EP1834196A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur veränderung eines elektromagnetischen strahlungsfeldes des optischen spektralbereichs, insbesondere eines laserstrahlungsfeldes - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zur veränderung eines elektromagnetischen strahlungsfeldes des optischen spektralbereichs, insbesondere eines laserstrahlungsfeldesInfo
- Publication number
- EP1834196A1 EP1834196A1 EP04804427A EP04804427A EP1834196A1 EP 1834196 A1 EP1834196 A1 EP 1834196A1 EP 04804427 A EP04804427 A EP 04804427A EP 04804427 A EP04804427 A EP 04804427A EP 1834196 A1 EP1834196 A1 EP 1834196A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optically functional
- substrate
- functional interface
- partially
- radiation field
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 title claims description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 129
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
- G02B26/0875—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more refracting elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
- G02B19/0004—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed
- G02B19/0009—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only
- G02B19/0014—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only at least one surface having optical power
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
- G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
- G02B19/0047—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
- G02B19/0052—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source the light source comprising a laser diode
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
- G02B27/0927—Systems for changing the beam intensity distribution, e.g. Gaussian to top-hat
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
- G02B27/0938—Using specific optical elements
- G02B27/095—Refractive optical elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for changing an electromagnetic radiation field of the optical spectral range, in particular of a laser radiation field. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for producing such a device.
- Electromagnetic radiation field of the optical spectral range in the present case means that the electromagnetic radiation can be refracted at optically functional interfaces.
- this also applies to the near, middle and far infrared range as well as to the UV range up to the vacuum UV range.
- an electromagnetic radiation field of the optical spectral range in particular if a laser radiation field is to be imaged or focused in a working plane, refractive elements such as lenses are mostly used.
- the intensity distribution of the laser radiation field in the working plane is influenced by the shape and nature of the lenses used. For example, if a spherical lens is used to image or focus the laser radiation into the working plane, aberrations due to spherical aberration will result. On the other hand, with spherical lenses, the surfaces can be polished comparatively well, so that the quality of a spherical surface is comparatively good. However, if aspheric lenses are used to avoid the aforementioned aberrations, undesirable non-uniformities occur in the lens Intensity distribution of the laser radiation in the working plane due to the uneven surface of the aspherical lens.
- Fig. 1 shows an example of a correction element 1 which can be used, for example, in addition to a spherical lens to correct aberrations caused by the spherical lens.
- the correction element 1 depicted in FIG. 1 has an optically functional interface 2, which in FIG. 1 shows two elevations and one depression.
- the shape of the optically functional boundary surface can vary, depending on whether only aberrations are to be corrected or whether the intensity distribution of the laser radiation field in the working plane should also be changed with regard to its shape.
- the depth T 1 of the structures on the optically functional interface 2 of the correction element 1 can be, for example, 600 nm.
- the surface roughness of the optically functional interface 2 in order to achieve a uniformity of the intensity distribution in the working plane necessary for high-power laser applications or for applications in chip production or the like, the surface roughness of the optically functional interface 2 must be in the range of at most 20 nm to 30 nm. Such a high-quality surface can not be achieved with conventional production methods with aspherical surfaces, either at all, or only with extremely expensive processes based on the displacement or manipulation of individual atoms.
- the problem underlying the present invention is the provision of a device of the type mentioned, which is inexpensive to produce and for generating a uniform and / or deliberately altered intensity distribution of the radiation field in a working plane and / or a targeted change of the wavefront or phase front of the radiation field can contribute. Furthermore, a method is to be specified with which such a device can be produced, wherein in particular the intensity distribution of the radiation field in the working plane and / or the wavefront of the radiation field should be specifically influenced.
- the device according to claim 1 comprises:
- a first substrate having a first refractive index and a first optically functional interface that is at least partially curved, wherein the electromagnetic radiation field to be changed may at least partially pass through the first optically functional interface;
- a second substrate having a second refractive index and a second optically functional interface that is at least partially curved, wherein the electromagnetic radiation field to be changed after passing through the first optically functional interface at least partially pass through the second optically functional interface;
- the difference in refractive indices of the first and second substrates is less than the difference between each of the refractive indices of the first and second substrates and the refractive index of air;
- first and second optically functional interfaces are disposed on facing sides of the first and second substrates
- curvatures of the first and second optically functional interfaces correspond at least in sections to one another
- the gap between the first optically functional interface and the second optically functional interface is configured such that the electromagnetic radiation field as it propagates from the first substrate into the second substrate through the first and second optically functional interfaces and the space therebetween is predominantly one Refraction on the basis of one or more refractive index differences, which are less than or equal to the difference of the refractive indices of the first and the second substrate.
- Such a device can be used either to correct an electromagnetic radiation field or to form an electromagnetic radiation field when a desired intensity profile is set in a working plane should.
- the device according to the invention does not have an optically functional interface, but two comparatively closely adjacent optically functional interfaces in two substrates separated from one another. However, these two substrates do not have as large a refractive index difference as that between air and glass of about 0.5.
- the structures on the optically functional interfaces accordingly have to have a greater depth.
- this can be achieved by the choice of a very small distance between the first and the second optically functional interface.
- the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged such that the distance between the first and the second optically functional boundary surface is at least partially smaller than the mean wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation field.
- the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged such that the distance between the first and the second optically functional interface is at least partially smaller than 100 nm.
- the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged such that the distance between the first and the second optically functional interface is at least partially smaller than 50 nm, in particular according to claim 5 approximately between 10 and 20 nm is.
- Such a small distance between the optically functional interfaces ensures that an electromagnetic wave propagating through the first substrate polarizes or influences the atoms, ions or molecules of the first substrate in the region of the first optically functional interface such that the polarization or influence of this
- atoms, ions or molecules in the second substrate in the region of the second optically functional interface can also be polarized or influenced in the vicinity of the first optically functional interface, so that an electromagnetic wave can propagate from this second optically functional interface into the second substrate ,
- the electromagnetic wave thus intervenes comparatively directly from the first substrate into the second substrate and as far as possible undergoes refraction on the basis of the refractive index difference between the first and the second substrate.
- the difference between the refractive index of the first substrate and the refractive index of the air possibly in the space between the first and second substrate is indeed greater than the difference in refractive indices of the two substrates. Nevertheless, with a sufficiently small distance between the two optically functional interfaces to each other, the transition of the electromagnetic wave from the first substrate into the second substrate is not or only insignificantly influenced by the refractive index of the gap, but essentially only the difference of the refractive indices of the first substrate and the second substrate. A sufficiently small distance is present if the distance between the interfaces is smaller than the wavelength, in particular if the distance is small compared to the wavelength.
- the refractive index of the medium of the gap will have very little effect on the transition of the electromagnetic wave from the first to the second substrate, if the distance is less than 1/10 of the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation. This could be done with UV lasers of wavelengths in the range of 250 nm at distances less than 25 nm.
- claim 6 proposes that in the intermediate space between the first optically functional interface and the second optically functional interface at least in sections a substance is arranged which has a refractive index greater than 1. It can be provided according to claim 7, that in the space between the first optically functional interface and the second optically functional interface at least partially a substance is arranged, which has a refractive index less than 0, 1 of each of the refractive indices of the first and second Substrates is different.
- a substance is arranged which has a refractive index which is smaller than the larger of the two Refractive indices of the first and second substrates and is greater than the smaller of the two refractive indices of the first and the second substrate.
- an immersion oil is arranged at least in sections in the intermediate space between the first optically functional boundary surface and the second optically functional boundary surface.
- an immersive substance between the two optically functional interfaces may also prevent the electromagnetic radiation field from being refracted upon transition from the first substrate to the second substrate due to refractive index differences greater than the difference in refractive indices of the first and second substrate.
- an immersion oil can be introduced, which has a refractive index, which is arranged between the refractive indices of the first and the second substrate.
- the curvature of the first optically functional boundary surface corresponds to the curvature of the second optically functional boundary surface in such a way that the boundary surfaces engage one another comparatively fittingly. With exactly corresponding curvatures, the two optically functional interfaces can be approached very close to one another.
- the difference of the refractive indices of the first and the second substrate may be less than 0.01, in particular less than 0.01, preferably about 0.005.
- the effects of surface roughness on the quality of the intensity distribution in the working plane can be significantly reduced.
- a difference in refractive indices in the range of 0.005 in contrast to a refractive index difference of 0.5 according to the prior art achieved by a factor of 100 greater tolerance to surface roughness.
- surface roughnesses of the order of magnitude between 2 ⁇ m and 3 ⁇ m can then be tolerated given corresponding requirements for the uniformity of the intensity profile.
- such surfaces can be produced very easily and inexpensively.
- the depth of the structure contributing to the curvature of the first optically functional interface and / or the second optically functional interface is greater than 10 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 50 ⁇ m.
- Such deep structures can also be produced simply and cost-effectively with corresponding production methods.
- the first optically functional interface and / or the second optically functional interface at least partially have a rotationally symmetric curvature with respect to the mean propagation direction of the radiation field to be changed.
- the first optically functional interface and / or the second optically functional interface at least partially have a part-cylindrical curvature.
- the surfaces of the optically functional interface may be easier to produce.
- the first optically functional interface and / or the second optically functional interface at least partially have an aspherical curvature.
- spherical aberrations caused by imaging or focusing in a working plane by means of spherical lenses can be corrected for aspheric curvatures.
- first and the second optically functional interface can be made comparatively arbitrary in order to achieve a desired intensity distribution in the working plane.
- the first substrate and / or the second substrate comprise positioning means which allow a comparatively suitable positioning of the first optically functional interface at the second optically functional interface.
- the positioning means may be formed as grooves and / or elongated elevations.
- the first substrate and / or the second substrate is at least partially planar on the side facing away from the optically functional interfaces.
- Such planar surfaces of the substrate can be prepared by simple means with very low surface roughness, so that even these interfaces through which the electromagnetic radiation must pass, not adversely affect the intensity distribution to be achieved in the working plane.
- the device a third substrate having a third refractive index and a third optically functional interface which is at least partially curved, wherein the electromagnetic radiation field to be changed may pass at least partially through the third optically functional interface; and continue
- a fourth substrate having a fourth refractive index and a fourth optically functional interface that is at least partially curved, wherein the electromagnetic radiation field to be changed, after passing through the third optically functional interface, may pass through at least partially through the fourth optically functional interface;
- the difference of the refractive indices of the third and fourth substrates is smaller than the difference between each of the refractive indices of the third and fourth substrates and the refractive index of air;
- curvatures of the third and the fourth optically functional interface at least partially correspond to each other;
- the gap between the third optically functional interface and the fourth optically functional interface is designed such that the electromagnetic radiation field in the propagation from the third substrate into the fourth substrate through the third and fourth optically functional interfaces and the space therebetween predominantly undergoes refraction based on one or more refractive index differences that is less than or equal to the difference in refractive indices of the third and fourth substrates.
- first and second optically functional interfaces have a cylindrical structure with cylinder axes in a first direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic radiation
- third and fourth optically functional interfaces are cylindrical with cylindrical axes in a second direction perpendicular to the propagation direction of the electromagnetic radiation, which is also perpendicular to the first direction.
- first and second cylindrical interfaces on one side and the second and third cylindrical interfaces on the other side form mutually crossed cylindrical lenses which can affect the electromagnetic radiation passing therethrough in two mutually perpendicular directions.
- the third substrate and / or the fourth substrate comprise positioning means which allow a comparatively suitable positioning of the third optically functional interface at the fourth optically functional interface. Furthermore, it is also possible to provide positioning means which enable a positioning of the first and the second substrate on the third and the fourth substrate, in such a way that the entire device can be accurately assembled by the positioning means.
- the device comprises more than four substrates with more than four optically functional interfaces which are arranged similar to the first and second or third and fourth.
- the device comprises more than four substrates with more than four optically functional interfaces which are arranged similar to the first and second or third and fourth.
- the device comprises, in addition to the at least two substrates, at least one lens means which enables at least partial focusing of the electromagnetic radiation field into a working plane.
- the at least one lens means at least partially have a spherical curvature.
- the substrates with the optically functional interfaces act largely as correction elements for the lens means, which are designed, for example, with a spherical surface, which essentially effects the imaging or focusing of the electromagnetic radiation into the working plane.
- the method according to the invention according to claim 27 comprises the following method steps:
- the intensity distribution of the electromagnetic radiation in the working plane is determined; the determined intensity distribution is compared with the desired intensity distribution;
- the shape of the first and the second optically functional interface becomes such that when a first and a second optically functional interface are inserted with the calculated shapes in the beam path of the electromagnetic field, the desired intensity distribution in the working plane can be achieved is;
- the first and second optically functional interfaces are prepared in the calculated form.
- any intensity distribution to be created can be selected Due to the difference between the desired and the determined intensity distribution, the shape of the first and second optically functional interfaces can be calculated so that after introduction of the first and second optically functional interfaces, the desired intensity distribution in the working plane can be achieved. It can be provided according to claim 28, that the calculation of the shape of the first and the second optically functional interface is performed under specification of the refractive indices of the first and the second substrate.
- the refractive indices of the substrates can be selected according to the requirements of the quality of the intensity profile, the difference between the refractive indices should normally be smaller if the quality requirements for the intensity distribution in the working plane are higher.
- Fig. 1 shows schematically an optical correction element according to the prior art
- Fig. 2 is a schematic side view of a device according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a detail view according to the arrow IM in Fig. 2nd
- the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 of a device according to the invention comprises a first substrate 3 with a first refractive index n 2 and a second substrate 4 with a second refractive index n 3.
- the first substrate 3 has on its lower side in FIG. 2 a first optically functional interface 5.
- the second substrate 4 has on its upper side in FIG. 2 a second optically functional interface 6.
- the substrates 3, 4 have planar interfaces 7, 8 on their sides facing away from the optically functional boundary surfaces 5, 6.
- the first optically functional interface 5 and the second optically functional interface 6 have curved structures whose depth T 2 can be comparatively large, for example, more than 10 ⁇ m, in particular about 50 to 60 ⁇ m.
- first optically functional boundary surface 5 and the second optically functional boundary surface 6 in FIG Have substantially the same curvature or the same shape, so that they are at least partially parallel to each other.
- the distance d of the optically functional boundary surfaces 5, 6 from one another can be comparatively small, in particular approximately 10 nm to 20 nm.
- an immersive substance preferably an immersion oil, whose refractive index is in the range of the order of n 2 and n 3 .
- the refractive index n 2 of the first substrate 3 is approximately 1.500, and furthermore that the refractive index n 3 of the second substrate 4 is approximately 1.505, so that the difference ⁇ n between the refractive indices of the substrates 3, 4 is about 0.005.
- the refractive index of the immersion oil may be 1, 503.
- first and second optically functional interfaces are cylindrically shaped to extend without changes in the plane of the drawing of FIG.
- third and fourth functional interfaces are provided which are arranged similarly to the first and second optically functional interfaces, but have cylinder axes which are perpendicular to those of the first and second optically functional interfaces. To this This results in mutually crossed cylindrical lenses, which can influence the electromagnetic radiation in two mutually perpendicular directions.
- electromagnetic radiation for example in the form of laser radiation
- a laser beam would thus enter the upper planar interface 7 in FIG. 2 and emerge from the first substrate 3 through the first optically functional interface 5.
- the laser beam emitted from the first optically functional interface 5 would enter the second optically functional interface 6 of the second substrate 4 and leave it through the lower planar interface 8.
- the laser radiation at the transition from the first substrate 3 into the second substrate 4 is not or only slightly by the refractive index of the located in the gap 9 Medium, but almost exclusively by the refractive index difference between the first substrate 3 and the second substrate 4. This is because the electromagnetic wave with respect to the distance d has a comparatively large wavelength or expansion, so that the electromagnetic wave almost unhindered through the gap 9 passes through.
- the electromagnetic field of the laser radiation causes in the region of the first optically functional interface 5 a change of the example dielectric medium of the first substrate 3, which in turn directly due to the small distance d a change of, for example, also dielectric medium of the second substrate 4 in the region of the second optically functional Interface 6 causes.
- This in the field The change in the example of the dielectric medium caused by the second optically functional interface 6 in turn causes the electromagnetic wave to propagate downward in FIG. 3 in the second substrate 4.
- the effects of any surface roughness on the desired intensity distribution in the working plane are comparatively low.
- such rough surfaces can be produced very easily and inexpensively.
- the depth T 2 of the structures of the curvatures of the optically functional boundary surfaces 5, 6 is selected to be correspondingly large, for example in the range of 60 microns as already described.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Lenses (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2004/014842 WO2006074681A1 (de) | 2004-12-30 | 2004-12-30 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur veränderung eines elektromagnetischen strahlungsfeldes des optischen spektralbereichs, insbesondere eines laserstrahlungsfeldes |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1834196A1 true EP1834196A1 (de) | 2007-09-19 |
Family
ID=34959726
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04804427A Ceased EP1834196A1 (de) | 2004-12-30 | 2004-12-30 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur veränderung eines elektromagnetischen strahlungsfeldes des optischen spektralbereichs, insbesondere eines laserstrahlungsfeldes |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7515347B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1834196A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4527153B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN101107544B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2006074681A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9086483B2 (en) | 2011-03-28 | 2015-07-21 | Northrop Grumman Guidance And Electronics Company, Inc. | Systems and methods for detecting and/or identifying materials |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3033509A1 (de) * | 1979-10-09 | 1981-04-23 | Perkin Elmer Corp | Monozentrisches optisches system |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH1026732A (ja) * | 1996-07-12 | 1998-01-27 | Toshiba Corp | 光走査装置並びにこの光走査装置を利用した画像形成装置 |
US5959777A (en) * | 1997-06-10 | 1999-09-28 | The University Of British Columbia | Passive high efficiency variable reflectivity image display device |
JP3614294B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-09 | 2005-01-26 | 富士通株式会社 | 光強度変換素子及び光学装置及び情報記憶装置 |
US7293871B2 (en) * | 2000-11-27 | 2007-11-13 | Ophthonix, Inc. | Apparatus and method of correcting higher-order aberrations of the human eye |
TW591262B (en) * | 2003-03-13 | 2004-06-11 | Delta Electronics Inc | Methods for fabricating air gap between optical devices |
US6954568B2 (en) * | 2003-04-29 | 2005-10-11 | Intel Corporation | Method and apparatus for splitting or combining optical beams with A Y coupler with reduced loss and electrical isolation |
-
2004
- 2004-12-30 JP JP2007548698A patent/JP4527153B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-12-30 EP EP04804427A patent/EP1834196A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2004-12-30 CN CN2004800447791A patent/CN101107544B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-12-30 WO PCT/EP2004/014842 patent/WO2006074681A1/de active Application Filing
-
2007
- 2007-07-02 US US11/825,082 patent/US7515347B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3033509A1 (de) * | 1979-10-09 | 1981-04-23 | Perkin Elmer Corp | Monozentrisches optisches system |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
GRECO V ET AL: "Optical contact and van der Waals interactions: the role of the surface topography in determining the bonding strength of thick glass plates; Optical contact and van der Waals interactions", JOURNAL OF OPTICS. A, PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS, INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING, BRISTOL, GB, vol. 3, no. 1, 1 January 2001 (2001-01-01), pages 85 - 88, XP020080718, ISSN: 1464-4258, DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/3/1/314 * |
KACHKIN S S ET AL: "Effect of scale and time factors on the mechanical strength of an optical contact", SOVIET JOURNAL OF OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, NEW YORK, NY, US, vol. 56, no. 2, 1 February 1989 (1989-02-01), pages 110 - 112, XP009159341, ISSN: 0038-5514 * |
RAYLEIGH F R S: "Glass surfaces in optical contact", PROCEEDINGS - ROYAL SOCIETY. MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES, ROYAL SOCIETY, LONDON, GB, vol. 156, no. 888, 17 August 1936 (1936-08-17), pages 326 - 349, XP009159305, ISSN: 0962-8444, DOI: 10.1098/RSPA.1936.0151 * |
See also references of WO2006074681A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101107544A (zh) | 2008-01-16 |
US20070297742A1 (en) | 2007-12-27 |
JP4527153B2 (ja) | 2010-08-18 |
CN101107544B (zh) | 2010-05-05 |
JP2008527402A (ja) | 2008-07-24 |
US7515347B2 (en) | 2009-04-07 |
WO2006074681A1 (de) | 2006-07-20 |
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