EP1878106A2 - Pluralité de modules de piles solaires couplés à un transformateur de tension par l'intermédiaire d'un élément de commutation - Google Patents

Pluralité de modules de piles solaires couplés à un transformateur de tension par l'intermédiaire d'un élément de commutation

Info

Publication number
EP1878106A2
EP1878106A2 EP06724221A EP06724221A EP1878106A2 EP 1878106 A2 EP1878106 A2 EP 1878106A2 EP 06724221 A EP06724221 A EP 06724221A EP 06724221 A EP06724221 A EP 06724221A EP 1878106 A2 EP1878106 A2 EP 1878106A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
solar cell
cell device
voltage
converter
switching
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP06724221A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Rainer Merz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Universitaet Stuttgart
Original Assignee
Universitaet Stuttgart
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Universitaet Stuttgart filed Critical Universitaet Stuttgart
Publication of EP1878106A2 publication Critical patent/EP1878106A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/157—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators with digital control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1588—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a solar cell device with at least one solar cell module, which is designed to supply a consumer.
  • an output voltage which corresponds to an integer multiple of the voltage of a single cell or of a single module is achieved by series connection of identical, identical individual cells or modules, in which case a monolithic integrated series connection, which is customary in thin-film modules, is carried out.
  • a voltage conversion can be performed via energy transformation.
  • an inductance stores the electrical energy that is supplied to it via a switching transistor and then outputs it again. Depending on the time of the energy release, this is a flux or flyback converter.
  • the weakest cell has the maximum Electricity determined.
  • the weakest cell is the one that provides the lowest power under the given lighting conditions.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide an improved solar cell device in which an adjustment of the output voltage can be made in the lowest possible loss manner.
  • a solar cell device having a plurality of solar cell modules whose voltage outputs are each coupled via a switching element with a switchable voltage converter. In this way, circuit losses that could arise via series circuits and series circuits are basically avoided. Rather, each solar cell module can be controlled via its own switching element in a suitable manner to deliver its power to the Nutzthesesausgang.
  • the switchable voltage converter may in this case be designed, for example, as a flyback converter or as a flux converter.
  • inverting flyback converter also known under inverse boost converter or in English flyback Converter or buck-boost Converter.
  • This has the advantage that also output voltages can be achieved which are higher than the input voltage.
  • it is possible to form the switching elements of the solar cell modules as part of the voltage converter, so that eliminates additional switching elements of the voltage converter.
  • the inverting flyback converter has its own switching element at its input.
  • the flyback converter is designed as a step-up converter (also known as an up-converter or in English under boost converter or step-up converter).
  • the individual solar cell modules are preferably controlled sequentially via the switching elements.
  • a capacitor may be connected parallel to the Nutzthesesausgang, as far as this is preferred for the particular application.
  • the Nutzthesesausgang can be connected directly to a consumer. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible to connect to the NutzSpannungsausgang an accumulator.
  • the voltage converter has a switching element (for example in the form of a FET) for tapping a rectified voltage.
  • a switching element for example in the form of a FET
  • This switching element may be arranged parallel to a rectifier diode of the voltage converter of the voltage converter.
  • the switching element is driven such that a switching occurs when the diode is conductive.
  • the rectifier diode can also be omitted altogether.
  • the voltage drop across the track resistance of the switching element should be less than the voltage drop across the diode.
  • the switching element should be operated in the saturation region.
  • at least one of the solar cell modules is formed as a single solar cell.
  • At least one solar cell module has a plurality of interconnected solar cells.
  • each individual solar cell via a switching transistor or several solar cells together by means of only one switching transistor.
  • the design used depends on the particular application, the total cost being naturally influenced by the number of switching transistors used.
  • the switching transistors have control inputs which are controlled by a central controller, preferably by a microcontroller.
  • the switching times of the individual switching transistors can be optimized, on the one hand to obtain the desired output voltage and on the other hand to ensure the highest possible efficiency.
  • the switching transistors are preferably driven sequentially as a function of the performance data of the solar cell modules.
  • the microprocessor can store data, which are characteristic of the performance of the individual modules, in an internal memory.
  • the central controller is designed to control the ratio of the turn-on times to the ratio of the turn-off times of the switching transistors.
  • the output voltage can be adjusted within a certain frame to a desired setpoint.
  • the choice of switching times should take into account the capacities of the individual solar cell modules. In this case, it may be advantageous to additionally use a capacitor in parallel with its voltage output in one or more of the solar cell modules.
  • the switching transistors are preferably designed as field-effect transistors, in particular as MOS-FET's.
  • At least one solar cell is integrated with at least one switching transistor.
  • the number of solar cells or modules can be limited to only one.
  • FIG. 1 shows a circuit diagram of a solar cell device according to the invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the drive signals for a sequential control of the switching transistors used
  • FIG. 3 shows a version of a solar cell device according to the invention, which is generalized with respect to the embodiment according to FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 shows a modification of the embodiment according to FIG. 3
  • FIG. 1 shows a solar cell device according to the invention is shown schematically and generally designated by the numeral 10.
  • the solar cell device 10 has a plurality of solar cell modules Z1, Z2, Z3,..., Zn.
  • each solar cell module Z1,... Zn is a solar cell, which in each case outputs a voltage U E1 , U E2 , U E3 ,..., UE n .
  • the output of each solar cell module Z1, Z2, Z3,..., Zn is in each case coupled to a flyback converter 12 via a switching element, which is preferably designed as a FET or MOS-FET.
  • the flyback converter 12 is an inverting flyback converter whose input voltage is applied to an inductance Ll in the form of a coil.
  • the voltage across the coil Ll is tapped via a rectifier diode Dl and applied to a capacitor Cl and a Nutzthesesausgang 14, where the useful voltage U A drops and is used by a connected consumer.
  • a switching element TDl is connected, through which the rectifier diode Dl can be supported.
  • a central control in the form of a microprocessor 16, which is connected to the control inputs of the switching elements Tl, T2, T3, ..., Tn and the switching element TDl.
  • the switching elements Tl, T2, T3, ..., Tn are sequentially controlled by the microprocessor 16, whereby both the timing of the flyback converter 12 and a suitable selection of the solar cell modules Zl, Z2, Z3, ..., Zn depending on the respective Performance data is done.
  • the photocurrent charges the self-capacitance of the respective solar cell modules Z1, Z2, Z3,..., Zn.
  • an additional capacitance in the form of a capacitor can be provided parallel to the respective solar cell module.
  • the voltage drop across the track resistance of the switching element TDl should be less than the voltage drop across the diode.
  • the switching elements TDl, Tl, T2, T3, ..., Tn should be operated in the saturation region for this purpose.
  • a possible timing of the solar cell modules Z1, Z2, Z3,..., Zn via a suitable control software is shown by way of example in FIG.
  • all solar cell modules Z1, Z2, Z3,. •. , Zn are sequentially connected in succession, the turn-on time T 3 and the turn-off time T L of each solar cell module being the same.
  • the switching element TDl parallel to the rectifier diode Dl must always conduct when the diode Dl must also turn through to maintain the current flow in the inductance Ll. This is always the case when all switching elements Tl, T2, T3, ..., Tn lock. Possibly. can the diode Dl also completely eliminated.
  • the microprocessor 16 now advantageously records performance data about the individual solar cell modules Z 1,..., Zn and stores them in an internal memory.
  • About the blocking or switching times of the switching elements Tl, ..., Tn the states of the individual solar cell modules Zl, ..., Zn can be detected and so a respective cell more often or longer be selected than the others.
  • the overall system can thus be optimally adapted to the lighting conditions and to a production-related scattering of the characteristic data of individual solar cell modules. In this case, completely shaded or defective solar cell modules can be detected and correspondingly less taken into account or, if necessary, switched off completely.
  • the switching frequency f 1 / (Tl + ... + Tn) of the circuit is determined by the number of solar cell modules Z1,. •., Zn dependent, as well as their own capacity. The optimum switching times can be determined for each application.
  • the output voltage U A can be set within a certain range to any values above and below the individual input voltages U E1 ,..., U En .
  • the duty cycle that is, the ratio between T L and the total duration T of a respective switching cycle must be adjusted. An increase in the duty cycle leads to an increase in the output voltage.
  • each solar cell module Z1, Z2, Z3,..., Zn can be represented by a single solar cell or that a plurality of solar cells are combined to form a solar cell module may be, which is connected via a switching element to the flyback converter.
  • the switching elements can be embodied integrated with the relevant solar cell modules, it also being possible for a plurality of solar cells with switching elements to be accommodated on a single chip or, if appropriate, also for the integration of the voltage converter or the microcontroller. > can be dragged.
  • Fig. 3 shows a modification of the embodiment of the invention, which is generalized with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1 and is generally designated 10a.
  • the inverting flyback converter 12a has its own switching element Tk. This allows a decoupling of the switching frequencies of the inverting flyback converter and the solar cell modules.
  • a conceivable capacitance is indicated parallel to the input of the flyback converter 12a. Otherwise, the circuit corresponds to the previously described embodiment according to FIG. 1
  • Fig. 4 shows a further modification of the invention, in which the flyback converter 12b is formed as a boost converter. This results in no inverted output voltage as in the above-mentioned embodiments.
  • the output voltage U A can assume no smaller values than the input voltage.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un dispositif de pile solaire comprenant une pluralité de modules de pile solaire (Z1, Z2, Z3,..., Zn) dont les sorties de tension (UE1, UE2, UE3,..., UEn) sont respectivement couplées à un transformateur de tension commutable (12) par l'intermédiaire d'un élément de commutation (T1, 12, T3,..., Tn). Ce transformateur de tension est de préférence conçu sous forme de convertisseur indirect ou de hacheur élévateur. Des déconnexions partielles des modules de pile solaire individuels permettent d'empêcher des pertes puisque ceux-ci sont exploités de manière indépendante. Le transformateur de tension (12) permet d'adapter la tension de sortie dans une large mesure. Une commande par microprocesseur (16) permet d'obtenir un rendement énergétique optimal de l'ensemble du système.
EP06724221A 2005-05-02 2006-04-11 Pluralité de modules de piles solaires couplés à un transformateur de tension par l'intermédiaire d'un élément de commutation Withdrawn EP1878106A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005021152A DE102005021152B4 (de) 2005-05-02 2005-05-02 Solarzellenvorrichtung
PCT/EP2006/003292 WO2006117061A2 (fr) 2005-05-02 2006-04-11 Pluralité de modules de pile solaire couplés à un transformateur de tension par l'intermédiaire d'un élément de commutation

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1878106A2 true EP1878106A2 (fr) 2008-01-16

Family

ID=37295191

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06724221A Withdrawn EP1878106A2 (fr) 2005-05-02 2006-04-11 Pluralité de modules de piles solaires couplés à un transformateur de tension par l'intermédiaire d'un élément de commutation

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US7911082B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1878106A2 (fr)
DE (1) DE102005021152B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2006117061A2 (fr)

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DE102006016856A1 (de) * 2006-04-07 2007-10-18 Jultec Gmbh Taktender Spannungswandler mit nahezu gleichmäßiger Lastverteilung auf mehrere Energiequellen
US9431828B2 (en) * 2006-11-27 2016-08-30 Xslent Energy Technologies Multi-source, multi-load systems with a power extractor
US8273979B2 (en) * 2008-10-15 2012-09-25 Xandex, Inc. Time averaged modulated diode apparatus for photovoltaic application
EP2192677A1 (fr) 2008-12-01 2010-06-02 Dialog Imaging Systems GmbH Convertisseur DC utilisant une bobine de moteur
WO2010124709A1 (fr) 2009-04-28 2010-11-04 Eulektra Gmbh Installation photovoltaïque
DE102010029813B4 (de) * 2010-06-08 2023-02-23 Sma Solar Technology Ag Verfahren zur Steuerung einer elektrischen Stromerzeugung eines Submoduls in einer Photovoltaikanlage
DE202010013030U1 (de) 2010-12-01 2011-02-10 Eulektra Gmbh Photovoltaik-Anlage
DE102013112616B4 (de) 2013-11-15 2021-01-14 Hans Eisele GmbH Photovoltaikanlage und Nachrüstsatz für eine solche

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US4812737A (en) * 1987-07-10 1989-03-14 Trw Inc. Voltage regulator for solar cell arrays
CH677048A5 (fr) 1987-12-10 1991-03-28 Weber Hans R
GB9725128D0 (en) * 1997-11-27 1998-01-28 Weinberg Alan H Solar array system
DE10120595B4 (de) 2000-04-28 2004-08-05 Sharp K.K. Solarenergiesystem
US6657419B2 (en) * 2001-11-19 2003-12-02 Solarmate Corporation Micro-solar insolation circuit
KR100517759B1 (ko) * 2003-09-04 2005-09-30 학교법인 건국대학교 태양전지 가상 구현 시스템 및 방법
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2006117061A2 (fr) 2006-11-09
DE102005021152A1 (de) 2006-11-16
DE102005021152B4 (de) 2007-03-08
WO2006117061A3 (fr) 2007-09-07
US7911082B2 (en) 2011-03-22
US20080105292A1 (en) 2008-05-08

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