EP1738000A2 - Production d'une couche de chrome dur structuree et production d'un revetement - Google Patents

Production d'une couche de chrome dur structuree et production d'un revetement

Info

Publication number
EP1738000A2
EP1738000A2 EP05700700A EP05700700A EP1738000A2 EP 1738000 A2 EP1738000 A2 EP 1738000A2 EP 05700700 A EP05700700 A EP 05700700A EP 05700700 A EP05700700 A EP 05700700A EP 1738000 A2 EP1738000 A2 EP 1738000A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
hard chrome
electrolyte
layer
acid
structured hard
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP05700700A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1738000B1 (fr
Inventor
Rudolf Linde
Stefan Dürdoth
Wolfgang Stuckert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Federal Mogul Burscheid GmbH
Original Assignee
Federal Mogul Burscheid GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Federal Mogul Burscheid GmbH filed Critical Federal Mogul Burscheid GmbH
Publication of EP1738000A2 publication Critical patent/EP1738000A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1738000B1 publication Critical patent/EP1738000B1/fr
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
    • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
    • C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
    • C25D3/10—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium characterised by the organic bath constituents used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
    • C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/627—Electroplating characterised by the visual appearance of the layers, e.g. colour, brightness or mat appearance

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a structured hard chrome layer on a workpiece, a method for producing a coating with a structured hard chrome layer, structured hard chrome layers and coatings obtainable thereby and an electrolyte for carrying out the method.
  • Hard chrome layers produced electrochemically are not only used for the decorative finishing of surfaces. Rather, hard chrome layers are also applied as functional coatings to conductive and non-conductive workpieces, for example in order to perform a protective function or to favorably influence the surface properties. Typical applications are therefore protective layers made of hard chrome to reduce corrosion, wear or friction, as well as structured hard chrome layers on printing rollers to facilitate wetting with printing inks or on starch, embossing and deep-drawing tools to optimize manufacturing processes in industry.
  • EP 0 196 053 A2 and DE 34 02 .554 A1 each describe methods for the electrodeposition of hard chrome on metallic surfaces from an aqueous electrolyte containing chromic acid, sulfuric acid or sulfate and a sulphonic acid, with cathodic flow extraction ⁇ 20% being used.
  • the composition of the electrolyte is intended to rule out the risk of a disturbing etching of the surface to be coated. However, no structures are created in the hard chrome layer.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide a method for producing a structured hard chrome layer with which the disadvantages of the prior art are overcome.
  • this object is achieved by a method for producing a structured hard chrome layer, chrome being deposited from an electrolyte onto a workpiece which contains:
  • the electrolyte contains essentially no compound selected from ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth molybdate, ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth vanadate and ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth zirconate and is operated with a cathodic current efficiency of 12% or less.
  • the method according to the invention is used to produce structured hard chrome layers which are cup-shaped and / or labyrinth-like and / or column-shaped. This is achieved by deliberately influencing the cathode film formed during the electrochemical deposition, which is explained below.
  • the electrolytes used in galvanic processes contain salts that dissociate in anions and cations in the aqueous environment. This creates a hydration shell around the dissociated ions.
  • hydrated metal ions of the electrolyte migrate to the workpiece to be coated, which is connected as a cathode.
  • the so-called cathode film is located in the border area between the electrolyte and the cathode directly on the surface of the cathode. If a hydrated metal ion gets into this phase boundary, it absorbs electrons from the cathode and is thereby aligned in the diffusion zone.
  • Helmholtz double layer An electrochemical double layer, the "Helmholtz double layer", is formed under this diffusion zone and directly on the cathode surface. This consists of an electrically charged zone at the interface between the electrolyte and the cathode and is approximately a few atomic or molecular layers thick. Electrons or directed dipole molecules are involved. Since the "Helmholtz double layer” is positively charged on one side and negatively on the other side, it behaves on the cathode like a plate capacitor with a very small plate spacing.
  • the metal ion In order for the metal ion to get onto the workpiece surface and to be built into a growth site on the surface of the workpiece, it must overcome the cathode film.
  • This process can be influenced by a suitable choice of the deposition conditions, such as chemical composition of the electrolyte, temperature, hydrodynamics and electrical current strength.
  • the deposition conditions for the electrolyte are selected so that the permeability of the cathode film to the metal ion is as uniform as possible.
  • the element chromium is to be deposited from an aqueous electrolyte on a workpiece, it is in a strongly acidic solution as a negatively charged hydrogen dichromate complex. Chromium has oxidation level 6 therein, although small amounts of chromium (III) compounds can also be present.
  • an electrolyte with a chromium (VI) compound in an amount which corresponds to 50 to 300 g / l, preferably 50 to 150 g / l, chromic anhydride, 0.5 to 10 g / l sulfuric acid and 5 g / 1 to 15 g / l aliphatic sulphonic acid with 1 to 6 carbon atoms to form a cathode film with a very dense barrier layer. If a suitably high coating current density is applied, the barrier layer breaks through, which leads to the formation of a chromium layer of uneven layer thickness on the workpiece, with a cathodic current efficiency of 12% or less.
  • Structured hard chrome layers with cup-shaped and / or labyrinth-like and / or column-shaped structures are thus produced without the use of additives which favor the formation of the barrier layer of the cathode film. It is therefore possible to dispense with compounds which promote the formation of a dense cathode film, such as, for example, ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth molybdate, ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth vanadate and ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth zirconate.
  • the cathodic current yield of 12% or less ensures the formation of the structured hard chrome layer in the method according to the invention, since the structuring of the hard chrome layer is not obtained with a higher current yield.
  • the structured hard chrome layers produced with the method according to the invention are formed more uniformly than the structured hard chrome layers of the prior art due to the cup-shaped and / or labyrinth-like and / or columnar structure.
  • Structured hard chrome layers obtainable by the process according to the invention are very suitable for coating piston rings, in particular those of internal combustion engines.
  • Layers produced according to the invention have not only high corrosion resistance but also excellent tribological properties, such as good sliding properties and wear and seizure resistance, particularly in the case of inadequate lubrication.
  • the hard chrome layers obtained according to the invention can be used for many decorative and functional applications.
  • the surface topography of the hard chrome layers produced according to the invention enables, for example, a high absorption capacity for light and heat radiation when using solar collectors.
  • the special structure of the hard chrome layers according to the invention enables better absorption capacity for liquids. Gas cushions can also be built up well on the structured surface.
  • an electrolyte is understood to mean aqueous solutions which are electrically conductive due to dissociated ions.
  • Cr0 3 is preferably used for component (a), ie the Cr (VI) compound, since it is particularly suitable for electrolytic deposition.
  • component (c) i.e. as aliphatic sulphonic acid
  • the electrolyte can be substantially free of fluorides.
  • fluorides often complicate the formation of the structured hard chrome layer. Therefore only so much fluoride is tolerable in the electrolyte that does not affect the deposition of the structured hard chrome layer. It has proven to be advantageous if there are no more than 0.1 g / l fluoride in the electrolyte.
  • conventional catalysts for chromium deposition such as S0 4 2 " and / or CI " , can be contained in the electrolyte in conventional amounts.
  • structured hard chrome layers are deposited on workpieces using the method described above.
  • workpiece means metallic or non-metallic objects that are to be provided with a structured hard chrome layer.
  • this is coated with a thin metal film before the structured hard chrome layer is applied in order to make it electrically conductive ,
  • the structured hard chrome layer on the workpiece is switched as a cathode and immersed in the electrolyte. Then a direct current, e.g. a pulsating direct current with a frequency of up to 1000 Hz.
  • a direct current e.g. a pulsating direct current with a frequency of up to 1000 Hz.
  • the temperature is kept at 45 ° C. to 95 ° C., preferably 55 ° C. The longer the deposition is carried out, the greater the layer thickness of the hard chrome layer.
  • a current density of 20 A / dm 2 to 200 A / dm 2 can be used.
  • This range of current density leads to the deposition of particularly favorably structured hard chrome layers. The higher the current density selected, the denser the protruding areas of the surface of the hard chrome layer according to the invention.
  • a second layer is deposited before and / or after the structured hard chrome layer is deposited.
  • several layers can be applied to the workpiece, for example a metal layer made of a conventional electrolyte on the structured hard chrome layer according to the invention.
  • the two layers can consist of different materials, and if a conventional metal layer is applied to the structured hard chrome layer, an improved anchoring of the conventional metal layer is made possible.
  • a conventional hard chrome layer or a structured hard chrome layer according to the invention can in each case be deposited with deposits as the second layer, wherein the deposits can consist of aluminum oxide, diamond and / or boron nitride of the hexagonal type.
  • the deposits can consist of aluminum oxide, diamond and / or boron nitride of the hexagonal type.
  • the materials mentioned are suspended in the electrolyte used for this.
  • the deposits lead to a further improvement in the tribological properties.
  • a hard chrome layer according to the invention is electrolytically applied to a conventional hard chrome layer with a uniform layer thickness.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing a coating, wherein chromium is deposited on a workpiece to form a structured hard chrome layer, and a composition is applied to the structured hard chrome layer which contains epoxy resin, a solid lubricant, a hard material or mixtures thereof.
  • the structured hard chrome layer can be a structured hard chrome layer produced according to the invention.
  • the epoxy resin serves as a binder in order to hold the solid lubricant and / or the hard material in the depressions of the structured hard chrome layer.
  • MoS 2 , bomitride, preferably the hexagonal type of boron nitride, or Teflon, or a mixture of two or more of these substances, is particularly suitable as the solid lubricant.
  • Examples of hard materials are microscale diamond, aluminum oxide, Si 3 N, BC, SiC or a mixture of two or more of these materials.
  • This coating structure not only improves the general wear properties, it also results in excellent emergency running properties when using MoS 2. gouge the workpiece in the event of insufficient lubrication. Particularly if boron nitride is contained in the composition, the coating is self-lubricating so that, depending on the application, the use of additional lubricants can be dispensed with. If a mixture of two or more of the solid lubricants mentioned is used in the composition that is applied to the structured hard chrome layer, the above-mentioned favorable tribological properties add up.
  • the invention further comprises a structured hard chrome layer, as can be obtained by one of the above methods.
  • the invention also relates to a coating which can be obtained by the above process for producing a coating.
  • the invention furthermore relates to an electrolyte for carrying out the process according to the invention for producing a structured hard chrome layer, comprising
  • the electrolyte contains essentially no compound selected from ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth molybdate, ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth vanadate and ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth zirconate.
  • the electrolyte according to the invention which can preferably contain the Cr (VI) compound in an amount which corresponds to 50 to 150 'g / l chromic acid anhydride, is used in particular for the electrodeposition of the structured hard chrome layers described in more detail above on workpieces.
  • Figures 1 to 10 show photographs of the hard chrome layers from Examples 1 to 4.
  • Example 1
  • the article to be coated is immersed in the electrolyte after a customary pretreatment. At 55 ° C with a current density of 40 A / dm 2 chrome for 30 minutes
  • the resulting article has a conventional shiny and evenly formed chrome layer, as shown in Fig. 1.
  • Example 2 An electrolyte according to the invention is used for the formation of structured hard chrome layers according to the invention, which contains:
  • Methanesulfonic acid CH 3 SO 3 H (70%) 9 ml / l.
  • Structured hard chrome layers according to the invention are deposited on workpieces at a temperature of 70 ° C., a cathodic current efficiency of 10% and an exposure time of 30 minutes.
  • the current densities are varied as follows: FIG. 2: 30 A / dm 2; 3: 40 A / dm 2 ; Fig. 4: 50 A / dm 2 ; Fig. 5: 60 A / dm 2 ; Fig. 6: 70 A / dm 2 .
  • Typical surface structures emerge with structure valleys that appear dark in the photographs, ie depressions.
  • Methanesulfonic acid CH 3 S0 3 H (70%) 6 ml / l contains.
  • the structured hard chrome layers are deposited at a temperature of 60 ° C., a cathodic current efficiency of 10% and a current density of 80 A / dm 2 for 30 minutes. A total of six layers are applied alternately with and without deposits. 7 and 8 show a typical cross section of these graded structured chrome layers in different magnifications. Corrosion protection is ensured by the conventional hard chrome layers, while the favorable tribological properties result from the structured hard chrome layers according to the invention. Instead of aluminum oxide, diamond or hexagonal boron nitride can also be incorporated.
  • the resulting graded structured hard chrome layers can be treated further as described in Example 4 in order to support the self-lubricating properties of the surface.
  • Example 4 In a structured hard chrome layer according to the invention produced according to Example 2 on a workpiece, the structure valleys or depressions in the surface are filled with a mixture of epoxy resin and boron nitride of the hexagonal type.
  • the photographs of FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate the filling of the depressions in the hard chrome layer.
  • the resulting coating has excellent self-lubricating properties. Depending on the application, the additional use of additional lubricants can also be dispensed with.
  • a workpiece which is covered with a structured hard chrome layer produced according to Example 2 is treated with a mixture of epoxy resin and MoS 2 in such a way that the depressions in the chrome layer are filled with the mixture.
  • the epoxy resin serves as a binder to fix the MoS 2 in the wells and partly on the elevations. This results in good wear properties as well as excellent emergency running properties if the workpiece is insufficiently lubricated. In addition, there is improved corrosion behavior compared to the untreated structured hard chrome layer.
  • Example 7 The depressions of a structured hard chrome layer produced according to Example 2 on a product part are filled with a mixture of epoxy resin and microscale diamond, ie diamond granules with a size in the ⁇ m range.
  • a mixture of epoxy resin and microscale diamond, ie diamond granules with a size in the ⁇ m range.
  • a workpiece produced according to Example 5 is additionally treated with a mixture from Example 6.
  • the resulting coating has greatly improved tribological properties compared to Examples 5 and 6, e.g. excellent self-lubrication, as well as a more favorable corrosion behavior compared to the untreated structured hard chrome layer.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de production d'une couche de chrome dur, le chrome étant déposé par précipitation sur une pièce, à partir d'un électrolyte contenant: (a) un composé Cr(VI), dans une quantité correspondent à 50 à 300 g/l d'anhydride d'acide chromique; (b) entre 0,5 et 10 g/l d'acide sulfurique; (c) entre 5 et 15 g/l d'acide sulfonique aliphatique ayant entre 1 et 6 atomes de carbone; l'électrolyte ne contenant essentiellement pas de composés sélectionnés parmi le molybdate d'ammonium, le molybdate alcalin et le molybdate alcalino-terreux, le vanadate d'ammonium, le vanadate alcalin et le vanadate alcalino-terreux et le zirconate d'ammonium, le zirconate alcalin et le zirconate alcalino-terreux, et étant travaillé avec une efficacité du courant cathodique de 12 % ou moins. L'invention concerne également un procédé permettant de produire un revêtement, une couche de chrome dur structurée, un revêtement et un électrolyte.
EP05700700.7A 2004-04-21 2005-01-05 Production d'une couche de chrome dur structuree et production d'un revetement Expired - Fee Related EP1738000B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004019370A DE102004019370B3 (de) 2004-04-21 2004-04-21 Herstellung einer strukturierten Hartchromschicht und Herstellung einer Beschichtung
PCT/EP2005/000037 WO2005108648A2 (fr) 2004-04-21 2005-01-05 Production d'une couche de chrome dur structuree et production d'un revetement

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1738000A2 true EP1738000A2 (fr) 2007-01-03
EP1738000B1 EP1738000B1 (fr) 2018-04-18

Family

ID=34813731

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05700700.7A Expired - Fee Related EP1738000B1 (fr) 2004-04-21 2005-01-05 Production d'une couche de chrome dur structuree et production d'un revetement

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US8110087B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1738000B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4542134B2 (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0506445B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102004019370B3 (fr)
PT (1) PT1738000T (fr)
WO (1) WO2005108648A2 (fr)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PT1738000T (pt) 2018-07-03
JP2007533852A (ja) 2007-11-22
BRPI0506445A (pt) 2006-12-26
WO2005108648A2 (fr) 2005-11-17
EP1738000B1 (fr) 2018-04-18
WO2005108648A3 (fr) 2006-03-30
DE102004019370B3 (de) 2005-09-01
US20080060945A1 (en) 2008-03-13
US8110087B2 (en) 2012-02-07
BRPI0506445B1 (pt) 2015-04-14
JP4542134B2 (ja) 2010-09-08

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