EP1843068A2 - Valve unit and apparatus having the same - Google Patents
Valve unit and apparatus having the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1843068A2 EP1843068A2 EP07105015A EP07105015A EP1843068A2 EP 1843068 A2 EP1843068 A2 EP 1843068A2 EP 07105015 A EP07105015 A EP 07105015A EP 07105015 A EP07105015 A EP 07105015A EP 1843068 A2 EP1843068 A2 EP 1843068A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- valve unit
- plug
- electromagnetic wave
- phase change
- change material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000012782 phase change material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- -1 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001774 Perfluoroether Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005842 biochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910004481 Ta2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Diethyl Acetal Natural products CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical class [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Hf]=O CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002096 quantum dot Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012051 hydrophobic carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- JUPQTSLXMOCDHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,4-diol;bis(4-fluorophenyl)methanone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.C1=CC(F)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JUPQTSLXMOCDHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005661 hydrophobic surface Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003752 polymerase chain reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K13/00—Other constructional types of cut-off apparatus; Arrangements for cutting-off
- F16K13/08—Arrangements for cutting-off not used
- F16K13/10—Arrangements for cutting-off not used by means of liquid or granular medium
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K31/00—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices
- F16K31/002—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices actuated by temperature variation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K31/00—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices
- F16K31/02—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic
- F16K31/025—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic actuated by thermo-electric means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F16K99/0001—Microvalves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F16K99/0001—Microvalves
- F16K99/0003—Constructional types of microvalves; Details of the cutting-off member
- F16K99/0019—Valves using a microdroplet or microbubble as the valve member
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F16K99/0001—Microvalves
- F16K99/0003—Constructional types of microvalves; Details of the cutting-off member
- F16K99/0032—Constructional types of microvalves; Details of the cutting-off member using phase transition or influencing viscosity
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F16K99/0001—Microvalves
- F16K99/0034—Operating means specially adapted for microvalves
- F16K99/0036—Operating means specially adapted for microvalves operated by temperature variations
- F16K99/004—Operating means specially adapted for microvalves operated by temperature variations using radiation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
- B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
- B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
- B01L3/502715—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by interfacing components, e.g. fluidic, electrical, optical or mechanical interfaces
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F16K2099/0082—Microvalves adapted for a particular use
- F16K2099/0084—Chemistry or biology, e.g. "lab-on-a-chip" technology
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/2575—Volumetric liquid transfer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a valve unit which opens a channel at a predetermined time so that a fluid can flow along the channel, and an apparatus having the same.
- a valve unit includes a microchannel forming a path for a fluid is formed in a chip used in a biochemical reaction such as a polymerase chain reaction ("PCR").
- the chip is formed of glass or silicon.
- the valve unit blocks the microchannel so that a biochemical fluid cannot flow through the microchannel and opens the microchannel at a certain time to cause the fluid to flow.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of a conventional valve unit 10, which is disclosed in Anal. Chem. Vol. 76, pp. 1824-1831, 2004 .
- the conventional valve unit 10 includes a microchannel 12 which forms a path for a fluid (F), a paraffin wax 20 which blocks the microchannel 12 so that the fluid (F) cannot flow through the microchannel 12, and a wax chamber 15, which is disposed adjacent to the paraffin wax 20 and has an extended channel width compared to a channel width of microchannel 12.
- Heat (H) is applied to the paraffin wax 20 at a certain time allowing a flow of the fluid (F).
- the paraffin wax 20 is molten and the microchannel 12 is opened due to the heat (H)
- the fluid (F) which has been in a non-circulating state, flows in a direction of an arrow (that is, from upwards to downwards) indicated at a bottom portion of the wax chamber 15.
- the molten paraffin wax 20 is condensed again in the wax chamber 15 and does not disturb the flow of the fluid (F).
- the conventional valve unit 10 a large amount of time is required to melt the paraffin wax 20 by heating. It is difficult to precisely control a time for opening the microchannel 12, and a heating unit for melting the paraffin wax 20 should be directly provided on a substrate 11 on which the microchannel 12 is formed. For example, it is difficult to make the valve unit 10 small.
- directly providing the heating unit on the substrate 11 there is a difference in thermal conductivity according to a material used in forming the substrate 11, which causes a difference in precision for opening the microchannel 12.
- the thermal conductivity of plastics is much lower than that of glass or silicon of the chip. As such, precision in opening the microchannel 12 is lowered.
- the present invention provides a valve unit having an improved structure in which a channel can be more quickly opened, and an apparatus having the same.
- a valve unit includes: a plug including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature and a plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed in the phase change material, the heat-dissipating particles dissipate heat by absorbing an electromagnetic wave energy generated by electromagnetic wave radiation from the outside and block fluid flow by closing a path formed by a channel; and an external energy source irradiating an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein, irradiation of the electromagnetic wave on the plug from the outside causes the plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles to dissipate heat and cause the phase change material to be molten opening the path.
- the valve unit may further comprise a phase change material chamber, which is disposed in a position where a flow of the fluid is not disturbed and in which the molten phase change material and the fine heat-dissipating particles mixed therein are accommodated.
- the phase change material chamber may be formed in the channel and have a more extended width than a width of the channel.
- the valve unit may further comprise a light-path changing unit changing a light-path of the electromagnetic wave so that the electromagnetic wave irradiated by the external energy source can be directed toward the plug.
- the light-path changing unit may comprise at least one mirror.
- the external energy source may include a laser light source irradiating a Laser beam.
- the external energy source may include a laser diode.
- the laser irradiated by the laser light source may be a pulse electromagnetic wave having an energy of at least 1 mJ/pulse.
- the laser irradiated by the laser light source may be a continuous wave electromagnetic wave having an output of at least about 10 mW.
- the laser irradiated by the laser light source may have a wavelength of about 750 nm to about 1300 nm.
- the fine heat-dissipating particles may have a diameter of about 1 nm to about 100 ⁇ m.
- the fine heat-dissipating particles may be dispersed in a hydrophobic carrier oil.
- the fine heat-dissipating particles may include a ferromagnetic material or metallic oxide.
- the metallic oxide may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , Ta 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 and HfO 2 .
- the fine heat-dissipating particles may have at least one grain shape selected from the group consisting of a polymer, a quantum dot, and a magnetic bead.
- the magnetic bead includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Cr and an oxide thereof.
- the phase change material may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a wax, a gel and a thermo-plastic resin.
- the wax may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a paraffin wax, a microcrystalline wax, a synthetic wax and a natural wax.
- the gel may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate and a polyvinylamide.
- the thermo-plastic resin may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a cycloolefin copolymer (“COC”), polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) (“PMMA”), polycarbonate (“PC”), polystyrene (“PS”), polyoxymethylene (acetal) (“POM”), perfluoroalkoxy (“PFA”), polyvinyl alcohol (or polyvinyl acetate) (“PVC”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), polyetheretherketone (“PEEK”), polyamide (nylon) (“PA”), polysulfone (“PSU”) or polyvinylidene fluoride (“PVDF”).
- COC cycloolefin copolymer
- PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
- PC polycarbonate
- PS polystyrene
- POM polyoxymethylene (acetal)
- PFA perfluoroalkoxy
- PVC polyvinyl alcohol (or polyvin
- the substrate may have a disc shape, the channel may extend in a radial direction of the substrate and the biochemical fluid may be pumped in a radially outwardly direction of the substrate by a centrifugal force generated by rotation of the substrate.
- a plurality of channels, each having a reaction chamber, may be provided on the substrate.
- a valve unit an apparatus having the same include: a plug including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature and blocks fluid flow by closing a path formed by a channel; and an external energy source irradiating an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein an electromagnetic wave irradiated on the plug from the outside causes the phase change material to absorb an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave and become molten, causing the path to open.
- a valve unit includes; a plug including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature and which is disposed proximate to a fluid flow channel, and an external energy source which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the phase change material absorbs an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave, becomes molten, and flows into the channel to obstruct fluid flow.
- a valve unit includes; a substrate, a channel formed in the substrate through, a plug disposed opposite the channel, the plug including a phase change material and a plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed in the phase change material; and an external energy source which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dissipate heat and the phase change material become molten, the plug expands into the channel thereby obstructing it.
- an apparatus having a valve unit includes; a channel forming a path for a biochemical fluid, a substrate having a reaction chamber in which a biochemical reaction of the biochemical fluid is performed, and a valve unit blocking the path and opening the path at a predetermined time, wherein the valve unit includes; a plug including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature disposed opposite the channel, and an external energy source which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the phase change material absorbs an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave and becomes molten obstructing the path to reduce a fluid flow therethrough.
- first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention.
- spatially relative terms such as “below” or “lower” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relationship of one element or feature to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
- Embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to cross-section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of the invention. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing.
- an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region.
- a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place.
- the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a valve unit 50A according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of a substrate of the valve unit 50A illustrated in FIG. 2 when a channel is closed
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of a substrate of the valve unit 50A illustrated in FIG. 2 when the channel is opened.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the valve unit 50A taken along line i-i of FIG. 3.
- the valve unit 50A includes a plug 60 which blocks a path defined by a channel 55, and a laser light source 70, which irradiates a laser beam on the plug 60, as an example of an external energy source for irradiating a laser on the plug 60.
- the channel 55 is formed in a base substrate 51.
- the base substrate 51 may be a substrate 110 of an apparatus 100, as illustrated in FIG. 7, for example.
- the base substrate 51 is formed of a laser-transmitting material, such as transparent glass, so that a laser irradiated from the laser light source 70 disposed outside the base substrate 51 can be incident on the plug 60.
- transparent plastic material may be used such that a laser beam can transmit through the transparent plastic material, which has a lower cost than glass.
- the plug 60 includes a phase change material in a solid state at room temperature and a plurality of fine dissipating particles uniformly dispersed in the phase change material.
- the plug 60 blocks a flow of the fluid (F) by blocking the channel by being press fit against the inner walls of a predetermined portion of the channel 55.
- the phase change material may be wax. If the wax is heated, it is molten and is changed into a liquid state. As such, the plug 60 is destroyed and the path is opened allowing flow of the fluid (F).
- the wax of the plug 60 may have a predetermined melting point. If the melting point is too high, it takes a long time from initiating laser radiation to melting of the wax. Thus, it is difficult to precisely control a time for opening the channel 55.
- the wax may be paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, synthetic wax or natural wax.
- the phase change material may be a gel or thermo-plastic resin.
- the gel may be a polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate or polyvinylamide.
- the thermo-plastic resin may be a cycloolefin copolymer ("COC"), polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) (“PMMA”), polycarbonate (“PC”), polystyrene (“PS”), polyoxymethylene (acetal) ("POM”), perfluoroalkoxy (“PFA”), polyvinyl alcohol (or polyvinyl acetate) (“PVC”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), polyetheretherketone (“PEEK”), polyamide (nylon) (“PA”), polysulfone (“PSU”) or polyvinylidene fluoride (“PVDF”).
- COC cycloolefin copolymer
- PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
- PC polycarbonate
- PS polystyrene
- the fine heat-dissipating particles have a diameter of about 1 nm to about 100 nm so that they can freely move within the channel 55 having a width of several thousands of micrometers ( ⁇ m). If an electromagnetic wave such as a laser is irradiated on the fine heat-dissipating particles, due to its radiant energy, the temperature of the fine heat-dissipating particles rapidly rises so that the fine heat-dissipating particles that are uniformly dispersed in the wax dissipate heat.
- the fine heat-dissipating particles have a core including a metallic component and a hydrophobic surface structure.
- the fine heat-dissipating particles may have a molecular structure including a core formed of Fe, and a plurality of surfactants, which are combined with iron (Fe) and surround Fe.
- the fine heat-dissipating particles are dispersed in a carrier oil and are kept therein.
- the carrier oil may also be hydrophobic so that the fine heat-dissipating particles having a hydrophobic surface structure can be uniformly dispersed.
- the carrier oil in which the fine heat-dissipating particles are dispersed is poured into the wax and is mixed therewith so that a material used in forming the plug 60 can be manufactured.
- a shape of the fine heat-dissipating particles is not limited to a polymer illustrated in the above example but may be a quantum dot or a magnetic bead.
- FIG. 5 is a graph of melting point (temperature) versus time in a case where a laser is irradiated on a pure paraffin wax and a paraffin wax including fine heat-dissipating particles for dissipating heat by laser radiation.
- a graph indicated by a solid line in FIG. 5 is a temperature graph of pure (100%) paraffin wax, and a graph indicated by a dotted line in FIG. 5 is a temperature graph of 50% impurity (fine heat-dissipating particles) paraffin wax in which a carrier oil including fine heat-dissipating particles having an average diameter of 10 nm dispersed therein and the paraffin wax are mixed at a ratio of 1:1.
- 5 is a temperature graph of 20% impurity (fine heat-dissipating particles) paraffin wax in which the carrier oil including fine heat-dissipating particles having an average diameter of 10 nm dispersed therein and the paraffin wax are mixed at a ratio of 1:4.
- a laser beam having a wavelength of 808 nm was used in this experiment.
- a melting point of the paraffin wax was about 68-74°C. Referring to FIG. 5, the pure paraffin wax reached a melting point more than 20 seconds after laser irradiation (see (ii)).
- the 50% impurity (fine heat-dissipating particles) paraffin wax and the 20% impurity (fine heat-dissipating particles) paraffin wax were rapidly heated after laser radiation and reached the melting point about 5 seconds after laser irradiation (see (i)).
- the fine heat-dissipating particles may include a ferromagnetic material such as iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) or an oxide thereof.
- the fine heat-dissipating particles may include a metallic oxide such as Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , Ta 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 or HfO 2 .
- the position of the fine heat-dissipating particles including the ferromagnetic material can be easily adjusted using a magnet.
- the plug material including wax is pulled toward the magnet and is moved along the channel 55.
- the plug 60 can be located at a predetermined position of the channel 55 using this characteristic.
- the laser light source 70 may include a laser diode.
- a laser light source for irradiating a pulse laser having an energy of at least 1 mJ/pulse and a laser light source for irradiating a continuous wave laser having an output of at least 10 mW may be used as the laser light source 70 of the valve unit 50A.
- the laser light source 70 irradiated a laser beam having a wavelength of 808 nm.
- the present invention is not limited to this wavelength and a laser light source for irradiating a laser beam having a wavelength of about 750 nm to about 1300 nm may be used as the laser light source 70 of the valve unit 50A.
- the valve unit 50A further includes a phase change material chamber 65 in which the molten wax and fine heat-dissipating particles mixed therewith are accommodated when the wax is molten by laser radiation and the channel 55 is opened.
- the phase change material chamber 65 is formed along the channel 55 to be adjacent to the plug 60 and extends to be a stepped shape on an inner side surface of the channel 55.
- the phase change material chamber 65 has a width W2, which is more extended than a width W1 of the channel 55.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of a valve unit 50B according to the present invention.
- the valve unit 50B includes a plug 60 which blocks a flow path formed by a channel 55, a laser light source 70 which irradiates a laser beam on the plug 60, and a phase change material chamber 65 in which wax and fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed therein are accommodated when the flow path is opened.
- the laser light source 70 of the valve unit 50B does not irradiate a laser beam directly toward the plug 60.
- the valve unit 50B further includes a light-path changing unit which changes a path of the laser beam so that the laser irradiated by the laser light source 70 can be directed toward the plug 60.
- the light-path changing unit includes a pair of mirrors 72 and 74. The laser beam irradiated by the laser light source 70 is sequentially reflected from the first mirror 72 and the second mirror 74, is transmitted through a base substrate 51 and is incident on the plug 60.
- the number of laser light sources 70 and the number of plugs 60 may not correspond to each other.
- a plurality of plugs 60 may be provided. Even if only one channel 55 is formed in the base substrate 51, a plurality of plugs 60 may be provided to the one channel 55. In this case, if a predetermined light-path changing unit is provided, one laser light source 70 or a plurality of laser light sources 70 less than the number of the plugs 60 may irradiate a laser on the plurality of plugs 60.
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus 100 having a valve unit according to the present invention.
- the apparatus 100 includes a disc-shaped substrate 110, a spindle motor 105 for rotating the substrate 110 and a laser light source 125 for irradiating a laser beam on the substrate 110.
- the substrate 110 corresponds to the base substrate 51 illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4.
- the substrate 110 includes a plurality of channels 112 (two shown) for forming a path of a fluid and a reaction chamber 115 disposed along a portion of each channel 112. A reaction of the fluid is performed in the reaction chamber 115.
- Each channel 112 extends in a radial direction of the substrate 110, an inlet 117 for the fluid is disposed at one end of each channel 112 proximate to a center of the substrate 110, and an outlet 119 for the fluid is disposed at the other end of each channel 112 proximate to a circumferential portion of the substrate 110.
- the fluid flowing into the channel 112 through the inlet 117 is pumped in the circumferential direction of the substrate 110, that is, in a direction toward the outlet 119, by a centrifugal force generated by rotation of the substrate 110.
- a pair of channels 112 are shown in FIG. 7. However, this is just one example and three or more channels or only one channel may be provided in alternative exemplary embodiments.
- a plug 121 for blocking a flow of the fluid is disposed in each channel 112 in a position of the substrate 110 on which a laser irradiated by a laser light source 125 is incident.
- the plug 121 corresponds to the plug 60 illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4.
- the plug 121 and the laser light source 125 constitute a valve unit 120 of the present invention.
- the valve unit 120 corresponds to the valve unit 50A illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4, and thus, a detailed description of the plug 121 and the laser light source 125 of the valve unit 50A will be omitted.
- a phase change material chamber (65, see FIGS. 2 through 4) in which the molten wax and the fine heat-dissipating particles mixed therein are accommodated may be further provided to the channel 112.
- a light-path changing unit including mirrors 72 and 74 (see FIG. 6), for example, may be further provided so that a laser beam can be irradiated by one laser light source 125 on a plurality of plugs 121 disposed on the substrate 110.
- a valve unit for closing a path by melting, and thereby expanding, a plug made of a phase changing material (with or without fine heat-dissipating particles) and an apparatus using the same are also included in the present invention.
- the plug may be made to expand into a channel and thereby block the flow of fluid through that channel.
- the plug may have various other uses to open, close, or partially obstruct a channel, all of which are within the scope of the present invention.
- valve unit for opening a path by melting a plug by irradiating an electromagnetic wave on the plug formed of only a phase change material (not including fine heat-dissipating particles), and an apparatus having the same are also included in the present invention.
- a response speed for opening the channel is faster such that a time for opening the channel can be precisely controlled.
- a unit for heating wax is not included in the substrate allowing the substrate to be made smaller.
- a number of laser light sources being less than the number of plugs are provided with respect to a plurality of plugs such that costs for manufacturing the valve unit and the apparatus having the same can be reduced.
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a valve unit which opens a channel at a predetermined time so that a fluid can flow along the channel, and an apparatus having the same.
- For example, a valve unit includes a microchannel forming a path for a fluid is formed in a chip used in a biochemical reaction such as a polymerase chain reaction ("PCR"). The chip is formed of glass or silicon. The valve unit blocks the microchannel so that a biochemical fluid cannot flow through the microchannel and opens the microchannel at a certain time to cause the fluid to flow.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of a
conventional valve unit 10, which is disclosed in Anal. Chem. Vol. 76, pp. 1824-1831, 2004. - Referring to FIG. 1, the
conventional valve unit 10 includes amicrochannel 12 which forms a path for a fluid (F), aparaffin wax 20 which blocks themicrochannel 12 so that the fluid (F) cannot flow through themicrochannel 12, and awax chamber 15, which is disposed adjacent to theparaffin wax 20 and has an extended channel width compared to a channel width ofmicrochannel 12. Heat (H) is applied to theparaffin wax 20 at a certain time allowing a flow of the fluid (F). When theparaffin wax 20 is molten and themicrochannel 12 is opened due to the heat (H), the fluid (F) which has been in a non-circulating state, flows in a direction of an arrow (that is, from upwards to downwards) indicated at a bottom portion of thewax chamber 15. Themolten paraffin wax 20 is condensed again in thewax chamber 15 and does not disturb the flow of the fluid (F). - However, in the
conventional valve unit 10, a large amount of time is required to melt theparaffin wax 20 by heating. It is difficult to precisely control a time for opening themicrochannel 12, and a heating unit for melting theparaffin wax 20 should be directly provided on asubstrate 11 on which themicrochannel 12 is formed. For example, it is difficult to make thevalve unit 10 small. When directly providing the heating unit on thesubstrate 11, there is a difference in thermal conductivity according to a material used in forming thesubstrate 11, which causes a difference in precision for opening themicrochannel 12. Thus, when plastics are used to reduce costs for manufacturing a chip used in a biochemical reaction, the thermal conductivity of plastics is much lower than that of glass or silicon of the chip. As such, precision in opening themicrochannel 12 is lowered. - The present invention provides a valve unit having an improved structure in which a channel can be more quickly opened, and an apparatus having the same.
- According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a valve unit includes: a plug including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature and a plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed in the phase change material, the heat-dissipating particles dissipate heat by absorbing an electromagnetic wave energy generated by electromagnetic wave radiation from the outside and block fluid flow by closing a path formed by a channel; and an external energy source irradiating an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein, irradiation of the electromagnetic wave on the plug from the outside causes the plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles to dissipate heat and cause the phase change material to be molten opening the path.
- The valve unit may further comprise a phase change material chamber, which is disposed in a position where a flow of the fluid is not disturbed and in which the molten phase change material and the fine heat-dissipating particles mixed therein are accommodated.
- The phase change material chamber may be formed in the channel and have a more extended width than a width of the channel.
- The valve unit may further comprise a light-path changing unit changing a light-path of the electromagnetic wave so that the electromagnetic wave irradiated by the external energy source can be directed toward the plug.
- The light-path changing unit may comprise at least one mirror.
- The external energy source may include a laser light source irradiating a Laser beam.
- The external energy source may include a laser diode.
- The laser irradiated by the laser light source may be a pulse electromagnetic wave having an energy of at least 1 mJ/pulse.
- The laser irradiated by the laser light source may be a continuous wave electromagnetic wave having an output of at least about 10 mW.
- The laser irradiated by the laser light source may have a wavelength of about 750 nm to about 1300 nm.
- The fine heat-dissipating particles may have a diameter of about 1 nm to
about 100 µm. - The fine heat-dissipating particles may be dispersed in a hydrophobic carrier oil.
- The fine heat-dissipating particles may include a ferromagnetic material or metallic oxide.
- The metallic oxide may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, Ta2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and HfO2.
- The fine heat-dissipating particles may have at least one grain shape selected from the group consisting of a polymer, a quantum dot, and a magnetic bead.
- The magnetic bead includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Cr and an oxide thereof.
- The phase change material may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a wax, a gel and a thermo-plastic resin.
- The wax may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a paraffin wax, a microcrystalline wax, a synthetic wax and a natural wax.
- The gel may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate and a polyvinylamide.
- The thermo-plastic resin may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a cycloolefin copolymer ("COC"), polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) ("PMMA"), polycarbonate ("PC"), polystyrene ("PS"), polyoxymethylene (acetal) ("POM"), perfluoroalkoxy ("PFA"), polyvinyl alcohol (or polyvinyl acetate) ("PVC"), polypropylene ("PP"), polyethylene terephthalate ("PET"), polyetheretherketone ("PEEK"), polyamide (nylon) ("PA"), polysulfone ("PSU") or polyvinylidene fluoride ("PVDF").
- The substrate may have a disc shape, the channel may extend in a radial direction of the substrate and the biochemical fluid may be pumped in a radially outwardly direction of the substrate by a centrifugal force generated by rotation of the substrate.
- A plurality of channels, each having a reaction chamber, may be provided on the substrate.
- According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a valve unit an apparatus having the same include: a plug including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature and blocks fluid flow by closing a path formed by a channel; and an external energy source irradiating an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein an electromagnetic wave irradiated on the plug from the outside causes the phase change material to absorb an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave and become molten, causing the path to open.
- According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a valve unit includes; a plug including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature and which is disposed proximate to a fluid flow channel, and an external energy source which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the phase change material absorbs an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave, becomes molten, and flows into the channel to obstruct fluid flow.
- According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a valve unit includes; a substrate, a channel formed in the substrate through, a plug disposed opposite the channel, the plug including a phase change material and a plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed in the phase change material; and an external energy source which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dissipate heat and the phase change material become molten, the plug expands into the channel thereby obstructing it.
- According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention an apparatus having a valve unit includes; a channel forming a path for a biochemical fluid, a substrate having a reaction chamber in which a biochemical reaction of the biochemical fluid is performed, and a valve unit blocking the path and opening the path at a predetermined time, wherein the valve unit includes; a plug including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature disposed opposite the channel, and an external energy source which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug, wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the phase change material absorbs an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave and becomes molten obstructing the path to reduce a fluid flow therethrough.
- The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in more detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of a conventional valve unit;
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a valve unit according to the present invention;
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of a substrate of the valve unit illustrated in FIG. 2 when a channel is closed;
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of a substrate of the valve unit illustrated in FIG. 2 when the channel is opened;
- FIG. 5 is a graph of melting point (temperature) versus time in a case where a laser beam is irradiated on a pure paraffin wax and a paraffin wax including fine heat-dissipating particles for dissipating heat by laser radiation;
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of a valve unit according to the present invention; and
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an apparatus having an exemplary embodiment of a valve unit according to the present invention.
- Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail by explaining exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to the attached drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, lengths and sizes of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity.
- It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being "on" another element or layer, the element or layer can be directly on another element or layer or intervening elements or layers. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on" another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
- It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention.
- Spatially relative terms, such as "below" or "lower" and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relationship of one element or feature to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as "below" other elements or features would then be oriented "above" the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term "below" can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
- The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
- Embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to cross-section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of the invention. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing.
- For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
- Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a
valve unit 50A according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is a plan view of a substrate of thevalve unit 50A illustrated in FIG. 2 when a channel is closed, and FIG. 4 is a plan view of a substrate of thevalve unit 50A illustrated in FIG. 2 when the channel is opened. Further, FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of thevalve unit 50A taken along line i-i of FIG. 3. - Referring to FIGS. 2 through 4, the
valve unit 50A includes aplug 60 which blocks a path defined by achannel 55, and alaser light source 70, which irradiates a laser beam on theplug 60, as an example of an external energy source for irradiating a laser on theplug 60. Thechannel 55 is formed in abase substrate 51. Thebase substrate 51 may be asubstrate 110 of an apparatus 100, as illustrated in FIG. 7, for example. Thebase substrate 51 is formed of a laser-transmitting material, such as transparent glass, so that a laser irradiated from thelaser light source 70 disposed outside thebase substrate 51 can be incident on theplug 60. Alternatively, transparent plastic material may be used such that a laser beam can transmit through the transparent plastic material, which has a lower cost than glass. - The
plug 60 includes a phase change material in a solid state at room temperature and a plurality of fine dissipating particles uniformly dispersed in the phase change material. Theplug 60 blocks a flow of the fluid (F) by blocking the channel by being press fit against the inner walls of a predetermined portion of thechannel 55. The phase change material may be wax. If the wax is heated, it is molten and is changed into a liquid state. As such, theplug 60 is destroyed and the path is opened allowing flow of the fluid (F). The wax of theplug 60 may have a predetermined melting point. If the melting point is too high, it takes a long time from initiating laser radiation to melting of the wax. Thus, it is difficult to precisely control a time for opening thechannel 55. On the other hand, if the melting point is too low, the wax is partially molten in the state where a laser has not been irradiated on the fine heat-dissipating particles so that the fluid (F) may also leak. The wax may be paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, synthetic wax or natural wax. - The phase change material may be a gel or thermo-plastic resin. The gel may be a polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate or polyvinylamide. In addition, the thermo-plastic resin may be a cycloolefin copolymer ("COC"), polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) ("PMMA"), polycarbonate ("PC"), polystyrene ("PS"), polyoxymethylene (acetal) ("POM"), perfluoroalkoxy ("PFA"), polyvinyl alcohol (or polyvinyl acetate) ("PVC"), polypropylene ("PP"), polyethylene terephthalate ("PET"), polyetheretherketone ("PEEK"), polyamide (nylon) ("PA"), polysulfone ("PSU") or polyvinylidene fluoride ("PVDF").
- The fine heat-dissipating particles have a diameter of about 1 nm to about 100 nm so that they can freely move within the
channel 55 having a width of several thousands of micrometers (µm). If an electromagnetic wave such as a laser is irradiated on the fine heat-dissipating particles, due to its radiant energy, the temperature of the fine heat-dissipating particles rapidly rises so that the fine heat-dissipating particles that are uniformly dispersed in the wax dissipate heat. The fine heat-dissipating particles have a core including a metallic component and a hydrophobic surface structure. For example, the fine heat-dissipating particles may have a molecular structure including a core formed of Fe, and a plurality of surfactants, which are combined with iron (Fe) and surround Fe. In general, the fine heat-dissipating particles are dispersed in a carrier oil and are kept therein. The carrier oil may also be hydrophobic so that the fine heat-dissipating particles having a hydrophobic surface structure can be uniformly dispersed. The carrier oil in which the fine heat-dissipating particles are dispersed is poured into the wax and is mixed therewith so that a material used in forming theplug 60 can be manufactured. A shape of the fine heat-dissipating particles is not limited to a polymer illustrated in the above example but may be a quantum dot or a magnetic bead. - FIG. 5 is a graph of melting point (temperature) versus time in a case where a laser is irradiated on a pure paraffin wax and a paraffin wax including fine heat-dissipating particles for dissipating heat by laser radiation.
- A graph indicated by a solid line in FIG. 5 is a temperature graph of pure (100%) paraffin wax, and a graph indicated by a dotted line in FIG. 5 is a temperature graph of 50% impurity (fine heat-dissipating particles) paraffin wax in which a carrier oil including fine heat-dissipating particles having an average diameter of 10 nm dispersed therein and the paraffin wax are mixed at a ratio of 1:1. A graph indicated by a chain thick line in FIG. 5 is a temperature graph of 20% impurity (fine heat-dissipating particles) paraffin wax in which the carrier oil including fine heat-dissipating particles having an average diameter of 10 nm dispersed therein and the paraffin wax are mixed at a ratio of 1:4. A laser beam having a wavelength of 808 nm was used in this experiment. A melting point of the paraffin wax was about 68-74°C. Referring to FIG. 5, the pure paraffin wax reached a melting point more than 20 seconds after laser irradiation (see (ii)). On the other hand, the 50% impurity (fine heat-dissipating particles) paraffin wax and the 20% impurity (fine heat-dissipating particles) paraffin wax were rapidly heated after laser radiation and reached the melting point about 5 seconds after laser irradiation (see (i)).
- The fine heat-dissipating particles may include a ferromagnetic material such as iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) or an oxide thereof. In addition, the fine heat-dissipating particles may include a metallic oxide such as Al2O3, TiO2, Ta2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 or HfO2. The position of the fine heat-dissipating particles including the ferromagnetic material can be easily adjusted using a magnet. Thus, if a plug material in which wax and fine heat-dissipating particles are mixed is inserted into the
channel 55 and then the magnet is moved along thechannel 55 while being close to the plug material outside thebase substrate 51, the plug material including wax is pulled toward the magnet and is moved along thechannel 55. Theplug 60 can be located at a predetermined position of thechannel 55 using this characteristic. - The
laser light source 70 may include a laser diode. A laser light source for irradiating a pulse laser having an energy of at least 1 mJ/pulse and a laser light source for irradiating a continuous wave laser having an output of at least 10 mW may be used as thelaser light source 70 of thevalve unit 50A. In the experiment illustrated in FIG. 5, thelaser light source 70 irradiated a laser beam having a wavelength of 808 nm. However, the present invention is not limited to this wavelength and a laser light source for irradiating a laser beam having a wavelength of about 750 nm to about 1300 nm may be used as thelaser light source 70 of thevalve unit 50A. - The
valve unit 50A further includes a phasechange material chamber 65 in which the molten wax and fine heat-dissipating particles mixed therewith are accommodated when the wax is molten by laser radiation and thechannel 55 is opened. The phasechange material chamber 65 is formed along thechannel 55 to be adjacent to theplug 60 and extends to be a stepped shape on an inner side surface of thechannel 55. Thus, the phasechange material chamber 65 has a width W2, which is more extended than a width W1 of thechannel 55. - As illustrated in FIG. 2, if a laser is irradiated by the
laser light source 70 on theplug 60, fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed in the wax dissipate heat due to a rapid rise in temperature caused by an energy of the laser, and the wax is rapidly heated by this heat dissipation and is rapidly molten. Thus, theplug 60 is destroyed and the non-circulating fluid (F) flows along thechannel 55. The wax and the fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed therein are accommodated in the phasechange material chamber 65 and are solidified again.Reference numeral 61 in FIG. 4 denotes the wax and the fine heat-dissipating particles, which are solidified again in the above manner in the phasechange material chamber 65. - FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of a
valve unit 50B according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 6, like thevalve unit 50A illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4, thevalve unit 50B includes aplug 60 which blocks a flow path formed by achannel 55, alaser light source 70 which irradiates a laser beam on theplug 60, and a phasechange material chamber 65 in which wax and fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed therein are accommodated when the flow path is opened. Thelaser light source 70 of thevalve unit 50B does not irradiate a laser beam directly toward theplug 60. Thevalve unit 50B further includes a light-path changing unit which changes a path of the laser beam so that the laser irradiated by thelaser light source 70 can be directed toward theplug 60. The light-path changing unit includes a pair ofmirrors laser light source 70 is sequentially reflected from thefirst mirror 72 and thesecond mirror 74, is transmitted through abase substrate 51 and is incident on theplug 60. - The number of
laser light sources 70 and the number ofplugs 60 may not correspond to each other. For example, when a plurality ofchannels 55 are formed in thebase substrate 51, a plurality ofplugs 60 may be provided. Even if only onechannel 55 is formed in thebase substrate 51, a plurality ofplugs 60 may be provided to the onechannel 55. In this case, if a predetermined light-path changing unit is provided, onelaser light source 70 or a plurality oflaser light sources 70 less than the number of theplugs 60 may irradiate a laser on the plurality ofplugs 60. - FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus 100 having a valve unit according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 7, the apparatus 100 includes a disc-shaped
substrate 110, aspindle motor 105 for rotating thesubstrate 110 and a laser light source 125 for irradiating a laser beam on thesubstrate 110. Thesubstrate 110 corresponds to thebase substrate 51 illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4. Thesubstrate 110 includes a plurality of channels 112 (two shown) for forming a path of a fluid and areaction chamber 115 disposed along a portion of eachchannel 112. A reaction of the fluid is performed in thereaction chamber 115. Eachchannel 112 extends in a radial direction of thesubstrate 110, aninlet 117 for the fluid is disposed at one end of eachchannel 112 proximate to a center of thesubstrate 110, and anoutlet 119 for the fluid is disposed at the other end of eachchannel 112 proximate to a circumferential portion of thesubstrate 110. The fluid flowing into thechannel 112 through theinlet 117 is pumped in the circumferential direction of thesubstrate 110, that is, in a direction toward theoutlet 119, by a centrifugal force generated by rotation of thesubstrate 110. A pair ofchannels 112 are shown in FIG. 7. However, this is just one example and three or more channels or only one channel may be provided in alternative exemplary embodiments. - A
plug 121 for blocking a flow of the fluid is disposed in eachchannel 112 in a position of thesubstrate 110 on which a laser irradiated by a laser light source 125 is incident. Theplug 121 corresponds to theplug 60 illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4. Theplug 121 and the laser light source 125 constitute a valve unit 120 of the present invention. The valve unit 120 corresponds to thevalve unit 50A illustrated in FIGS. 2 through 4, and thus, a detailed description of theplug 121 and the laser light source 125 of thevalve unit 50A will be omitted. - Although not shown, a phase change material chamber (65, see FIGS. 2 through 4) in which the molten wax and the fine heat-dissipating particles mixed therein are accommodated may be further provided to the
channel 112. In addition, a light-path changing unit including mirrors 72 and 74 (see FIG. 6), for example, may be further provided so that a laser beam can be irradiated by one laser light source 125 on a plurality ofplugs 121 disposed on thesubstrate 110. - A valve unit for closing a path by melting, and thereby expanding, a plug made of a phase changing material (with or without fine heat-dissipating particles) and an apparatus using the same are also included in the present invention. In such a device the plug may be made to expand into a channel and thereby block the flow of fluid through that channel. One skilled in the art would realize that the plug may have various other uses to open, close, or partially obstruct a channel, all of which are within the scope of the present invention.
- Meanwhile, a valve unit for opening a path by melting a plug by irradiating an electromagnetic wave on the plug formed of only a phase change material (not including fine heat-dissipating particles), and an apparatus having the same are also included in the present invention.
- As described above, in the valve unit according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, compared to the conventional valve unit having a plug including wax only, a response speed for opening the channel is faster such that a time for opening the channel can be precisely controlled. In addition, in the apparatus having the valve unit according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a unit for heating wax is not included in the substrate allowing the substrate to be made smaller.
- In addition, in the valve unit according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a number of laser light sources being less than the number of plugs are provided with respect to a plurality of plugs such that costs for manufacturing the valve unit and the apparatus having the same can be reduced.
- While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.
Claims (47)
- A valve unit (50 A/B) comprising:a substrate (51);a channel (55) formed in the substrate (51); a plug (60) which blocks a path defined by the channel thus closing the path of a fluid in the channel when the plug is in a solid state at a room temperature, the plug including a phase change material and a plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed in the phase change material; andan external energy source (70) which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug,wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug (60) from the outside, the plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dissipate heat and the phase change material become molten opening the path to allow the fluid to flow.
- The valve unit of claim 1, further comprising a phase change material chamber (65) disposed in a position where a flow of the fluid is not disturbed and in which the molten phase change material and the fine heat-dissipating particles mixed therein are accommodated.
- The valve unit of claim 2, wherein the phase change material chamber (65) is formed in the channel and has a more extended width than a width of the channel.
- The valve unit of claim 1, further comprising a light-path changing unit (72, 74) which changes a light-path of the electromagnetic wave to direct the electromagnetic wave irradiated by the external energy source toward the plug.
- The valve unit of claim 4, wherein the light-path changing unit (72, 74) comprises at least one mirror.
- The valve unit of claim 1, wherein the external energy source (70) includes a laser light source (125) irradiating a laser beam.
- The valve unit of claim 6, wherein the laser light source includes a laser diode.
- The valve unit of claim 6, wherein the laser beam irradiated by the laser light source is a pulse electromagnetic wave having an energy of at least mJ/pulse.
- The valve unit of claim 6, wherein the laser irradiated by the laser light source is a continuous electromagnetic wave having an output of at least 10 mW.
- The valve unit of claim 6, wherein the laser beam irradiated by the laser light source has a wavelength of about 750 nm to about 1300 nm.
- The valve unit of claim 1, wherein the fine heat-dissipating particles have a diameter of about 1 nm to about 100 µm.
- The valve unit of claim 11, wherein the fine heat-dissipating particles are dispersed in a hydrophobic carrier oil.
- The valve unit of claim 1, wherein the fine heat-dissipating particles include a ferromagnetic material or metallic oxide.
- The valve unit of claim 13, wherein the metallic oxide includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2 Ta2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and HfO2.
- The valve unit of claim 1, wherein the fine heat-dissipating particles have at least one grain shape selected from the group consisting of a polymer, a quantum dot and a magnetic bead.
- The valve unit of claim 15, wherein the magnetic bead includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Cr and an oxide thereof.
- The valve unit of claim 1, wherein the phase change material is at least one selected from the group consisting of wax, gel, and thermo-plastic resin.
- The valve unit of claim 17, wherein the wax is at least one selected from the group consisting of a paraffin wax, a microcrystalline wax, a synthetic wax and a natural wax.
- The valve unit of claim 17, wherein the gel is at least one selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate, and a polyvinylamide.
- The valve unit of claim 17, wherein the thermo-plastic resin is at least one selected from the group consisting of a cycloolefin copolymer (COC), a polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) (PMMA), a polycarbonate (PC), a polystyrene (PS), a polyoxymethylene (acetal) (POM), a perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), a polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl acetate (PVC), a polypropylene (PP), a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a polyamide (PA), a polysulfone (PSU) and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- An apparatus (100) having a valve unit (50A/B, 120), the apparatus comprising:a substrate (110) having a reaction chamber (115) in which a biochemical reaction of a biochemical fluid is performed;a channel (55, 112) formed in the substrate (110) defining a path for the fluid; andsaid valve unit (50 A/B, 120) blocking the path and opening the path at a predetermined time,
wherein the valve unit comprises:a plug (60, 121) which blocks a path defined by the channel thus closing the path of a fluid in the channel (55, 112) when the plug is in a solid state at a room temperature, the plug including a phase change and a plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed in the phase change material; andan external energy source (70, 125) which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug,wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dissipate heat and the phase change material become molten opening the path to allow the fluid to flow. - The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the valve unit (50 A/B, 120) further comprises a phase change material chamber disposed in a position where a flow of the fluid is not disturbed and in which the molten phase change material and the fine heat-dissipating particles mixed therein are accommodated.
- The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the phase change material chamber is formed in the channel and has a more extended width than a width of the channel.
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the valve unit (50 A/B, 120) further comprises a light-path changing unit (72, 74) which changes a light-path of the electromagnetic wave to direct the electromagnetic wave irradiated by the external energy source toward the plug.
- The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the light-path changing unit (72, 74) comprises at least one mirror.
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the external energy source (70, 125) includes a laser light source irradiating a laser beam.
- The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the laser light source (70, 125) comprises a laser diode.
- The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the laser beam irradiated by the laser light source is a pulse electromagnetic wave having an energy of at least 1 mJ/pulse.
- The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the laser beam irradiated by the laser light source is a continuous wave electromagnetic wave having an output of at least 10 mW.
- The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the laser irradiated by the laser light source has a wavelength of about 750 nm to about 1300 nm.
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the fine heat-dissipating particles have a diameter of about 1 nm to about 100 µm.
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the fine heat-dissipating particles are dispersed in a hydrophobic carrier oil.
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the fine heat-dissipating particles include a ferromagnetic material or metallic oxide.
- The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the metallic oxide includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, Ta2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and HfO2.
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the fine heat-dissipating particles have at least one grain shape selected from the group consisting of a polymer, a quantum dot and a magnetic bead.
- The valve unit of claim 35, wherein the magnetic bead includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Cr and an oxide thereof.
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the phase change material is at least one selected from the group consisting of a wax, a gel and a thermo-plastic resin.
- The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the wax is at least one selected from the group consisting of a paraffin wax, a microcrystalline wax, a synthetic wax and a natural wax.
- The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the gel is at least one selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate, and a polyvinylamide.
- The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the thermo-plastic resin is at least one selected from the group consisting of a cycloolefin copolymer (COC), a polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) (PMMA), a polycarbonate (PC), a polystyrene (PS), a polyoxymethylene (acetal) (POM), a perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), a polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl acetate (PVC), a polypropylene (PP), a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a polyamide (PA), a polysulfone (PSU) and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the substrate (51, 110) has a disc shape, the channel (112, 55) extends in a radial direction of the substrate and the biochemical fluid is pumped in a radially outwardly direction of the substrate by a centrifugal force generated by rotation of the substrate.
- The apparatus of claim 21, wherein a plurality of channels (55, 112), each having a reaction chamber (115), are provided on the substrate.
- A valve unit (50 A/B) comprising:a plug (60) including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature and which blocks a path of a fluid formed by a channel; andan external energy source (70, 125) which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug,wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the phase change material absorbs an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave and becomes molten opening the path to allow the fluid to flow.
- An apparatus (110) having a valve unit (50 A/B, 120), the apparatus comprising:a channel (55, 112) forming a path for a biochemical fluid;a substrate (51, 110) having a reaction chamber (115) in which a biochemical reaction of the biochemical fluid is performed; andsaid valve unit (50 A/B, 120) blocking the path and opening the path at a predetermined time,wherein the valve unit comprises:a plug (60, 121) including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature which blocks a path of a fluid formed by a channel; andan external energy source (70, 125) which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug,wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the phase change material absorbs an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave and becomes molten opening the path to allow the fluid to flow.
- A valve unit (50 A/B) comprising:a plug (66) including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature and which is disposed proximate to a fluid flow channel; andan external energy source which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug,wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the phase change material absorbs an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave, becomes molten, and flows into the channel to obstruct fluid flow.
- A valve unit (50 A/B, 120) comprising:a substrate (51, 110);a channel (55, 121) formed in the substrate through;a plug (60, 121) disposed opposite the channel, the plug including a phase change material and a plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dispersed in the phase change material; andan external energy source (70, 125) which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug,wherein when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the plurality of fine heat-dissipating particles dissipate heat and the phase change material become molten, the plug expands into the channel thereby obstructing it.
- An apparatus (110) having a valve unit (50 A/B, 120), the apparatus comprising:a channel (55, 112) forming a path for a biochemical fluid;a substrate (51, 110) having a reaction chamber in which a biochemical reaction of the biochemical fluid is performed; andsaid valve unit (50 A/B, 120) blocking the path and opening the path at a predetermined time,wherein the valve unit comprises:a plug (60, 121) including a phase change material in a solid state at a room temperature disposed opposite the channel; andan external energy source (70, 125) which irradiates an electromagnetic wave on the plug,wherein, when the electromagnetic wave is irradiated on the plug from the outside, the phase change material absorbs an electromagnetic wave energy from the electromagnetic wave and becomes molten obstructing the path to reduce a fluid flow therethrough.
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KR1020060092924A KR100763922B1 (en) | 2006-04-04 | 2006-09-25 | Valve unit and apparatus with the same |
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US20110049398A1 (en) | 2011-03-03 |
JP2007278502A (en) | 2007-10-25 |
JP4904183B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
US20070231216A1 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
US7998433B2 (en) | 2011-08-16 |
US8920753B2 (en) | 2014-12-30 |
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EP1843068A3 (en) | 2011-07-27 |
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