EP1803372B1 - Brush tamping machine - Google Patents
Brush tamping machine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1803372B1 EP1803372B1 EP06026774A EP06026774A EP1803372B1 EP 1803372 B1 EP1803372 B1 EP 1803372B1 EP 06026774 A EP06026774 A EP 06026774A EP 06026774 A EP06026774 A EP 06026774A EP 1803372 B1 EP1803372 B1 EP 1803372B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- stuffing
- tool
- brush
- bundle
- stuffing tool
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
Links
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A46—BRUSHWARE
- A46D—MANUFACTURE OF BRUSHES
- A46D3/00—Preparing, i.e. Manufacturing brush bodies
- A46D3/08—Parts of brush-making machines
- A46D3/082—Magazines for bristles; Feeding bristles to magazines; Knot picking
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A46—BRUSHWARE
- A46D—MANUFACTURE OF BRUSHES
- A46D3/00—Preparing, i.e. Manufacturing brush bodies
- A46D3/04—Machines for inserting or fixing bristles in bodies
- A46D3/042—Machines for inserting or fixing bristles in bodies for fixing bristles using an anchor or staple
Definitions
- the invention relates to a brush tamping machine with a bristle magazine and a stuffing tool which is adjustable between a bundle take-over position and a stuffing position.
- the stuffing tool is in the prior art translatorily adjustable between the bundle take-over position and the stuffing position, as shown in EP 1 535 534 A2 known.
- a bundle of bristles is transferred to the tamping tool which, when the tamping tool has reached the tamping position, is inserted into a brush body which is arranged in a brush body holder.
- Stopfwerkmaschineen A disadvantage of the known Stopftechnikmaschineen is that a comparatively complex and much space-demanding guide for the stuffing tool is necessary, which still has to be arranged in an area in which little space is available. Furthermore, it is disadvantageous that the guide for the stuffing tool encounters their mechanical performance at high clock rates.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a brush tamping machine, which offers more possibilities in terms of space in the area of the bristle magazine and in front of the brush body holder and with regard to the permissible clock rates.
- the invention provides that the stuffing tool is pivotally mounted about an axis, so that it moves between the transfer position and the stuffing position on a circular arc.
- the invention is based on the recognition that it is not necessary, the Bristle bundles by means of a precisely rectilinear movement in the brush body.
- the swing radius of the stuffing tool is sufficiently large, the deviations of the actual (curved) trajectory of the stuffing tool when the bristle pack is inserted into the brush body from the ideal (straight) trajectory are so small that they can be ignored.
- a rotary movement for the stuffing tool in place of a translational movement makes it possible to arrange the main bearing of the stuffing tool far away from the area in front of the brush body holder.
- the stuffing tool is thus pivoted "from the outside" towards the brush body holder, without the need for a complex storage immediately before the brush body holder and the bristle magazine would be necessary.
- a pivot bearing is much more advantageous than a translationally adjustable sliding bearing, since the relative speed between fixed and moving parts in a pivot bearing are much smaller than in a sliding bearing.
- the relative speed between the fixed and the moving parts is equal to the maximum movement speed of the stuffing tool, while in a pivot bearing, the relative speed in the ratio of the radiuses of the stuffing tool and the bearing surface is stunted.
- the stuffing tool has in a conventional manner at the front a so-called tool tip through which the bristles are folded twice before they are inserted into the brush body, and further behind so-called Ankerschneide- and anchor guide plates, which together with the Drahtabschneider form the wire anchors, which together with the Bristle bundles are inserted into the brush body.
- the tamping tool is associated with a tongue which is pivotally driven about the same axis.
- the tongue pushes the bristle bundles and the wire anchors through the tool tip into the brush body.
- the tongue is mounted in the same way as in the stuffing tool at a distance from the brush body holder and the bristle magazine.
- FIG. 1 a brush tamping machine is shown, which is associated with a brush body holder 10, in which a toothbrush to be provided with bristles 12 is held.
- the brush tamping machine according to the invention can of course also be used to equip other brushes with bristles.
- the brush tamping machine has a tamping tool 29 which has at its front end a tool tip 28 with two tool jaws and at its rear end anchor cutting and armature guide plates 17.
- the stuffing tool 29 is curved in a circular arc and is attached to a pivot arm 20.
- the pivot arm 20 is pivotally mounted about a bearing axis 18 only schematically indicated here.
- low-friction ball bearings are used for storage of the pivot arm 20.
- an arcuate guide channel for a tongue 14 is provided which can be pivoted relative to the stuffing tool 29. The tongue is guided through the guide channel during its entire movement.
- the tongue 14 is mounted on a pivot arm 16 which is pivotally mounted about the same bearing axis 18 as the pivot arm 20.
- the tongue 14 in the same manner as the stuffing tool 29 perform a circular arc-shaped movement, the center of this circular arc is on the bearing axis 18 ,
- a bundle picker 22 which is also pivotally mounted and can take a bunch of bristles from a bristle magazine 24 in a conventional manner.
- a wire cutter 26 is provided which can cut off a piece of particular length from a continuously fed wire, which can be used as a wire anchor together with the bristle bundle in the brush 12.
- the described brush tamping machine operates in the following manner: starting in the in the FIGS. 1 and 2 shown initial position, the stuffing tool 29 is pivoted in the direction of the arrow P on a circular arc path toward the brush body holder 10.
- the tongue which thereby shifts within the tamping tool 29, takes a wire anchor from the wire cutter 26 and a bristle bundle from the bundle picker 22. Loaded with the bristle bundle and the wire anchor reaches the top of the stuffing tool 29 very close to the brush body (see FIG. 3 , where for clarity the bristle bundle and the wire anchor have been omitted).
- the leading end of the tongue 14 passes through the tool tip 28, inserting the bristle bundle together with the wire anchor into the brush body held in the brush body holder 10 (see FIG FIG. 4 ).
- a cam and / or an eccentric mechanism is used for example.
- the bundle picker is pivoted so that it is pivoted with its bundle receiving notch 23 toward the bristle magazine 24 as soon as the stuffing tool 29 has removed the corresponding bristle bundle from the bundle receiving notch 23.
- the bundle picker 22 returns, while the stuffing tool 29 from the in FIG. 4 shown darning position back into the in FIG. 2 pivoted starting position is also shown in the FIG. 2 shown position in which the stuffing tool 29, a new bristle bundle is presented.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Brushes (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Bürsten-Stopfmaschine mit einem Borstenmagazin und einem Stopfwerkzeug, das zwischen einer Bündel-Übernahmeposition und einer Stopfposition verstellbar ist.The invention relates to a brush tamping machine with a bristle magazine and a stuffing tool which is adjustable between a bundle take-over position and a stuffing position.
Das Stopfwerkzeug ist im Stand der Technik translatorisch zwischen der Bündel-Übernahmeposition und der Stopfposition verstellbar, wie aus der
Nachteilig bei den bekannten Stopfwerkzeugen ist, daß eine vergleichsweise aufwendige und viel Platz beanspruchende Führung für das Stopfwerkzeug notwendig ist, die noch dazu in einem Bereich angeordnet sein muß, in welchem wenig Platz zur Verfügung steht. Weiterhin ist nachteilig, daß die Führung für das Stopfwerkzeug bei hohen Taktraten an ihre mechanische Leistungsfähigkeit stößt.A disadvantage of the known Stopfwerkzeugen is that a comparatively complex and much space-demanding guide for the stuffing tool is necessary, which still has to be arranged in an area in which little space is available. Furthermore, it is disadvantageous that the guide for the stuffing tool encounters their mechanical performance at high clock rates.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht somit darin, eine Bürsten-Stopfmaschine zu schaffen, die hinsichtlich der Platzverhältnisse im Bereich des Borstenmagazins und vor dem Bürstenkörperhalter und hinsichtlich der zulässigen Taktraten mehr Möglichkeiten bietet.The object of the invention is therefore to provide a brush tamping machine, which offers more possibilities in terms of space in the area of the bristle magazine and in front of the brush body holder and with regard to the permissible clock rates.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen, daß das Stopfwerkzeug um eine Achse schwenkbar angebracht ist, so daß es sich zwischen der Übernahmeposition und der Stopfposition auf einem Kreisbogen bewegt. Die Erfindung beruht auf der Erkenntnis, daß es nicht notwendig ist, die Borstenbündel mittels einer exakt geradlinigen Bewegung in die Bürstenkörper einzusetzen. Wenn der Schwenkradius des Stopfwerkzeugs ausreichend groß ist, sind die Abweichungen der tatsächlichen (gekrümmten) Bewegungsbahn des Stopfwerkzeugs beim Einsetzen des Borstenbündels in den Bürstenkörper von der idealen (geradlinigen) Bewegungsbahn so gering, daß sie ignoriert werden können. Im Gegenzug ergeben sich einige praktische Vorteile: Die Verwendung einer rotatorischen Bewegung für das Stopfwerkzeug an Stelle einer translatorischen Bewegung ermöglicht, die Hauptlagerung des Stopfwerkzeugs weit entfernt vom Bereich vor dem Bürstenkörperhalter anzuordnen. Das Stopfwerkzeug wird also "von außen" hin zum Bürstenkörperhalter verschwenkt, ohne daß hierfür eine aufwendige Lagerung unmittelbar vor dem Bürstenkörperhalter und dem Borstenmagazin notwendig wäre. Hinsichtlich der mechanischen Belastungen ist eine Schwenklagerung sehr viel vorteilhafter als ein translatorisch verstellbares Schiebelager, da die Relativgeschwindigkeit zwischen feststehenden und sich bewegenden Teilen bei einem Schwenklager sehr viel kleiner sind als bei einem Schiebelager. Bei einer Schiebeführung entspricht die Relativgeschwindigkeit zwischen den feststehenden und den sich bewegenden Teilen gleich der maximalen Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit des Stopfwerkzeugs, während bei einem Schwenklager die Relativgeschwindigkeit im Verhältnis der Radien des Stopfwerkzeugs und der Lagerfläche untersetzt ist.To achieve this object, the invention provides that the stuffing tool is pivotally mounted about an axis, so that it moves between the transfer position and the stuffing position on a circular arc. The invention is based on the recognition that it is not necessary, the Bristle bundles by means of a precisely rectilinear movement in the brush body. When the swing radius of the stuffing tool is sufficiently large, the deviations of the actual (curved) trajectory of the stuffing tool when the bristle pack is inserted into the brush body from the ideal (straight) trajectory are so small that they can be ignored. In return, there are some practical advantages: the use of a rotary movement for the stuffing tool in place of a translational movement makes it possible to arrange the main bearing of the stuffing tool far away from the area in front of the brush body holder. The stuffing tool is thus pivoted "from the outside" towards the brush body holder, without the need for a complex storage immediately before the brush body holder and the bristle magazine would be necessary. With regard to the mechanical loads, a pivot bearing is much more advantageous than a translationally adjustable sliding bearing, since the relative speed between fixed and moving parts in a pivot bearing are much smaller than in a sliding bearing. In a sliding guide, the relative speed between the fixed and the moving parts is equal to the maximum movement speed of the stuffing tool, while in a pivot bearing, the relative speed in the ratio of the radiuses of the stuffing tool and the bearing surface is stunted.
Das Stopfwerkzeug hat in an sich bekannter Weise vorne eine sogenannte Werkzeugspitze, durch welche die Borsten doppeltgefaltet werden, bevor sie in den Bürstenkörper eingesetzt werden, und weiter hinten sogenannte Ankerschneide- und Ankerführungsplatten, die zusammen mit dem Drahtabschneider die Drahtanker formen, die gemeinsam mit den Borstenbündel in den Bürstenkörper eingesetzt werden.The stuffing tool has in a conventional manner at the front a so-called tool tip through which the bristles are folded twice before they are inserted into the brush body, and further behind so-called Ankerschneide- and anchor guide plates, which together with the Drahtabschneider form the wire anchors, which together with the Bristle bundles are inserted into the brush body.
Vorzugsweise ist vorgesehen, daß dem Stopfwerkzeug eine Zunge zugeordnet ist, die um dieselbe Achse schwenkbar angetrieben wird. Die Zunge schiebt die Borstenbündel und die Drahtanker durch die Werkzeugspitze in den Bürstenkörper. Die Lagerung der Zunge erfolgt in gleicher Weise wie beim Stopfwerkzeug im Abstand vom Bürstenkörperhalter und vom Borstenmagazin.It is preferably provided that the tamping tool is associated with a tongue which is pivotally driven about the same axis. The tongue pushes the bristle bundles and the wire anchors through the tool tip into the brush body. The tongue is mounted in the same way as in the stuffing tool at a distance from the brush body holder and the bristle magazine.
Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.Advantageous embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand einer Ausführungsform beschrieben, die in den beigefügten Zeichnungen dargestellt ist. In diesen zeigen:
-
Figur 1 in einer perspektivischen Ansicht eine Bürsten-Stopfmaschine; -
Figur 2 im vergrößertem Maßstab einen Teil der Bürsten-Stopfmaschine vonFigur 2 , wobei sich das Stopfwerkzeug in eine Ausgangsstellung befindet; -
Figur 3 eine Ansicht entsprechend derjenigen vonFigur 2 , wobei sich das Stopfwerkzeug zwischen einer Bündel-Übernahmeposition und einer Stopfposition befindet; und -
Figur 4 eine Ansicht entsprechend derjenigen vonFigur 2 , wobei sich das Stopfwerkzeug in der Stopfposition befindet.
-
FIG. 1 in a perspective view of a brush tamping machine; -
FIG. 2 on an enlarged scale, a portion of the brush tamping machine ofFIG. 2 , wherein the stuffing tool is in an initial position; -
FIG. 3 a view corresponding to that ofFIG. 2 wherein the stuffing tool is between a bundle transfer position and a stuffing position; and -
FIG. 4 a view corresponding to that ofFIG. 2 with the stuffing tool in the stuffing position.
In
Die Bürsten-Stopfmaschine weist ein Stopfwerkzeug 29 auf, das an seinem vorderen Ende eine Werkzeugspitze 28 mit zwei Werkzeugbacken und an seinem hinteren Ende Ankerschneide- und Ankerführungsplatten 17 aufweist. Das Stopfwerkzeug 29 ist kreisbogenförmig gekrümmt und an einem Schwenkarm 20 angebracht ist. Der Schwenkarm 20 ist schwenkbar um eine hier nur schematisch angedeutete Lagerachse 18 angebracht. Zur Lagerung des Schwenkarms 20 werden reibungsarme Kugellager verwendet. Innerhalb des Stopfwerkzeugs 29 ist eine bogenförmig gekrümmte Führungsrinne für eine Zunge 14 vorgesehen, die relativ zum Stopfwerkzeug 29 verschwenkt werden kann. Die Zunge ist durch die Führungsrinne während ihrer gesamten Bewegung geführt.The brush tamping machine has a
Die Zunge 14 ist an einem Schwenkarm 16 angebracht, der um dieselbe Lagerachse 18 schwenkbar angebracht ist wie der Schwenkarm 20. Dadurch kann die Zunge 14 in gleicher Weise wie das Stopfwerkzeug 29 ein kreisbogenförmige Bewegung ausführen, wobei der Mittelpunkt dieses Kreisbogens auf der Lagerachse 18 liegt.The
Es ist ein Bündelabnehmer 22 vorgesehen, der ebenfalls schwenkbar angebracht ist und aus einem Borstenmagazin 24 in an sich bekannter Weise ein Bündel Borsten mitnehmen kann.There is provided a
Weiterhin ist ein Draht-Abschneider 26 vorgesehen, der von einem kontinuierlich zugeführten Draht ein Stück bestimmter Länge abschneiden kann, welches als Drahtanker zusammen mit dem Borstenbündel in die Bürste 12 eingesetzt werden kann.Furthermore, a
Die beschriebene Bürsten-Stopfmaschine arbeitet in der folgenden Weise: Beginnend in der in den
Synchronisiert mit der Bewegung des Stopfwerkzeugs 29 und der Zunge 14 wird der Bündelabnehmer so verschwenkt, daß er mit seiner Bündelaufnahmekerbe 23 hin zum Borstenmagazin 24 verschwenkt wird, sobald das Stopfwerkzeug 29 das entsprechende Borstenbündel aus der Bündelaufnahmekerbe 23 entnommen hat. Der Bündelabnehmer 22 kehrt, während das Stopfwerkzeug 29 aus der in
Claims (6)
- A brush stuffing machine comprising a bristle magazine (24) and a stuffing tool (29) which is movable between a bundle take-over position and a stuffing position, characterized in that the stuffing tool (29) is mounted for pivotal motion about an axis (18), so that it moves on a circular arc between the take-over position and the stuffing position.
- The brush stuffing machine as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the stuffing tool (29) has a tongue (14) associated therewith which moves on a circular arc whose center lies on the same axis (18) as the center of the circular arc of the stuffing tool (29).
- The brush stuffing machine as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the movements of the stuffing tool (29) and the tongue (14) are synchronized with each other when the same are swiveled from the bundle take-over position to the stuffing position.
- The brush stuffing machine as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that for synchronization a cam and/or eccentric mechanism is used.
- The brush stuffing machine as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that a bundle pick-up (22) is provided which can cooperate with a bristle magazine (24) in order to transfer a bundle of bristles to the stuffing tool (29) in the bundle take-over position, the bundle pick-up (22) being arranged for pivotal motion about an axis which is parallel to the bearing axis (18) of the stuffing tool (29).
- The brush stuffing machine as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that a wire cutter (26) is provided which can cooperate with the stuffing tool (29) in order to transfer a wire anchor to the same.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE202005020231U DE202005020231U1 (en) | 2005-12-27 | 2005-12-27 | Brush stuffing machine |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1803372A2 EP1803372A2 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
EP1803372A3 EP1803372A3 (en) | 2010-03-03 |
EP1803372B1 true EP1803372B1 (en) | 2011-03-16 |
Family
ID=36202321
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP06026774A Not-in-force EP1803372B1 (en) | 2005-12-27 | 2006-12-22 | Brush tamping machine |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7866757B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1803372B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE202005020231U1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2363367T3 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE202015009043U1 (en) | 2014-12-22 | 2016-08-03 | Gb Boucherie Nv | Brush stuffing machine |
WO2017182525A1 (en) | 2016-04-20 | 2017-10-26 | Gb Boucherie Nv | Brush filling machine and filling tongue |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE1015591A3 (en) * | 2003-07-03 | 2005-06-07 | Boucherie Nv G B | |
DE202007014431U1 (en) | 2007-10-15 | 2008-01-10 | Firma G.B. Boucherie N.V. | Tamping machine for brooms or brushes |
BE1018030A6 (en) | 2008-03-03 | 2010-04-06 | Gb Boucherie Nv | IMPROVED METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING BRUSHES. |
DE102008018883B4 (en) * | 2008-04-14 | 2019-09-26 | Zahoransky Ag | Brush manufacturing machine |
CN103815662A (en) * | 2014-03-21 | 2014-05-28 | 安徽立峰机电科技有限公司 | Hairbrush inner welding machine wire scraping cutter head |
CN103844589B (en) * | 2014-03-21 | 2016-02-17 | 安徽立峰机电科技有限公司 | Hairbrush internal welding machine scraping equipment |
EP3138438B1 (en) * | 2015-09-03 | 2018-09-05 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Tuft picker for a tuft picking device of a brush making machine |
EP3138436A1 (en) * | 2015-09-03 | 2017-03-08 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Tuft picking device for a brush making machine |
EP3351142B1 (en) * | 2017-01-24 | 2019-10-16 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Tuft picker for a brush making machine |
BE1026347B1 (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2020-01-08 | Bart Gerard Boucherie | Brush tamping machine and method for tamping |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1233391A (en) * | 1958-08-26 | 1960-10-12 | Automatically operating tool for driving upholstery tufts into brush bodies | |
BE1000880A3 (en) * | 1987-08-20 | 1989-05-02 | Boucherie Nv G B | Process for application of hair brush in brush bodies and device applying this process. |
BE1008378A3 (en) * | 1994-05-09 | 1996-04-02 | Boucherie Nv G B | Method and device for supplying fibers to a filling tool AT A brush manufacturing MACHINE. |
DE29716874U1 (en) * | 1997-09-19 | 1999-01-28 | G.B. Boucherie N.V., Izegem | Drive for tamping tool of a brush manufacturing machine |
BE1013374A3 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2001-12-04 | Boucherie Nv G B | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR manufacturing brushes. |
DE10160220B4 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2010-12-30 | Anton Zahoransky Gmbh & Co. | Brush manufacturing machine |
BE1015591A3 (en) * | 2003-07-03 | 2005-06-07 | Boucherie Nv G B | |
BE1015733A3 (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2005-07-05 | Boucherie Nv G B | Device for manufacturing brushes AND METHOD APPLIED THEREBY. |
-
2005
- 2005-12-27 DE DE202005020231U patent/DE202005020231U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2006
- 2006-12-22 EP EP06026774A patent/EP1803372B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-12-22 ES ES06026774T patent/ES2363367T3/en active Active
- 2006-12-22 DE DE502006009094T patent/DE502006009094D1/en active Active
- 2006-12-26 US US11/645,486 patent/US7866757B2/en active Active
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE202015009043U1 (en) | 2014-12-22 | 2016-08-03 | Gb Boucherie Nv | Brush stuffing machine |
WO2017182525A1 (en) | 2016-04-20 | 2017-10-26 | Gb Boucherie Nv | Brush filling machine and filling tongue |
DE102016107334A1 (en) | 2016-04-20 | 2017-10-26 | Gb Boucherie Nv | Brush tamping machine and stuffing tongue |
CN109068843A (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2018-12-21 | Gb保捷利公众有限公司 | Brush ramming machine and filling tongue |
KR20180135948A (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2018-12-21 | 지비 부쉐리 엔브이 | Brush tufting and tufting tongue |
DE102016107334B4 (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2020-03-19 | Gb Boucherie Nv | Brush darning machine and darning tongue |
EP4201257A1 (en) | 2016-04-20 | 2023-06-28 | GB Boucherie NV | Tamping tongue |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1803372A2 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
US7866757B2 (en) | 2011-01-11 |
EP1803372A3 (en) | 2010-03-03 |
DE202005020231U1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
ES2363367T3 (en) | 2011-08-02 |
DE502006009094D1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
US20070145812A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
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