Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/72—Other features
  • C10J3/74—Construction of shells or jackets
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
  • F23M5/04—Supports for linings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
  • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
  • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
  • C10J3/482—Gasifiers with stationary fluidised bed
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
  • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
  • C10J3/485—Entrained flow gasifiers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/72—Other features
  • C10J3/74—Construction of shells or jackets
  • C10J3/76—Water jackets; Steam boiler-jackets
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
  • F23M5/08—Cooling thereof; Tube walls
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
  • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
  • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
  • F27D1/04—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs characterised by the form, e.g. shape of the bricks or blocks used
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
  • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
  • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
  • F27D1/04—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs characterised by the form, e.g. shape of the bricks or blocks used
  • F27D1/045—Bricks for lining cylindrical bodies, e.g. skids, tubes
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
  • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
  • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
  • F27D1/12—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs incorporating cooling arrangements
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
  • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
  • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
  • F27D1/14—Supports for linings
  • F27D1/145—Assembling elements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
  • C10J2300/093—Coal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
  • C10J2300/0943—Coke
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
  • C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
  • C10J2300/0959—Oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
  • C10J2300/0973—Water
  • C10J2300/0976—Water as steam
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
  • C10J2300/1846—Partial oxidation, i.e. injection of air or oxygen only
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
  • F23M2900/05004—Special materials for walls or lining
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/16—Two dimensionally sectional layer
  • Y10T428/163—Next to unitary web or sheet of equal or greater extent
  • Y10T428/164—Continuous two dimensionally sectional layer
  • Y10T428/166—Glass, ceramic, or metal sections [e.g., floor or wall tile, etc.]

Definitions

• the invention relates to a refractory tile intended to be fixed to a wall of a reactor, in particular to protect this wall from heat.
• Refractory tiles are used to coat the walls of combustion chamber tubes of household waste or biomass incineration boilers.
• the tubes are conventionally substantially vertical and interconnected by transverse bars.
• the tiles form a refractory lining protecting the tubes from physical contact with the materials being burned and with the fumes resulting from this combustion.
• the small thickness of the tiles makes it easier to transfer heat from the reactor to the fluid flowing in the tubes of the boiler.
• the use of floating tiles attached to the wall gives the tiles some mobility relative to each other.
• the tiles may for example be freely attached to the hooks fixed in the middle of the bars and the tiles may be spaced from each other by a few millimeters.
• the protective coating can thus adapt to the dimensional variations of the tiles during the thermal cycles. The reliability of the coating is thus improved.
• each tile therefore extends over several tubes.
• the dimensions of the tiles must however be limited.
• the tiles described in EP 032790 extend over three tubes. They comprise two notches extending on each side of the central channel and intended to receive fasteners. Two types of mounting are possible with the system described in EP 1 032 790.
• the hooks are mounted so as to allow the tiles to be staggered in the vertical or horizontal direction.
• Such an assembly makes it possible to avoid an alignment of the vertical or horizontal joints according to the chosen configuration.
• this type of assembly is however complex and source of error. Moreover, it is long to achieve and its cost is high.
• the hooks are arranged in vertical and horizontal lines.
• the configuration of the tiles implies a variable spacing of the lines of hooks which leads to an alignment of the vertical and horizontal joints.
• the inventors have found that such an alignment decreases the durability of the joints, and therefore of the coating.
• thermocouples passages which require a modification of the assembly.
• the object of the invention is to satisfy this need.
• this object is achieved by means of a refractory tile, in particular intended to protect an internal wall of a gasifier reactor, said tile having an alignment of at least two fixing points, two adjacent fixing points any of said alignment being spaced a constant distance A, the first and last fixing points of said alignment being spaced, in the direction of said alignment, by distances ⁇ -i and ⁇ 2 of first and second edges of said tile extending near said first and last attachment points, respectively.
• the tile according to the invention is remarkable in that 0 ⁇ A - ( ⁇ i + ⁇ 2 ).
• the fasteners of a row of tiles are then regularly spaced from the length A.
• the horizontal spacing between two side-by-side fasteners is the same that these organs are intended to support the same tile or two adjacent tiles. It is therefore possible to horizontally offset a tile row of distance A or any multiple of this distance.
• the distance D corresponds to the width e h of the horizontal expansion joints, it is possible to offset vertically a row of tiles by the distance separating two superimposed fixing points of the tile, or any multiple thereof. distance.
• the tile according to the invention also has one or more of the following optional features:
• said alignment is vertical or horizontal.
• the attachment points are shaped to allow a floating attachment of the tile, that is to say with a functional game, if possible in the three dimensions of the space.
• the attachment points are notches.
• an expansion space can thus be provided between two tiles.
• the tile has at least one notch opening exclusively on a rear face of said tile.
• the tile comprises at least one notch opening through a lower opening on a lower edge of said tile, and at least one tongue adapted to be introduced, at least in part, by a lower opening of a notch of another identical tile.
• the tile has as many said tabs that it has notches.
• the tile has, on a rear face, at least one spacer preferably extending over only a portion of the height H of the tile. Preferably the spacer does not extend to the lower edge of said rear face.
• Upper and lower slices of the tile have upper and lower lips extending respectively in extension of front and rear faces of the tile.
• the tile has a generally curved shape, preferably slightly cylindrical.
• the tile is a material having at least 60%, in percentages by weight, of non-siliceous oxides and / or less than 1% by weight of silica (SiO 2 ).
• the invention also relates to a refractory lining, in particular for protecting the internal wall of a reactor from a gasifier, comprising an assembly of refractory tiles secured to fasteners fixed to a wall, which is remarkable in that said lining comprises least one tile according to the invention.
• the refractory lining according to the invention also has one or more of the following optional features: at least one tile of the assembly has a horizontal alignment of at least two attachment points, any two adjacent attachment points of the alignment being spaced a constant distance A, the first and last attachment points of said alignment being spaced, in the horizontal direction, by distances ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 of right and left edges of said tile, respectively, such that 0 ⁇ A - (0M + 0C2), and said tile being spaced apart from at least one tile disposed to its right or to its left by a distance ⁇
• a discontinuity of the vertical joints is then possible by horizontal shift of a row of tiles relative to another adjacent row.
• At least one tile has a vertical alignment of at least two fixing points, any two adjacent fixing points of the alignment being spaced a constant distance A ', the first and last fixing points of said alignment being spaced apart, in the vertical direction, by distances Ot 1 'and Ct 2 ' of upper and lower edges of said tile, respectively, such that 0 ⁇ A '- ( ⁇ -i' + ⁇ 2 '), and said tile being removed from at least one tile disposed above or below it by a distance e h equal to A '- ( ⁇ i' + ⁇ 2 ').
• a discontinuity of the horizontal joints is then possible by vertical offset of a "column" of tiles compared to another adjacent tile column.
• the distances e t and e h are substantially equal, and preferably are between 2 and 10 mm.
• a refractory concrete autocoulable is arranged along the rear faces of the tiles of the assembly.
• the self-rolling concrete is reinforced with fibers, preferably metal fibers.
• a mesh preferably a wire mesh or non-organic fibers, is embedded in said self-rolling concrete.
• the fasteners are aligned along substantially vertical lines and / or horizontal regularly spaced apart from said distance A.
• At least a portion of the tiles are mounted in vertical or horizontal staggered, preferably vertically and horizontally staggered.
• the coating according to the invention is particularly intended to protect a wall of a gasifier reactor.
• coal The gasification of coal is a known process for about fifty years which is currently experiencing a strong development. It allows the production of a part of synthesis gas (CO, H 2 ), sources of clean energy, and secondly of basic compounds for the chemical industry from very diverse hydrocarbon materials, by example of coal, petroleum coke, or heavy oils to recycle. This process also makes it possible to eliminate undesirable components, for example NOx, sulfur or mercury, before any discharge into the atmosphere.
• CO synthesis gas
• H 2 synthesis gas
• This process also makes it possible to eliminate undesirable components, for example NOx, sulfur or mercury, before any discharge into the atmosphere.
• the principle of gasification consists of a controlled partial combustion, under steam and / or oxygen, at a temperature of between about 1150 and 1600 ° C. and under pressure.
• gasifiers There are different types of gasifiers, fixed bed, fluidized or driven. These gasifiers differ in the manner in which the reactants are introduced, the manner in which the fuel-fuel mixture is carried out, the temperature and pressure conditions, and the ash or slag removal process, the liquid residue resulting from the reaction.
• a pressurized, fluidized bed dry gasifier 5 of the "Lurgi fixed bed dry ash gasifier” type is particularly known.
• coal C in pieces penetrates through the top 10 of the gasifier and is introduced via a feed device 12 into a reactor 14.
• Water vapor H 2 O and oxygen O 2 penetrate through the lower part 16 of the gasifier 5 and react with the carbon C as they rise in the reactor 14.
• the temperature is about 1600 ° C.
• the temperature is about 450 to 900 ° C.
• the ash D is extracted at the base of the gasifier 5.
• the synthesized gas G escapes through an outlet 20.
• the dry coal gasification reactor 14 comprises a water cooling jacket 22 or "water box”, or in English “water-jacket”, steel .
• the jacket 22 comprises an outer wall 24 and an inner wall 26, seat of a strong corrosion, delimiting, at least in part, the internal volume of the reactor 14.
• Such a reactor has a limited lifetime due to thermal cycling and and / or corrosion and / or abrasion of dry ashes and / or hot spots where the temperature is typically about 1400 ° C.
• the tiles according to the invention are particularly suitable for protecting the wall of a gasifier reactor, this wall not being made of tubes.
• the fixing of the refractory tiles results from their attachment to fixing members fixed to said wall.
• the protective coating obtained is advantageously compact, reliable and easy to implement, as will appear in more detail in the following description.
• the invention relates to a method for determining the overall thermal conductivity of a coating of a wall of a reactor, the coating comprising an assembly of refractory tiles, remarkable in that a concrete of predetermined conductivity is cast between the assembly of tiles and said wall.
• Figure 1 shows schematically in section a gasifier Lurgi type
• Figures 2 and 3 show photographs of the rear and front sides, respectively, of two tiles according to the invention; The photographs are arranged so that the tiles appear as they would be in a reactor assembly, the top of the sheet representing the top of the assembly.
• Figures 4 to 8 show schematic views of the rear faces of different tiles according to the invention
• Figure 9 shows a schematic view of the rear faces of an assembly of four tiles according to the invention
• Figure 10 shows a fastener that can be used to secure the tiles of an assembly according to the invention
• Figure 11 shows a front view of a tile assembly according to the prior art. This assembly being cylindrical, it is represented in a developed form;
• FIG. 12 represents a front view of an assembly of tiles of the same format according to the invention. This assembly being cylindrical, it is represented in a developed form;
• Figure 13 shows a front view of an assembly of tiles of different sizes according to the invention. This assembly being cylindrical, it is represented in a developed form.
• FIG. 1 having been described in the preamble, reference is now made to FIG.
• a tile 30 is generally rectangular cylindrical in shape, having in fact a slight curvature to follow the shape of the inner wall of the jacket 22 of the reactor 14.
• the tile 30 is of thermally insulating material.
• this material comprises at least 60%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 99% by weight, of non-siliceous oxides.
• these non-siliceous oxides are chosen from alumina, zirconia, Cr 2 O 3 chromium oxide or mixtures thereof. Any other refractory material capable of resisting the corrosion of ashes possibly melted, abrasion of dry ashes and hot spots could however be suitable.
• the material of the tile according to the invention does not comprise silicon carbide (SiC). More preferably, it comprises less than 1%, preferably less than 0.5% by weight of silica (SiO 2 ). Silicon carbide and silica are indeed unfavorable to corrosion resistance. In addition, the silica may be unstable and evaporate in SiO 1 or SiH 4 form .
• the tile 30 has front 32 and rear 34 and top 36, lower 38, right 40 and left 42.
• the rear face 34, or "cold face” of the floating tile 30 has first 44 and second 46 notches extending substantially parallel to the side edges 40 and 42, along the right 40 and left 42 respectively.
• the notches 44 and 46 open through first 48 and second 50 lower openings, respectively, on the lower edge 38 and by first 52 and second 54 rear openings, respectively, on the rear face 34.
• the faces 32, or "hot face” and 34, or “cold face” of the floating tile 30 are substantially curved to follow the curvature of the reactor.
• upper and lower edges 36 and 38 have upper and lower lips 54 enabling the lower edge 38 of a tile to be covered by the top edge 36 of another tile disposed immediately beyond above her.
• the right 40 and left 42 slices have lips allowing recovery of the right edge 40 of a tile by the left edge 42 of another adjacent tile.
• the cover lips avoid revealing the cooling jacket during the movement of the tiles relative to each other.
• the protection of the liner 22 is improved.
• the tile 30 is provided to be attached to a fastener having the general shape of a nail having a rod and a head. After hooking, the bottom of the notch rests by gravity on the head of the fastener which thus supports the weight of the tile.
• a rear opening of a notch 45 has, seen from the rear of the tile, as shown in FIG. 2, a narrow upper portion 45s extending to a bottom 55 of the notch 45.
• the notch 45 is shaped to allow the sliding of a rod of a T-fastener in the upper part 45s, but not allow an axial passage of the head of this fastener.
• the cross section of the upper portion 45s preferably has an omega shape for this purpose. After hooking of the tile, this type of profile advantageously prevents the escape of the head through the rear opening of the tile, and thus prevents any tilting and inadvertent detachment of the tile.
• a rear opening also preferably has a wide lower portion 45i for introducing a head of a fastener.
• this head can thus be introduced into the notch 45 through a lower opening or through a lower portion of a rear opening.
• the rear face 34 of the tile 30 still has spacers or
• Spacers 56 which are preferably shaped to maintain a spacing of between 2 and 5 mm between the rear face of the tile and the inner wall 26 of the cooling jacket.
• the spacing of the tiles of the wall governs the heat exchange.
• an expansion space 60 is provided between two adjacent tiles.
• This expansion space 60 allows direct access to the rear face of the tiles.
• the lower openings on the lower slices of the tiles are indeed not covered by the covering lips of the tiles and thus leave a direct passage 62 from the inside of the reactor 14 to the inner wall 26 of the cooling jacket, available for the gas or other aggressive agent.
• FIGS. 4 to 8 show tile shapes having two notches aligned horizontally, and which advantageously have the common characteristic of being shaped and / or assembled so as to close all direct access to the rear face of the tiles by means of the notches. It is thus understood that, even before any interposition of an expansion joint between two tiles, there is no passage passing through the tile assembly in a substantially rectilinear manner, in particular extending perpendicularly to the front faces of the tiles, and thus putting the back of the tiles in communication with the internal volume of the reactor.
• the arrangement of the upper lip 53 in the extension of the front face of a tile makes it possible to form an enlarged opening to access behind the tile.
• pouring concrete behind this tile is facilitated.
• the notches 45 do not open on the lower edge of the tile 30, that is to say that the notches 45 are in the form of holes opening only on the back side of the tile.
• a slot not opening on the lower edge of the tile can be formed by assembling a plug 70, for example by gluing, so as to plug its lower opening on the lower edge, as shown in Figure 5.
• a notch that does not open on the lower edge may also have come into shape with the tile during its manufacture.
• the lower portion 45i of a notch that does not open on the lower edge of the tile must necessarily be shaped to allow the introduction of a head of a fastener, the latter can not be introduced by the lower edge.
• the tile comprises tabs 72 that can fit into corresponding notches of another identical tile.
• the tile has as many said tabs as it has notches, so that when an assembly of an upper tile immediately above a lower tile, all the lower openings of the notches of the tile upper are closed by the tabs of the lower tile.
• This characteristic can be obtained by assembling the tongues on an existing tile, for example by gluing, (FIG. 7) or by conformation of tongues during the manufacture of the tile (FIG. 6).
• a plug 74 preferably having the same composition as the tiles, is inserted between the tiles after their assembly, so as to block any direct access to the rear face of the tiles through the notches, while preserving an expansion joint.
• the plug 74 has the same refractory composition as the tiles.
• all the notches of all the tiles of the assembly are closed in at least one of the solutions illustrated in FIGS. 4 to 8.
• the distance A between the axes E1 and E2 of the notches 44 and 46 is smaller than the sum of the distances ai and ⁇ 2 separating these axes E1 and E2 from the right 40 and left 42 slices, respectively.
• the distance A between the axes E1 and E2 of the notches 44 and 46 is smaller than the sum of the distances ai and ⁇ 2 separating these axes E1 and E2 from the right 40 and left 42 slices, respectively.
• e ⁇ is between 2 and 10 millimeters.
• the slices of the tile 30 are not flat, we measure ai and ⁇ 2 on the rear face of the tile. It is the same for the length L of the tile and its height H.
• FIG. 10 shows a fastener 80 comprising a threaded rod 82 whose first end 84 is welded to the inner wall 26 of the jacket 22.
• a head, or “washer” 86, is screwed onto the second end 88 of the rod 82.
• a clearance is provided between the head 86 and the notch 45 so that the fasteners 80 do not hinder the expansion of the tile 30.
• the fasteners 80 of the type shown in FIG. 10 are welded to the inner wall 26 of the jacket 22, substantially perpendicular to the wall 26 (FIG. 10). They are aligned along substantially vertical lines Lv and horizontal Lh.
• the spacing F between two adjacent vertical lines Lv is not constant and depends on the tiles used, as shown in FIG.
• the fasteners 80 are preferably aligned along substantially vertical lines Lv regularly spaced a distance A, that is to say, the distance A separating the axes E1 and E2 from the notches of a tile.
• the fasteners are also aligned along substantially horizontal lines regularly spaced a distance B.
• a "spread" of two tiles does not mean that these two tiles do not touch, but that in the direction considered, a relative movement of one tile relative to the other is possible.
• the spacing e ⁇ of two tiles according to the width means that a tile can expand laterally by a distance el and before abutting with the tile next to it.
• the spacing eh according to the height of two tiles means that a tile can expand upwards or downwards by a distance e h before coming into abutment with the tile on top or below it. It is preferable that the distance B be equal to the distance A. The same template can thus be used to ensure correct vertical and horizontal spacings.
• the same template can be used to check the spacing of two fasteners 8O 1 , 8O 2 side by side and intended to receive the same tile and to check the spacing two fasteners 8O 3 , 8O 4 side by side and intended to receive different tiles.
• a single template can therefore advantageously be used for the positioning of all fasteners.
• a row of tiles may for example be offset laterally by a length corresponding to the spacing between two notches of a tile if necessary.
• a half tile can be easily incorporated even after welding of the fasteners. It is thus possible to mount the tiles staggered to enhance the protection afforded by the refractory lining, to easily incorporate a passage for a thermocouple embedded in a cushioning concrete 90 or to account for a rough surface, having for example a opening or hole 92, with a lot of flexibility.
• a grid preferably a wire mesh or non-organic fibers, is preferably attached to the fasteners.
• the tiles are then attached to the fasteners 80 by insertion of the latter into the notches 45.
• the tiles are of the type shown in FIGS. 4 to 8.
• the plugs In the case of the tiles of FIG. 8, the plugs
• 74 can be set up as tiles are assembled or after all the tiles have been hung.
• the washers 86 are dimensioned so as to allow insertion of the fasteners 80 to the bottom 55 of the notches while preventing clearance by the upper portion 45s of the rear opening of the notches, partially closed in fact its omega profile ⁇ .
• the fasteners 80 thus serve to support the weight of the tiles
• the order in which the tiles are hung depends on the profiles of their slices. It is determined to ensure overlap between adjacent tiles provided by the manufacturer of the tiles.
• a self-rolling concrete is preferably cast in the space between the tiles and the inner wall of the cooling jacket.
• the spacers 56 avoid direct contact of the rear face of the tile and the wall, and thus improves the thermal protection of the latter.
• the spacers 56 extend only over only a portion of the height H of said tile, they do not hinder the flow of concrete behind the tile.
• the concrete can thus be distributed uniformly behind the tiles.
• the self-flow concrete is based U 1 Al 2 O 3 or Al 2 O 3 -Cr 2 O 3 or similar in nature to tiles.
• the self-rolling concrete advantageously makes it possible to regulate the overall conductivity of the coating, by its nature and its thickness. Its composition can be modified accordingly.
• a self-hardening concrete based on SiC or enriched in metallic or ceramic fibers, for example of the Dramix® or Unifrax type can advantageously be used if it is necessary to increase the thermal conductivity of the coating, that is to say ie to increase the heat transfer to the cooling jacket, in particular to manufacture water vapor necessary for the gasification system.
• the self-rolling concrete also makes it possible to protect the inner wall 26 of the cooling jacket in the event that a tile is unhooked. It also helps the tiles to withstand the pressure of several tens of bars prevailing inside the reactor in operation.
• the self-collapsible concrete is sometimes torn off with the tile. Indeed, it may be mechanically linked to it, in particular by filling the notches receiving the washers 86 of the fasteners.
• the wire mesh or inorganic fiber, disposed between the inner wall 26 of the cooling jacket and the rear face of the tiles, that is to say in the area where the self-cast concrete is then cast, advantageously improves the cohesion of the concrete layer and retains it locally in case of tearing or detachment of one or more tiles.
• the self-rolling concrete may advantageously be reinforced with fibers, preferably metal fibers, mixed with its other constituents during its preparation.
• a flexible mortar is placed in the expansion spaces separating the tiles, so as to form an expansion joint.
• the expansion joint thus has a width e h on its horizontal portions and a width ⁇
• Flexible mortars conventionally comprise ceramic fibers. As examples, mention may be made of Fiberfrax® produced by Unifrax.
• the heat variations within the reactor 14 cause expansion of the tiles.
• the spacing of the tiles relative to each other, however, allows them to expand without generating high mechanical stresses.
• the expansion joint compresses under the effect of expansion and then resumes its original shape when the tiles contract again. At any time during a thermal cycle, the inner wall of the reactor cooling jacket thus remains effectively protected.
• the shape of the tiles or the presence of plugs 74 advantageously avoids any direct access of the materials contained in the reactor to the concrete and to the inner wall of the cooling jacket.
• the self-cast concrete still maintains a protective barrier of the liner 22.
• This barrier is all the more certain that a grid has been provided between the wall 26 of this liner and the tiles and that the concrete is reinforced with fibers.
• All the tiles of the assemblies shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 are identical.
• a mixture of different tiles can however be advantageous, especially to allow the assembly of tiles to surround an obstacle 92 as closely as possible, and thus to limit the areas of the coating made of cushioning concrete 90
• the invention provides a thermally insulating refractory lining that is resistant to corrosive gases, is compact, easy to disassemble, and has increased reliability.
• This coating is particularly suitable for protecting the jacket of a reactor from a gasifier.
• the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described and shown, provided by way of illustrative and non-limiting examples.
• the tiles are preferably mounted in vertical quincunx, all the tiles of a column being offset from the tiles of the two columns adjacent thereto.
• the application of the tiles according to the invention is not limited to the coating of water boxes gasifiers.
• the tabs 72, the plugs 74, the closing of notches on the lower edge of the tiles, the grid, the self-collapsible concrete, the arrangement of the fasteners shown in Figure 11 are optional.
• the number of tabs, plugs 74, notches is not limiting.
• the notches, which form attachment points, are not the only possible fixing points. Any point of the tile according to the invention serving as a fulcrum for fasteners may be considered as a point of attachment.

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• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
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• 2005
  • 2005-03-07 FR FR0502272A patent/FR2882812B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2006
  • 2006-03-06 WO PCT/FR2006/000501 patent/WO2006095081A2/fr active Application Filing
  • 2006-03-06 CA CA002600228A patent/CA2600228A1/fr not_active Abandoned
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