EP1750712A2 - Medicaments containing n-sulfamoyl-n'-arylpiperazines for the prophylaxis or treatment of obesity and related conditions - Google Patents

Medicaments containing n-sulfamoyl-n'-arylpiperazines for the prophylaxis or treatment of obesity and related conditions

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Publication number
EP1750712A2
EP1750712A2 EP05749492A EP05749492A EP1750712A2 EP 1750712 A2 EP1750712 A2 EP 1750712A2 EP 05749492 A EP05749492 A EP 05749492A EP 05749492 A EP05749492 A EP 05749492A EP 1750712 A2 EP1750712 A2 EP 1750712A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
trifluoromethyl
formula
phenyl
group
substituents
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP05749492A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jochen Antel
Peter-Colin Gregory
Uwe Reinecker
Michael Wurl
Uwe Schoen
Harald Waldeck
Michael Firnges
Dania Reiche
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Abbott Products GmbH
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Solvay Pharmaceuticals GmbH
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Priority to EP05749492A priority Critical patent/EP1750712A2/en
Publication of EP1750712A2 publication Critical patent/EP1750712A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
    • A61K31/497—Non-condensed pyrazines containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
    • A61K31/501—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/06—Antigout agents, e.g. antihyperuricemic or uricosuric agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/08—Vasodilators for multiple indications
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/74—Amino or imino radicals substituted by hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with hetero atoms directly attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/26—Sulfur atoms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to known and novel N-sulfamoyl-N'-arylpiperazines and their physiologically compatible acid addition salts and to pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments containing these compounds for the prophylaxis or treatment of obesity and related conditions.
  • N-sulfamoyl-N'-arylpiperazines and their uses as herbicides are described in German patent application published as DE-OS 1964441 (equivalent to US patent No. 3,709,677). Similar compounds and their uses as insecticides and acaricides are also described in document WO 95/09151.
  • EP 0470616 A2 teaches substituted 4-pyrimidine derivatives useful as screening reagents for aldose reductase inhibitors.
  • US patent No. 2,748,125 discloses 1-substituted 4-sulfamylpiperazines with anti- convulsant activity.
  • a method of discovering compounds suitable for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of obesity by inhibiting lipogenesis via the inhibition of carbonic anhydrases in mammals and humans is known from document WO 02/07821. It was an object of the present invention to provide novel medicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of obesity and its concomitant and/or secondary diseases or conditions, which are very effective and can be obtained in simple manner.
  • Ar is monocyclic or bicyclic Ce-io-aryl, whose ring carbon atoms are optionally replaced one to three times by nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulphur, and/or whose C ⁇ -io-aryl ring system optionally contains three to five double bonds, and/or whose Ce-io-aryl ring system is optionally substituted by one, two or three substitu- ents which may be the same or different and which may be selected from the group consisting of halogen, carboxy, hydroxy, hydroxycarbamoyl, tri- fluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, pyrrolidinyl, C ⁇ - -alkylthio, C ⁇ -alkanoyl, C 1- -alkyloxycarbonyl, C 1-4 -alkylsulfonyl; and two oxygen atoms which are bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms of the C ⁇ -io-aryl ring system and which are bridged by C 1-2 -alkylen; or
  • Ar is phenyl, optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents which may be the same or different and which may be selected from the group consisting of halogen, carboxy, hydroxy, hydroxycarbamoyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, C 1-4 -alkyl, C1- 4 - alkoxy, C1-4- alkylsulfonyl and two oxygen atoms bonded to adjacent carbon atoms which are bridged by C 1-2 -alkylen; or is phenyl substituted by phenyl or benzyl, each of which optionally being substituted in the phenyl ring by one or two substituents which may be the same or different and which may be selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, C 1- -alkyl and or is naphthyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; pyridazinyl; triazinyl; quinolinyl; is
  • substituents in compounds of Formula I stand for halogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine are suitable. Fluorine and chlorine are preferred. Where substituents contain C 2-4 -alkanoyl, this may be straight-chain or branched. Acetyl is preferred as C 2-4 - alkanoyl.
  • Ar preferably stands for optionally substituted phenyl; pyridyl, in particular 2-pyridyl or 4-pyridyl; pyrimidinyl, in particular 2-pyrimidinyl or 5-pyrimidinyl; naphthyl or quinolinyl. Phenyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl are more preferred.
  • Ar is optionally substituted phenyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro and are preferred substituents. More preferred are halogen, C ⁇ -alkyl, C 1- -alkoxy and trifluoromethyl. Unsubstituted phenyl is a preferred alternative.
  • Ar is optionally substituted pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; naphthyl; quinolinyl; isoquino- linyl; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl; indoly or isoindolinyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C 1- -alkyl and C 1-4 -alkoxy are preferred substituents.
  • Physiologically compatible acid addition salts of compounds of Formula I are their conventional salts with inorganic acids, for example sulphuric acid, phosphoric acids or hydrohalic acids, preferably hydrochloric acid, or with organic acids, for example lower aliphatic monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic or tricarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, or with sulphonic acids, for example lower al- kanesulphonic acids such as methanesulphonic acid or trifluoromethanesul phonic acid, or benzenesulphonic acids optionally substituted in the benzene ring by halogen or lower alkyl, such as p-toluenesulphonic acid. Hydrochloric acid salts of the compounds of Formula I are preferred.
  • the invention also relates to compounds of general Formula la,
  • Ar 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents which may be the same or different and which may be selected from the group consisting of halogen, carboxy, hydroxy, hydroxycarbamoyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, C 1-4 -alkyl, C 1 - 4 - alkoxy, C M - alkylsulfonyl and two oxygen atoms bonded to adjacent carbon atoms which are bridged by C ⁇ -alkylen; or is phenyl substituted by phenyl or benzyl, each of which optionally being substituted in the phenyl ring by one or two substituents which may be the same or different and which may be selected from halogen, C ⁇ -alkyl, C ⁇ -alkoxy and trifluoromethyl; or is naphthyl; pyridyl; 2-pyrimidinyl; 5-pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; pyridazinyl
  • the present invention relates to novel N-sulfamoyl-N'arylpiperazines of general Formula lb,
  • Ar 2 is phenyl substituted once by fluoro, 3-chloro, 4-chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxy, C M - alkyl, hydroxycarbamoyl, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, two oxygen atoms bonded to adjacent carbon atoms which are bridged by C ⁇ -alkylen, and C M - alkylsulfonyl; or is phenyl substituted by two or three substituents which may be the same or different and which may be selected from the group consisting of halogen, carboxy, hydroxy, hydroxycarbamoyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, C ⁇ -alkyl, C ⁇ -alkoxy, C M - alkylthio, C 2-4 -alkanoyl, Ci- -oxycarbonyl, d ⁇ -alkylsulfonyl and two oxygen atoms bonded to adjacent carbon atoms which are bridged by C
  • N-sulfamoyl-N'-arylpiperazines which are coming under the scope of general Formula I according to the present invention are already known, e.g. from patent applications DE-OS 1964441 (US 3,709,677), WO 94/07867 and/or WO 95/09151, and can be produced according to the processes described in these specifications or according to analogous processes.
  • compounds of Formula I can be produced in known manner by either a) reacting an arylpiperazine compound of general Formula II,
  • the reaction can be carried in an organic solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions, in particular in an aprotic solvent such as toluene or xy- lene or in a mixture of such solvents.
  • Suitable reaction temperatures are between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent or solvent mixture, preferably between 60°C and 100°C.
  • the reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions, in particular a dipolar-aprotic solvent such as chloroform, dichloromethane or dioxane, or in a mixture of such solvents.
  • a dipolar-aprotic solvent such as chloroform, dichloromethane or dioxane
  • Suitable reaction temperatures are between 10°C and 50 o C, preferably at room temperature.
  • the boc- protecting group can subsequently be cleaved off in a known manner in acidic media, e.g. in an ethanolic solution of hydrochloric acid.
  • the reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions, in particular a dipolar-aprotic solvent such as chloroform or dichloromethane or in a mixture of such solvents.
  • a dipolar-aprotic solvent such as chloroform or dichloromethane or in a mixture of such solvents.
  • Suitable reaction temperatures are between 10°C and 50°C, preferably at room temperature.
  • the boc protecting group can subsequently be cleaved off in a known manner in acidic media, e.g. in an ethanolic solution of hydrochloric acid.
  • a boc-protected sulfamoylchloride is preferred.
  • unprotected sulfamoylchloride in the presence of a base may be used.
  • Compounds of Formula II are generally known compounds or such compounds can routinely be prepared by those skilled in the art according to known processes and from known starting materials.
  • compounds of Formula II, wherein Ar is optionally substituted biaryl be prepared by reacting a compound of general Formula V,
  • Ar 3 has the meaning monocyclic or bicyclic C 6 - ⁇ o-aryl, whose ring carbon atoms are optionally replaced one to three times by nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulphur, and/or whose C ⁇ -io-aryl ring system optionally contains three to five double bonds; and
  • X is a cleavable leaving group like halogen, preferably bromine; with a compound of general Formula VI,
  • Ar 4 has the meaning thienyl, naphthyl, pyridyl; phenyl or benzyl, each of which phenyl or benzyl being optionally substituted in the phenyl ring by one, two or three substituents which may be the same or different and which may be selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, d -6 -alkyl, d ⁇ -alkoxy or d ⁇ -alkylsulfonyl; in the presence of a palladium catalyst.
  • the reaction can be carried out in a manner known as "Suzuki coupling reaction" in an organic solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions, in particular in a dipolar- protic solvent such as a lower alkanol like methanol or ethanol, or an ether of a lower divalent alkanol like ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or in mixtures of such solvents or in mixtures of such solvents with water.
  • a dipolar- protic solvent such as a lower alkanol like methanol or ethanol, or an ether of a lower divalent alkanol like ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or in mixtures of such solvents or in mixtures of such solvents with water.
  • Suitable reaction temperatures are between 100°C and 200°C, preferably between 120°C and 180°C.
  • the reaction can expediently be carried out by using a microwave reactor.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of a base like an alkalicarbonate, preferably potassium carbonate.
  • Suitable palladium catalysts are salts of palladium-(ll), like palladium-(ll)-acetate.
  • Compounds of Formulas III and IV are generally known compounds and/or can routinely be prepared by those skilled in the art according to known processes and from known starting materials.
  • Compounds of Formula V and VI are generally known compounds and/or such compounds can routinely be prepared by those skilled in the art according to known processes and from known starting materials.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of treating or preventing obesity, the metabolic syndrome and/or syndrome X and/or cardiovascular diseases, in mammals and humans comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or its physiologically compatible acid addition salts.
  • Obesity according to the present invention is meant to comprise any increase in body fat that results in increased bodyweight, comprising as a preferred alternative but not limited to the medical definition of obesity.
  • the invention thus also relates to non- medical weight loss, such as cosmetic weight loss and includes improving bodily appearance in general.
  • non- medical weight loss such as cosmetic weight loss and includes improving bodily appearance in general.
  • obesity also is meant to comprise drug induced obesity and/or juvenile obesity.
  • the concomitant diseases of obesity or the secondary diseases thereof which can each be treated with the compounds according to the invention include in particular the metabolic syndrome and/or syndrome X and cardiovascular diseases.
  • metabolic syndrome as used in this application is meant to cover a complex of clinical pictures which - besides central obesity - mainly comprises hypertension, in particular arterial hypertension; insulin resistance, in particular diabetes mellitus type II; glucose intolerance; dyslipoproteinaemia, in particular as hypertriglyceridaemia, accompanied by dyslipoproteinaemia occurring with lowered HDL-cholesterol, and also hyperu- ricaemia, which can lead to gout.
  • the metabolic syndrome is closely linked to insulin resistance. Some people are genetically predisposed to insulin resistance. Acquired factors, such as excess body fat and physical inactivity, can elicit insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in these people. Most people with insulin resistance have central obesity.
  • the biologic mechanisms at the molecular level between insulin resistance and metabolic risk factors are not fully understood and appear to be complex.
  • One group of people at risk for developing metabolic syndrome are those with diabetes who have a defect in insulin action and cannot maintain a proper level of glucose in their blood.
  • a third group is heart attack survivors who, unlike hypertensives, have hyperinsu- linemia without having abnormal glucose levels.
  • the metabolic syndrome has become increasingly common in higher developed countries like the United States, where it is estimated that about 20-25 percent of US adults have it. There are no well-accepted criteria for diagnosing the metabolic syndrome.
  • the metabolic syndrome is identified by the presence of three or more of these components: • Central obesity as measured by waist circumference (Men - Greater than 40 inches; Women - Greater than 35 inches). • Fasting blood triglycerides greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL. • Blood HDL cholesterol (Men - Less than 40 mg/dL; Women - Less than 50 mg/dL) • Blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mmHg. • Fasting glucose greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL.
  • the term “syndrome X” is closely related to the term “metabolic syndrome” and usually is supposed to denominate the identical disease or condition. According to information from the American Heart Association, the term “Syndrome X” refers, however, additionally to a heart condition where chest pain and electrocardiographic changes that suggest ischemic heart disease are present, but where there are no angiographic findings of coronary disease. Patients with cardiac syndrome X also sometimes have lipid abnormalities.
  • cardiovascular diseases in conjunction with obesity is usually understood to mean coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, which may for example be accompanied by an increased risk of strokes, and peripheral occlusive arterial disease.
  • the compounds of Formula I or their physiologically compatible acid addition salts are also expected to be useful in the treatment of diabetic conditions or diseases which are unrelated to obesity.
  • diabetic conditions or dis- eases comprise e.g. diabetes mellitus type II, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic microangiopathy or diabetic macroangiopathy.
  • gall-bladder diseases such as formation of gallstones, sleep apnoea syndrome, orthopaedic complications such as osteoarthritis and psychosocial disorders.
  • the compounds of Formula I are further deemed to be useful as anticonvulsants for the prophylaxis or treatment of epilepsy in mammals and humans.
  • test compounds of Formula I in 96 well microplates were diluted with aqua bidest by using an automatic pipettor (CyBiWell ® ). From the different dilution plates, ali- quots of 20 ⁇ l were transferred to the 96 well black assay plates with a pipetting station (Tecan Genesis ® ).
  • potassium phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4) was added, and as a third step, 20 ⁇ l of enzyme solution (1 ⁇ M human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II from erythrocytes (Sigma-Aldrich), dissolved in potassium phosphate buffer) incubated for 60 min at room temperature and the fluorescence signal (Tecan Ultra ® fluorescence reader; excitation wavelength: 280 nm; emission wavelength: 465 nm) read at the end of the preincubation period (FLU-1).
  • enzyme solution (1 ⁇ M human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II from erythrocytes (Sigma-Aldrich), dissolved in potassium phosphate buffer
  • aqueous dansylamide solution (1 mM dansylamide (Sigma-Aldrich), dissolved in hydrochloric acid) were added and the fluorescence signal read every 10 min for a period of 60 min at 37°C. For calculation, the fluorescence data of the time point 60 min (FLU-2) were used.
  • the total volume of assay mixture amounted to 208 ⁇ l.
  • the final concentration of carbonic anhydrase II was 10 "7 M/L, of dansylamide 2.25x10 "6 and of compounds from 10 "8 M/L up to 10 "5 M/L.
  • Final concentration of DMSO as compound solvent was 0.1 mM.
  • % inhibition 100((1 -(FLU-2 cpd -FLU-2 blank -FLU-1 C p d +FLU-1 b ian k )/(FLU-2 contror FLU-2 blanir FLU-1 control-FLU-1 blank))
  • the rats were kept on a normal 12/12h light/dark cycle (lights on 07.00) and they were allowed food (lab chow) and water ad libitum ex- cept for during experiments, when they were fasted overnight before the glucose challenge.
  • PEG polyethylenglycol
  • test substances showed the following results (given as percentage % of control):
  • mice were kept on an inverted 12/12h light/dark cycle (lights on 22:00). They were allowed food (high caloric diet) and water ad libitum. Food intake and water consumption was measured daily.
  • the test compound of Formula I was suspended in 1% methylcellulose in water and 2% (v/v) of Poloxamer 188 (Lutrol F68 ® ) and administered by oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. One half of the dose was administered at 7.00-9.00 h; the remaining half of the dose was administered between 15.00-15.30 h.
  • test substances caused a decrease of the animals' 24h food intake to the percentages of food intake when compared to control as given in table 3 below.
  • mice Female Wistar rats (weight range 250-300 g; Charles River, Margate, Kent) were housed in pairs in polypropylene cages with solid floors and sawdust bedding at a temperature of 21 ⁇ 4°C and 55 ⁇ 20% humidity ⁇ Animals were maintained on a reverse phase light-dark cycle (lights off for 8 hours from 10.00-18.00 h) during which time the room was illuminated by red light. Animals had free access to powdered high fat diet (VRF1 plus 20% lard), ground chocolate, ground peanuts and tap water at all times. The three different diets were contained in separate glass feeding jars with aluminium lids (Solme- dia Laboratory Suppliers, Romford, Essex). Each lid had a 3-4 cm hole cut in it to allow access to the food.
  • Animals were housed in pairs for twelve weeks. At least two weeks before the start of the baseline readings, animals were housed individually in polypropylene cages with wire grid floors to enable the food intake of each rat to be recorded. Polypropylene trays with cage pads were placed beneath each cage to detect any food spillage.
  • test substance of example 2 was suspended in 1% Tylose MH50, 0.1% poloxamer 188 and administered by oral gavage (2 ml/kg). All dosing occurred at the onset of the 8 hours dark period (spanning the period immediately before and after lights out). The second treatments were given 4 hours after the first. Rats, feeding jars and water bottles were weighed (to the nearest 0.1 g) every day at the time of administration of vehicle or test substance. At each reading, the tray below each cage was examined for spilt food, which was returned to the appropriate jar before weighing. However, spillage of food from the feeding jars was negligible. Variations in body weight and energy levels of the different types of food were accounted for by expressing the food intake results in terms of kJ/kg rat weight. Water intake results were expressed in g/kg.
  • Carcasses were individually milled at the temperature of liquid nitrogen, mixed and two representative samples taken. Carcass water was determined by freeze-drying the samples to constant weight. Carcass fat was determined on the freeze-dried samples using a modified Soxhlet extraction protocol (petroleum ether at 40-60°C) with a Foss Soxtec ® HT2 system (Foss UK Ltd, Wheldrake, UK) according to the manufacturers recommended protocol. Carcass protein was determined using a micro-Kjeldahl procedure on the freeze-dried samples using a Foss 2012 ® digestion block and Foss 2200 ® distilling unit (Foss UK Ltd). Residual carcass ash was determined by firing the freeze-dried samples at high temperatures using a muffle ashing furnace. Repeat determinations of the chemical analysis parameters were performed as necessary (e.g. if the duplicate samples differed by more than 1%).
  • Table 5 Effect of the test compound of example 2 on water, fat, protein and ash content of carcasses: mean weight per rat
  • Statistical comparisons were by ANCOVA (baseline body weight as covariate) followed by Williams' test. Significant differences are denoted by **p ⁇ 0.001 , *°p ⁇ 0.01, *p ⁇ 0.05 vs vehicle,
  • Table 7 Effect of test compound of example 2 on plasma parameters in dietary obese female wistar rats
  • the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition or medicament comprising a pharmacologically effective quantity of a compound of Formula I or its physiologically compatible acid addition salts and preferably further comprising conventional pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliaries and/or carriers.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliaries and/or carriers are well known in the art and include pharmaceutical grade starch, mannitol, lactose, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose (or other sugar), magnesium carbonate, gelatin, oil, alcohol, detergents, emulsifiers or water (preferably sterile).
  • the composition may be a mixed preparation of a composition or may be a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use (including administration).
  • the compounds according to the invention or their physiologically compatible acid addition salts for use in the aforementioned indications may be administered by any convenient method, for example by oral (including by inhalation), parenteral, mucosal (e.g.
  • the compounds can be formulated as liquids or solids, for example solutions, syrups, suspensions or emulsions, tablets, capsules and lozenges.
  • a liquid formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the compound or physiologically acceptable salt in a suitable aqueous or non-aqueous liquid carrier(s) for example water, ethanol, glycerine, polyethylene glycol or an oil.
  • the formulation may also contain a suspending agent, preservative, flavouring or colouring agent.
  • a composition in the form of a tablet can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carriers) routinely used for preparing solid formulations. Examples of such carriers include magnesium stearate, starch, lactose, sucrose and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • a composition in the form of a capsule can be prepared using routine encapsulation procedures. For example, powders, granules or pellets containing the active ingredient can be prepared using standard carriers and then filled into a hard gelatin capsule; alternatively, a dispersion or suspension can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier(s), for example aqueous gums, celluloses, silicates or oils and the dispersion or suspension then filled into a soft gelatin capsule.
  • compositions for oral administration may be designed to protect the active ingredient against degradation as it passes through the alimentary tract, for example by an outer coating of the formulation on a tablet or capsule.
  • Typical parenteral compositions consist of a solution or suspension of the compound or physiologically compatible acid addition salts in a sterile aqueous or non- aqueous carrier or parenterally acceptable oil, for example polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, lecithin, arachis oil or sesame oil.
  • the solution can be lyophi- lised and then reconstituted with a suitable solvent just prior to administration.
  • Composi- tions for nasal or oral administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, drops, gels and powders.
  • Aerosol formulations typically comprise a solution or fine suspension of the active substance in a physiologically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent and are usually presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container, which can take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device.
  • the sealed container may be a unitary dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve which is intended for disposal once the contents of the container have been exhausted.
  • the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser, it will contain a pharmaceutically acceptable propellant.
  • the aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of a pump-atomiser.
  • compositions suitable for buccal or sublingual administration include tablets, lozenges and pastilles, wherein the active ingredient is formulated with a carrier such as sugar and acacia, tragacanth, or gelatin and glycerin.
  • Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are conveniently in the form of suppositories (containing a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter), pessaries, vaginal tabs, foams or enemas.
  • Compositions suitable for transdermal administration include ointments, gels, patches and injections including powder injections. Conveniently the composition is in unit dose form such as a tablet, capsule or ampoule.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are useful in the prevention and/or treatment of obesity, concomitarit and/or secondary diseases of obesity; other medical weight loss and non-medical related weight loss; and/or diabetic conditions or diseases.
  • a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more container(s) filled with one or more of the ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
  • container(s) filled with one or more of the ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
  • Associated with such containers can be various written materials such as instructions for use, or a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use, or sale for human or veterinary administration.
  • composition may be in any form including a tablet, a liquid, a capsule, and a powder or in the form of a food product, e.g. a functional food. In the latter case the food product itself may act as the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compound or composition is preferably administered to a patient in need thereof and in a quantity sufficient to prevent and/or treat the symptoms of the condition, disorder or disease
  • the administration of a compound or composition has a dosage regime which will ultimately be determined by the attending physician and will take into consideration such factors such as the compound being used, animal type, age, weight, severity of symptoms, method of administration, adverse reactions and/or other contraindications.
  • Specific defined dosage ranges can be determined by standard design clinical trials with patient progress and recovery being fully monitored. Such trials may use an escalating dose design using a low percentage of the maximum tolerated dose in animals as the starting dose in man.
  • the physiologically acceptable compounds of the invention will normally be administered in a daily dosage regimen (for an adult patient) of, for example, an oral dose of between 1 mg and 2000 mg, preferably between 30 mg and 1000 mg, e.g. between 10 and 250 mg or an intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular dose of between 0.1 mg and 100 mg, preferably between 0.1 mg and 50 mg, e.g. between 1 and 25 mg of the compound of the Formula I or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof calculated as the free base, the compound being administered 1 to 4 times per day.
  • the compound used according to the invention can also be administered to children or juveniles while the individual dosage regimens in these cases will need to be particularly thoroughly adjusted by the physician and will usually comprise lower doses than will be administered to adults.
  • the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for at least a week, but usually for a longer period of several weeks to several months.
  • the invention also provides a cosmetic method (non-therapeutic) for maintaining a given weight, or for cosmetic weight loss, the method comprising the administration of a compound according to the other aspects of the invention, preferably in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the compound or composition is preferably administered to a subject in need or in desideratum thereof and in a quantity sufficient to maintain a given weight or for cosmetic weight loss.
  • the compounds of Formula I and their physiologically compatible acid addition salts may favourably be administered in combination with one or more active agents (as a pharmaceutical combination composition) selected from antidia- betics; antiobesity or appetite-regulating agents; cardiovascular active agents, in particular antihypertensives; diuretics; active agents altering lipid levels, in particular lipid- lowering agents; and active ingredients for the treatment and/or prevention of complications caused by diabetes or associated with diabetes.
  • Suitable antidiabetics comprise e.g. insulins, amylin, derivatives of GLP-1 and GLP- 2 such as, for example, those disclosed in WO 98/08871 and orally active hypoglycemic active ingredients.
  • the orally active hypoglycemic active ingredients preferably comprise sulfonylureas, e.g tolbutamide, glibenclamide, glimepiride, glipizide, gliquidone, gli- soxepide, glibomuride or gliclazide; biguanides, e.g. metformin; meglitinides, e.g.
  • glucosidase inhibitors e.g. alpha- glucosidase inhibitors such as miglitol or acarbose
  • glucagon receptor antagonists GLP- 1 agonists, potassium channel openers like diazoxide or those disclosed in WO 97/26265 or WO 99/03861
  • CB-1 (cannabinoid-1 receptor) antagonists/inverse agonists insulin sensitizers like thiazolidinediones, e.g.
  • troglitazone in particular 5-[[4-[(3,4- dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxo-2-quinazolinylmethoxy]pheny-l]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione; activators of insulin receptor kinase; inhibitors of liver enzymes involved in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis, for example inhibitors of glycogen phosphory- lase; and modulators of glucose uptake and glucose excretion.
  • Suitable antiobesity or appetite-regulating agents comprise one or more of a 5-HT (serotonin) transporter inhibitor, a NE (norepinephrine) transporter inhibitor, a CB-1 (cannabinoid-1 receptor) antagonist/inverse agonist, a ghrelin antibody, a ghrelin antagonist, a H3 (histamine H3) antagonist/inverse agonist, a MCH1R (melanin concentrating hormone 1R) antagonist, a MCH2R (melanin concentrating hormone 2R) agonist/antagonist, a NPY1 (neuropeptide Y Y1) antagonist, a NPY2 (neuropeptide Y Y2) agonist, a NPY5 (neuropeptide Y Y5) antagonist, leptin, a leptin derivative, an opioid antagonist, an orexin antagonist, a BRS3 (bombesin receptor subtype 3) agonist, a CCK-A (cholec
  • Suitable appetite-regulating agents comprise sibutramine or the mono- and bisdemethylated active metabolites of sibutramine; fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine; mazindol, diethylpropion or phentermine; leptin or modified leptin; dex- amphetamine and amphetamine.
  • Suitable lipase inhibitors comprise orlistat, panel icins, lipase inhibitors isolated from micro organisms such as lipstatin (from Streptomyces toxytricini), ebelactone B (from Streptomyces aburaviensis), synthetic derivatives of these compounds; 2-oxy-4H-3,1- benzoxazin-4-one derivatives like Alizyme's ATL-962 or structurally related compounds; 2-amino-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one derivatives or extracts of plants known to possess lipase inhibitory activity, e.g. extracts of Alpinia of ⁇ cinarum or compounds isolated from such extracts like 3-methylethergalangin (from A. ofRcinarum);
  • Suitable CB cannabinoid antagonists include rimonabant, SLV319, SR147778 and CP-945598.
  • Suitable cardiovascular active agents comprise angiotensin II receptor antagonists, e.g. abitesartan, benzyllosartan, candesartan, elisartan, embusartan, enoltasosartan, eprosartan, fonsartan, forasartan, glycyllosartan, irbesartan, isoteoline, losartan, mil- fasartan, olmesartan, opomisartan, pratosartan, ripisartan, saprisartan, saralasin, sarme- sin, tasosartan, telmisartan, valsartan, zolasartan; Kissei KRH-94, Lusofarmaco LR- B/057, Lusofarmaco LR-B/081, Lusofarmaco LR B/087, Searle SC-52458, Sankyo
  • tolazoline or phenoxybenzamine selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, e.g. doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin or urapidil; beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, e.g.
  • acebutolol alprenolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, bupranolol, carazolol, carteolol, celiprolol, mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindolol, propranolol, sotalol and timolol; mixed antagonists of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors, e.g. carvedilol or labetolol; ganglion blockers, e.g.
  • alpha2- adrenoceptor agonists including centrally acting alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists, e.g. clonidine, guanfacine, guanabenz methyldopa and moxonidine
  • renin-inhbitors e.g. al- skiren
  • ACE-inhbitors e.g.
  • mixed ACE/NEP-inhbitors e.g. omapatrilat
  • ECE- inhbitors e.g. FR-901533
  • PD-069185 CGS-26303; CGS-34043; CGS-
  • Suitable diuretics comprise thiazide diuretics, e.g. althiazide, bemetizide, bendro- flumethiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, benzthiazide, buthiazide, chlorothiazide, cyclothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, paraflutizide, polythiazide, teclothiazide, trichlormethiazide; thiazide analogue diuretics, e.g.
  • loop diuretics e.g. azosemide, bumetanide, furosemide, piretanide, torsemide
  • potassium sparing diuretics e.g. amiloride, potassium canrenoate, spironolactone, triamterene or any
  • HMGCoA synthase inhibitor a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, an acyl coenzyme A- cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitor, a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, a squalene synthetase inhibitor, an anti-oxidant, a PPAR ⁇ agonist, a FXR receptor modulator, a LXR receptor agonist, a lipoprotein synthesis inhibitor, a renin angio- tensin system inhibitor, a microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitor, a bile acid reabsorption inhibitor, a PEAR8 agonist, a triglyceride synthesis inhibitor, a transcription modulator, a squalene
  • the compound of Formula I according to the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of CART agonists, H3 antagonists, TNF agonists, CRF agonists, CRF BP antagonists, urocortin agonists, beta3-agonists, MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) agonists, serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, mixed serotonin- and noradrenaline-reuptake inhibitors, 5HT modulators, MAO inhibitors, galanin antagonists, growth hormone, growth hormone-releasing compounds, TRH agonists, modulators of uncoupling proteins 2 or 3, leptin agonists, dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, doprexin), RXR modulators, hCNTF agonists and TR-beta-agonists.
  • Preferred pharmaceutical combination compositions according to the invention comprise combinations of at least one compound of Formula I and at least one bigua- nide; at least one compound of Formula I and at least one fibric acid; at least one compound of Formula I and at least one HMGCoA reductase inhibitor; and at least one compound of Formula I and at least one insulin sensitizer.
  • Preferred compounds of Formula I for combination with one or more of the above mentioned active agents are 4-phenyl-piperazine-1-sulfonic acid amide; 4-(2-chloro- phenyl)-piperazine-1-sulfonic acid amide; 4-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-piperazine-1-sulfonic acid amide; 4-pyridin-4-yl-piperazine-1-sulfonic acid amide; 4-pyrimidin-2-yl-piperazine-1- sulfonic acid amide; 4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperazine-1-sulfonic acid amide; 4-(4-chloro-3- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazine-1-sulfonic acid amide and/or 4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoro- methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1 -sulfonic acid amide.
  • Metformine is the preferred biguanide for combination with at least one compound of Formula I.
  • Preferred fibric acids for combination with at least one compound of Formula I are bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clofibrate, fenofibrate and/or gemfibrozil. Fenofibrate is most preferred.
  • Preferred HMGCoA reductase inhibitors for combination with at least one compound of Formula I are atorvastatin, berivastatin, cerivastatin, crilvastatin, fluvastatin, glenvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and/or simvastatin or any physiologically compatible salts, solvates, prodrugs or esters thereof. Most preferred are simvastatin, lovastatin and/or pravastatin.
  • Preferred insulin sensitizers for combination with at least one compound of Formula I are thiazolidinediones, in particular troglitazone, ciglitazone, pioglitazone and/or rosigli- tazone. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are most preferred.
  • More preferred combinations according to the invention are the combinations of 4- phenyl-piperazine-1 -sulfonic acid amide with metformine; 4-phenyl-piperazine-1 -sulfonic acid amide with fenofibrate; 4-phenyl-piperazine-1 -sulfonic acid amide with simvastatin and 4-phenyl-piperazine-1 -sulfonic acid amide with rosiglitazone.
  • the compounds of Formula I can be obtained and administered together with the different active agents, e.g. in one combined unit dosage form like in one tablet or capsule, i.e. in a physical combination.
  • the compound of Formula I and the different active agents can be segregated from each other, e.g. by means of different layers in said tablet, e.g. by the use of inert intermediate layers known in the art; or by means of different compartments in said capsule.
  • the corresponding active agents or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also be used in form of their hydrates or include other solvents used for crystallization.
  • a unit dosage form may be a fixed combination.
  • a unit dosage form, in particular a fixed combination of the compound of Formula I and one or more of the different active agents is a preferred alternative of this embodiment.
  • the compounds of Formula I and the different active agents can be obtained and administered in two or more separate unit dosage forms, e.g. in two or more tablets or capsules, the tablets or capsules being physically segregated from each other.
  • the two or more separate unit dosage forms can be administered simultaneously or stepwise (separately), e.g. sequentially one after the other in either order.
  • the compounds of Formula I and the different active agents can be administered in either order at the same time or at different times spread over the day, the optimal dosage regimen usually being determined by prescription of a physician.
  • N-Sulfamoyl-N'-phenylpiperazine 4-Phenyl-piperazine-1 -sulfonic acid amide
  • the active substance, the corn starch and the lactose are processed into a homogeneous pasty mixture using EA.
  • the paste is ground and the resulting granules are placed on a suitable tray and dried at 45°C in order to remove the solvent.
  • the dried granules are passed through a crusher and mixed in a mixer with the further following auxiliaries:

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