, 19. Input terminals of the control unit 20 are connected to the output terminal of the inductor 17 and the two tap nodes on the resistor 10.
- the measurement of the load current through the light emitting diode 8 can be carried out in the circuit of Figure 3 either with the resistor 10 or alternatively with the current measurement by the transistor 18.
- the average current through the transistor 18 is identical to the average current through the resistor 10th In this case, the resistor 10 can be omitted.
- An additional voltage feedback 24 from point 16 guarantees a voltage limitation under all conditions, for example with the diode open. Under open diode is understood, for example, an interruption of a conductor or a torn off bonding wire.
- FIG. 4 shows, with respect to the embodiments according to FIGS. 2 and 3, another development of the circuit of FIG. 1. Inasmuch as the circuit of FIG. 4 corresponds to that of FIG. 1 in the components used and their advantageous circuitry. tion, this description will not be repeated here.
- the output of the circuit block 4 is connected directly to an input of the DC / DC converter.
- Transducer 21 connected, which forms the load current controller.
- the capacitor 3 is connected to another terminal of the DC / DC converter 21, but not directly connected to the circuit block 4.
- the charge pump can be omitted in alternative embodiments, that is, the input 1 is directly connected to the input of the DC / DC converter 21.
- the actual means for charging the capacitor from the DC / DC converter 21 is included.
- the DC / DC converter 21 is designed as a so-called Bück converter to charge the capacitor 3 in a charging phase.
- a boost converter is integrated.
- the buck converter and the boost converter in the DC / DC converter 21 share a common inductance.
- a bypass branch 12 is provided, which connects the output of the optional charge pump 4 to the light-emitting diode 8 via a switch current-limited.
- Buck converters are also referred to as down-converters and boost converters as up-converters. Both DC voltage converters belong to the so-called secondary clocked switching regulators.
- connection of the coil 17, which is not connected to the transistors 18, 19, is coupled in the circuit of FIG. 5 only to the capacitor 3, but not to the input 1 of the device.
- a further transistor 22 is provided, whose controlled path connects the output terminal of the inductor 17 to the output of the optional charge pump 4.
- both the inductance 17 is part of the down converter and the up converter, as well as a double use of the transistor 22 is provided.
- the transistor 22 is the output transistor of the charge pump 4, it is also shared in the DC / DC converter.
- the DC / DC converter is advantageously synchronized with the charge pump.
- the control of the load current through the diode 8 can either be as shown in Figure 5 with the resistor 10 or by a current measurement of the current through the transistor 18, since the average current through the transistor 18 corresponds to the average current through the resistor 10.
- the resistor 10 can be omitted.
- Reference to the figures 6 to 8 three different modes of the circuit of Figure 5 will be explained in more detail.
- the circuits of Figures 6 to 8 correspond in their construction and the advantageous operation of the circuit of Figure 5 and will not be described again in this regard at this point.
- FIG. 6 shows a first operating phase, namely the charging phase of the capacitor 3.
- the DC / DC converter is operated as a down converter.
- the down converter comprises the components transistor 22, inductor 17 and transistor 19.
- FIG. 7 shows a second working phase, namely the discharge phase.
- the load current regulator works as an up-converter.
- the inductance 17, the transistor 19 and the transistor 18 are used for this purpose.
- the charge pump 4 can continue to transfer energy to the capacitor 3 in order to extend the duration of the flash light.
- FIG. 8 shows a third operating mode, namely the operating mode of a flashlight or video light instead of a flashlight operation as described in FIGS. 6 and 7.
- the output of the charge pump 4 drives the light-emitting diode 8 directly.
- the transistors 22 and 18 serve for this purpose.
- the embodiments of Figures 4 to 8 are particularly suitable for supercaps with a nominal voltage of 2.5 volts, but can also be used to improve the efficiency of the charging phase in supercaps with 4.5 or 5 volts rated voltage.
- the advantages of the circuits according to FIGS. 4 to 8 include in particular the following:
- the transistor 22 can be used for two purposes, namely the output stage of the charge pump and switches in the DC / DC converter. With only two additional transistors 18, 19, a full boost converter, down converter, or bypass operation directly from the charge pump is reversibly and dynamically possible.
- the coil 17 is shared both as inductance in the boost converter, as well as inductance in the buck converter. Overall, the advantages described lead to a minimum chip area due to the multiple use of numerous components.
- FIGS. 1 to 8 are particularly suitable for use in the following fields of application:
- high short-term output powers and currents of, for example, 5 amperes can be passed through an LED using a supercap with a forward voltage of, for example, 4. 5 or 5 volts are operated.
- xenon flashes which require additional effort due to their high voltages, can be avoided in mobile phones.
- 2.5 volt supercaps can be advantageously driven. In all cases, the size of the circuit and the required chip area are very small.
- the charge pump is designed, in particular in the embodiments according to FIGS. 2 and 3, to charge the capacitor with a current-limiting function.
- the capacitor is discharged with current limiting by the Laststromregier.
- it is provided to charge the supercap with a charge pump and to discharge it with an inductive DC / DC converter in flash mode.
- the supercap is charged with a charge pump with current limiting function.
- the unloading of the supercap into the LED takes place with a current-limiting DC / DC converter.
- With a current-limiting boost converter as a DC / DC converter and supercaps can be used with low nominal voltages.
- the charge pump at the input can be dispensed with in alternative embodiments.
- the DC / DC converter is designed as a combined up- and down-converter, with a down-converter, the charging of the supercap and with an up-converter, the unloading of the supercap.
- With a current-limited up-DC / DC converter supercaps with a low nominal voltage can also be used.
- both the output transistor 22 and the coil 17 can be used several times for different tasks depending on the operating mode selected, see FIGS. 6 to 8.
- the load current regulator including the bypass branch only three are used Transistors required.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Stroboscope Apparatuses (AREA)
- Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102005030123.1A DE102005030123B4 (de) | 2005-06-28 | 2005-06-28 | Stromversorgungsanordnung und deren Verwendung |
PCT/EP2006/005972 WO2007000272A2 (fr) | 2005-06-28 | 2006-06-21 | Systeme d'alimentation en courant et son utilisation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1897200A2 true EP1897200A2 (fr) | 2008-03-12 |
Family
ID=37544945
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP06754481A Withdrawn EP1897200A2 (fr) | 2005-06-28 | 2006-06-21 | Systeme d'alimentation en courant et son utilisation |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8716987B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1897200A2 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE102005030123B4 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2007000272A2 (fr) |
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DE102005030123A1 (de) | 2007-01-04 |
WO2007000272A3 (fr) | 2007-09-13 |
WO2007000272A2 (fr) | 2007-01-04 |
US8716987B2 (en) | 2014-05-06 |
DE102005030123B4 (de) | 2017-08-31 |
US20090167260A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
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