EP1731677B1 - Véhicule d'épandage pour service d'hiver - Google Patents

Véhicule d'épandage pour service d'hiver Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1731677B1
EP1731677B1 EP06011583A EP06011583A EP1731677B1 EP 1731677 B1 EP1731677 B1 EP 1731677B1 EP 06011583 A EP06011583 A EP 06011583A EP 06011583 A EP06011583 A EP 06011583A EP 1731677 B1 EP1731677 B1 EP 1731677B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rotational speed
spreading
basic
values
vehicle according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP06011583A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1731677A1 (fr
Inventor
Cornelius Bastiaan Van Vooren
Felix Albertus Ignatius Lugtenberg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schmidt Holding GmbH
Original Assignee
Schmidt Holding GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Schmidt Holding GmbH filed Critical Schmidt Holding GmbH
Publication of EP1731677A1 publication Critical patent/EP1731677A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1731677B1 publication Critical patent/EP1731677B1/fr
Revoked legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/12—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for distributing granular or liquid materials
    • E01C19/20—Apparatus for distributing, e.g. spreading, granular or pulverulent materials, e.g. sand, gravel, salt, dry binders
    • E01C19/201—Apparatus for distributing, e.g. spreading, granular or pulverulent materials, e.g. sand, gravel, salt, dry binders with driven loosening, discharging or spreading parts, e.g. power-driven, drive derived from road-wheels
    • E01C19/202—Apparatus for distributing, e.g. spreading, granular or pulverulent materials, e.g. sand, gravel, salt, dry binders with driven loosening, discharging or spreading parts, e.g. power-driven, drive derived from road-wheels solely rotating, e.g. discharging and spreading drums
    • E01C19/203—Centrifugal spreaders with substantially vertical axis
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01H—STREET CLEANING; CLEANING OF PERMANENT WAYS; CLEANING BEACHES; DISPERSING OR PREVENTING FOG IN GENERAL CLEANING STREET OR RAILWAY FURNITURE OR TUNNEL WALLS
    • E01H10/00—Improving gripping of ice-bound or other slippery traffic surfaces, e.g. using gritting or thawing materials ; Roadside storage of gritting or solid thawing materials; Permanently installed devices for applying gritting or thawing materials; Mobile apparatus specially adapted for treating wintry roads by applying liquid, semi-liquid or granular materials
    • E01H10/007—Mobile apparatus specially adapted for preparing or applying liquid or semi-liquid thawing material or spreading granular material on wintry roads

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a winter utility vehicle with a spreader for spreading spreading material, wherein the spreader comprises a spreading material reservoir, a dispensing device with a rotatably driven spreading plate, a feed device feeding the dispensing device and a control device which controls the position of the dispensing device and the spreading plate speed on the one hand Dependent on a predetermined spread image position and on the other hand in dependence on the driving speed and / or the scattering material flow rate controls, including a memory unit for storing adjusted on the driving speed and / or the scattering material flow settings for the position of the dispensing device and / or the spreading plate speed and of the dependency the position of the dispensing device and / or the spreading plate speed of the driving speed and / or the scattering material throughput characteristic relationships is provided ,
  • Winter service vehicles which are equipped with a spreader for spreading spreading material, are well known by their use for anti-smoothness on roads of all kinds.
  • split, salt or a salt-split mixture in each case dry or moistened, as scattering agents used to control smoothness.
  • the driver sets the scatter pattern, ie the width of the streaked strip and its position relative to the winter maintenance vehicle, and the spreading density (Streptoffdostechnik as scattering amount per unit area) on a control panel arranged in the cab.
  • Corresponding generic winter service vehicles at which in this sense the position of the dispensing device and the speed of the spreading plate not only depend on the predetermined spread image position, are characterized accordingly characterized in that in the storage unit of the control device also for the dependence of the position of the dispensing device and / or the spreading plate speed of the driving speed and / or the scattering substance throughput characteristic relationships are stored.
  • various qualitatively defined corrective interventions are specified, by means of which basic settings for the spreading plate speed and the position of the application unit as a function of the driving speed and the spreading material throughput are modified in the same way or in opposite directions.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a winter utility vehicle of the kind set forth, which is characterized by an improved scattering behavior, i.
  • an improved compliance with the predetermined spread pattern at different operating conditions is characterized.
  • the object specified above according to the present invention is achieved by at least the relationships characteristic of the dependence of the position of the dispensing device and / or the spreading plate rotational speed on the driving speed and / or the spreading material throughput on a winter service vehicle of the type specified at the outset by the user of the winter maintenance vehicle by means of a the control unit associated input unit are individually and user-specific entered.
  • the present invention is thus completely detached from the hitherto pursued path, by not a - possibly by the user of winter maintenance vehicle specifiable - Basic setting of the application unit in particular with regard to their position and / or the spreading plate speed in application of a permanently stored in the control device general correction algorithm depending on the driving speed of the winter maintenance vehicle, the spreading material throughput through the conveyor and / or other operating parameters is modified, but rather for the dependence of the position of the application and / or the spreading plate speed of the respectively considered operating parameters characteristic relationships by the user of the winter maintenance vehicle individually and usage-specific can be entered.
  • the invention builds on the knowledge on the fact that it depends largely on the compensation of operating point-dependent dynamic effects for the compliance of specifications by the scattering image, which in turn are strongly influenced by the individual operating conditions of each winter maintenance vehicle.
  • the respective spreader can be adapted by its user both to the specific configuration with a specific carrier vehicle and to specific modes of operation of the winter utility vehicle in a hitherto unknown manner.
  • the specific features of the carrier vehicle used in each case can be taken into account in the control of the spreader.
  • control device typically serving to specify the spread image position control panel is connected; however, this does not preclude the fact that the defaults can also be fed automatically into the control device on previously programmed deployment routes or sections, taking into account the current automatically ascertained current position of the winter service vehicle (for example by means of GPS) and stored route-dependent setpoint data.
  • the respectively applicable individually definable correction contexts can be determined in different ways.
  • specific curves can be defined by characteristic functions.
  • the individually predefinable correction relationships are defined by a plurality of discrete values, which are the decisive influence on the setting values relating to a design operating point or operating state at selected other operating points or operating states of the specific winter service vehicle.
  • a plurality of discrete, use-specific setting values related to different operating points can be stored in the memory unit of the control device, and the control device has an interpolation unit serving to determine intermediate values for the setting values.
  • the control device of the winter maintenance vehicle a base position map memory in which a nominal operating point associated base position map with a base setpoint value of the application unit for each represented by the scatter width left and the spread to the right of a vehicle-fixed reference point Value pair is stored, and a position correction value memory, in which at least one position correction value for operating point-dependent correction of the base target position values is stored, wherein the at least one position correction value by means of the input unit specifically and individually entered by the user.
  • a plurality of position correction values are stored, which are each assigned to two of the three parameters spreading density, driving speed and spreading material throughput and - in accordance with the respective instantaneous operating point of the winter maintenance vehicle - are used as a function of these parameters for correcting the respective basic setpoint value.
  • Optimal results can be achieved if each individual value pair of the base position characteristic map is assigned its own position correction value series with a plurality of position correction values whose individual correction values are assigned to two of the three parameters spreading density, driving speed and spreading material throughput. If the spreader is operated at a certain operating point, the posture correction value associated with that operating point will be used to correct the base target position value.
  • control device has a base position map memory in which a base position map with a basic target position of the dispensing unit for each by the scatter width left and the spread to the right of a vehicle-fixed reference point and a position correction value memory, in which for each value triplet of the base position characteristic map, a plurality of position correction values dependent on a different one of the three values of spreading density, driving speed and spreading material throughput are stored for operating point-dependent correction of the respective base target position includes.
  • the posture correction values are fed in individually and for the respectively configured winter service vehicle specifically by the user concerned during a teaching and adaptation phase into the position correction value memory provided for this purpose.
  • a learning mode is expediently feasible with the input unit, in which the position and / or the rotational speed correction values can be determined individually and vehicle-specific by means of a position or rotational speed correction value detection routine and in the posture position. or speed correction value memory can be stored.
  • the learning mode takes place during a teaching and adaptation phase; in it, the winter maintenance vehicle is operated at predetermined, in particular by the driving speed defined operating points, and the set values for the dispensing device are tightened until the actual spreading pattern corresponds to the set on the control panel specifications. By acknowledging, the setting values determined in this way are then stored as correction values in the assigned correction value memory.
  • the input unit is structurally a fixed component of the control device or else an additional unit which can be connected to the control device.
  • the second-mentioned variant has the advantage that the possibilities of reprogramming the control device can be limited to a limited, authorized for this purpose group of people readily.
  • a comparable result could be achieved in the variant set forth in the first place with an input unit integrated in the control device by granting corresponding access rights.
  • a yet another preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that in the above-described position correction value memory and / or the speed correction value memory for each pair of values or value triplet of the corresponding base map multiple scatter-specific position or speed correction value rows are stored retrievable , This takes into account the fact that different scattering substances show a scattering behavior that sometimes differs considerably from one another. With the specification of a specific scattering substance on the operating panel, the control device automatically accesses the correction values assigned to this specific scattering substance as part of the associated control program.
  • each a scatter-specific data record with corresponding scattering-specific position or speed correction value series via the input unit can be stored are.
  • a plurality of scattering substance-specific basic characteristic maps can be stored in a corresponding manner also in the base position and / or base speed map memory explained above, or they can be stored via the input unit.
  • preventive spreading inserts can be considered with a raised in the transport position, to the left or to the right employed front snowplow; because at the comparatively high driving speed of the winter maintenance vehicle during a preventive litter application, the orientation of the employment of the snowplough definitely affects the flow conditions behind the winter maintenance vehicle and thus on the distribution of the discarded by the spreading litter. So that the respective operating mode can be taken into account by the control device, the associated operating panel expediently has a corresponding operating mode switching element.
  • the present invention can also technically implement the fact that the entire underlying the control of the application unit data on the input unit individually and use-specific, ie to adapt the spreader particular to certain scattering substances or operating modes of the winter maintenance vehicle, can be replaced by the user. Otherwise, it is for the implementation of the present invention irrelevant whether the dispensing device has one or more scattering plates, wherein in the second case mentioned the scattering plates are controlled in the sense of achieving an optimal Legistreusentes coordinated.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Vehicle Cleaning, Maintenance, Repair, Refitting, And Outriggers (AREA)
  • Spray Control Apparatus (AREA)
  • Special Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Control Of Driving Devices And Active Controlling Of Vehicle (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (20)

  1. Véhicule pour services d'hiver doté d'un appareil d'épandage pour la distribution de produit à épandre, l'appareil d'épandage comprenant un réservoir de stockage de produit à épandre, un dispositif de distribution avec un plateau d'épandage entraîné par rotation, un dispositif de transport alimentant le dispositif de distribution et un dispositif de commande, lequel commande la position du dispositif de distribution et le régime du plateau d'épandage d'une part en fonction d'une situation d'épandage prédéfinie et d'autre part en fonction de la vitesse de roulement et/ou du débit du produit à épandre, ce pourquoi une unité de stockage est prévue pour la mémorisation de valeurs de réglage rapportées à la vitesse de roulement et/ou au débit de la matière à épandre pour la position du dispositif de distribution et/ou le régime du plateau d'épandage ainsi que de rapports caractéristiques de la dépendance de la position du dispositif de distribution et/ou du régime du plateau d'épandage vis-à-vis de la vitesse de roulement et/ou du débit de la matière à épandre,
    caractérisé en ce que
    au moins les rapports caractéristiques de la dépendance de la position du dispositif de distribution et/ou du régime du plateau d'épandage vis-à-vis de la vitesse de roulement et/ou du débit de la matière à épandre peuvent être entrés par l'utilisateur du véhicule pour services d'hiver au moyen d'une unité d'entrée attribuée au dispositif de commande et ce de façon individuelle et spécifique à l'utilisation.
  2. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que plusieurs valeurs de réglage individuelles, spécifiques à l'utilisation, discrètes, rapportées à différents points de fonctionnement ou séries de valeurs de réglage peuvent être stockées dans le dispositif de stockage du dispositif de commande et le dispositif de stockage présente une unité d'interprétation servant au calcul de valeurs intermédiaires pour les valeurs de réglage.
  3. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2,
    caractérisé en ce
    qu'un pupitre de commande servant à la spécification de la situation d'épandage est raccordé au dispositif de commande.
  4. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le dispositif de commande comprend
    - une mémoire de champ caractéristique de position de base, dans laquelle est stocké un champ caractéristique de position de base attribué à un point de service nominal avec une valeur de position théorique de base de l'unité d'épandage pour chaque paire de valeurs représentée par la largeur d'épandage à gauche et la largeur d'épandage à droite d'un point de référence solidaire du véhicule, et
    - une mémoire de valeur de correction de position, dans laquelle est mémorisée au moins une valeur de correction de position pour la correction, dépendante du point de service, des valeurs de position théorique de base,
    la au moins une valeur de correction de position pouvant être entrée au moyen de l'unité d'entrée de façon spécifique et individuelle par l'utilisateur.
  5. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon la revendication 4,
    caractérisé en ce que
    plusieurs valeurs de correction de position sont mémorisées dans la mémoire de valeur de correction de position, lesquelles valeurs sont attribuées respectivement à deux des trois paramètres densité d'épandage, vitesse de roulement et débit de matière à épandre et sont utilisées en fonction de ces paramètres pour la correction de la valeur de position théorique de base respective.
  6. véhicule pour services d'hiver selon la revendication 5,
    caractérisé en ce
    qu'une série propre et individuelle de valeurs de correction de position avec une pluralité de valeurs de correction de position dépendantes du point de service est attribuée à chaque paire de valeurs du champ caractéristique de position de base.
  7. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de commande comprend
    - une mémoire de champ caractéristique de régime de base, dans laquelle est mémorisé un champ caractéristique de régime de base attribué à un point de service nominal avec une valeur de régime théorique de base du plateau d'épandage pour chaque paire de valeurs représentée par la largeur d'épandage à gauche et la largeur d'épandage à droite d'un point de référence solidaire du véhicule, et
    - une mémoire de valeur de correction de régime, dans laquelle est mémorisée au moins une valeur de correction de régime pour la correction, dépendante du point de service, des valeurs de régime théorique de base,
    la au moins une valeur de correction de régime pouvant être entrée au moyen de l'unité d'entrée de façon spécifique et individuelle par l'utilisateur.
  8. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon la revendication 7,
    caractérisé en ce que
    plusieurs valeurs de correction de régime sont mémorisées dans la mémoire de valeur de correction de régime, lesquelles sont attribuées respectivement à deux des trois paramètres densité d'épandage, vitesse de roulement et débit de matériau à épandre et sont utilisées en fonction de ces paramètres pour la correction de la valeur de régime théorique de base respective.
  9. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon la revendication 8,
    caractérisé en ce
    qu'une série de valeurs de correction de régime, propre et individuelle, avec une pluralité de valeurs de correction de régime dépendantes du point de service est attribuée à chaque paire de valeurs du champ caractéristique de régime de base.
  10. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le dispositif de commande comprend
    - une mémoire de champ caractéristique de position de base, dans laquelle est mémorisé un champ caractéristique de position de base avec une valeur de position théorique de base de l'unité de distribution pour chaque triplet de valeurs représenté par la largeur d'épandage à gauche et la largeur d'épandage à droite d'un point de référence solidaire du véhicule et l'un des trois paramètres densité d'épandage, vitesse de roulement et débit de matière à épandre, et
    - une mémoire de valeur de correction de position, dans laquelle sont stockées pour chaque triplet de valeurs du champ caractéristique de position de base plusieurs valeurs de correction de position dépendantes d'une autre des trois paramètres densité d'épandage, vitesse de roulement et débit de matière à épandre pour la correction, dépendante du point de service, de la valeur de position théorique de base respective,
    les valeurs de correction de position pouvant être entrées au moyen de l'unité d'entrée de façon spécifique et individuelle par l'utilisateur.
  11. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, ou la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que
    le dispositif de commande comprend
    - une mémoire de champ caractéristique de régime de base, dans laquelle est stocké un champ caractéristique de régime de base avec une valeur de régime théorique de base du plateau d'épandage pour chaque triplet de valeurs représenté par la largeur d'épandage à gauche et la largeur d'épandage à droite d'un point de référence solidaire du véhicule et l'un des trois paramètres densité d'épandage, vitesse de roulement et débit de matière à épandre, et
    - une mémoire de valeur de correction de régime, dans laquelle sont stockées pour chaque triplet de valeurs du champ caractéristique de régime de base plusieurs valeurs de correction de régime dépendantes d'un autre des trois paramètres densité d'épandage, vitesse de roulement et débit de matière à épandre pour la correction, dépendante du point de service, de la valeur de régime théorique de base respective,
    les valeurs de correction de régime pouvant être entrées au moyen de l'unité d'entrée de façon spécifique et individuelle par l'utilisateur.
  12. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 4 à 11,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les valeurs de position théorique de base et de régime théorique, qui sont stockées dans la mémoire de champ caractéristique de position de base et/ou de régime de base, peuvent être entrées au moyen de l'unité d'entrée de façon spécifique et individuelle par l'utilisateur.
  13. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 4 à 12,
    caractérisé en ce que
    plusieurs séries de valeurs de correction de position ou de régime, qui peuvent être sélectionnées de façon spécifique à la matière à épandre, sont stockées dans la mémoire de valeur de correction de position et/ou la mémoire de valeur de correction de régime.
  14. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 4 à 13,
    caractérisé en ce que
    plusieurs champs caractéristiques de position de base et de régime de base, qui peuvent être sélectionnés de façon spécifique à la matière à épandre, sont stockés dans la mémoire de champ caractéristique de position de base et/ou de régime de base.
  15. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 4 à 14,
    caractérisé en ce que
    plusieurs champs caractéristiques de position de base ou de régime de base spécifiques au mode de service sont stockés dans la mémoire de champ caractéristique de position de base et/ou de régime de base.
  16. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 4 à 15,
    caractérisé en ce que
    plusieurs séries de valeurs de correction de position ou de régime spécifiques au mode de service sont stockées dans la mémoire de valeur de correction de position et/ou dans la mémoire de valeur de correction de régime.
  17. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 4 à 16,
    caractérisé en ce
    qu'un mode d'apprentissage, dans lequel les valeurs de correction de position et/ou les valeurs de correction de régime peuvent être déterminées de façon individuelle et spécifique au véhicule au moyen d'une routine d'enregistrement de valeur de correction de position ou de régime et peuvent être stockées dans la mémoire de valeur de correction de position ou de régime, peut être mis en oeuvre avec l'unité d'entrée.
  18. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 1 à 17,
    caractérisé en ce
    que l'unité d'entrée est un composant fixe de l'unité de commande.
  19. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 1 à 17,
    caractérisé en ce
    que l'unité d'entrée est un ensemble supplémentaire pouvant être raccordé à l'unité de commande.
  20. Véhicule pour services d'hiver selon l'une des revendications 1 à 19,
    caractérisé en ce
    que le dispositif de distribution présente plusieurs plateaux d'épandage.
EP06011583A 2005-06-07 2006-06-03 Véhicule d'épandage pour service d'hiver Revoked EP1731677B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005026325A DE102005026325A1 (de) 2005-06-07 2005-06-07 Winterdienstfahrzeug

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1731677A1 EP1731677A1 (fr) 2006-12-13
EP1731677B1 true EP1731677B1 (fr) 2011-12-21

Family

ID=37011946

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06011583A Revoked EP1731677B1 (fr) 2005-06-07 2006-06-03 Véhicule d'épandage pour service d'hiver

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1731677B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE538254T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102005026325A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK1731677T3 (fr)
NO (1) NO20062600L (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10072388B2 (en) * 2011-10-31 2018-09-11 United Parcel Service Of America, Inc. Automated dispensing of travel path applicants
US10066353B2 (en) 2011-10-31 2018-09-04 United Parcel Service Of America, Inc. Automated dispensing of travel path applicants

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3938147C2 (de) * 1989-11-16 1995-07-13 Pietsch Max Kg Gmbh & Co Verfahren zum Steuern von Streugeräten für den Winterdienst
DE4210690C1 (fr) * 1992-04-01 1993-09-23 Schmidt Winterdienst- Und Kommunaltechnik Gmbh, 79837 St Blasien, De
IT1288747B1 (it) * 1996-10-11 1998-09-24 Giletta Michele S P A Veicolo per lo spargimento di prodotti sul manto stradale, in particolare prodotti antigelo
FR2783958B1 (fr) * 1998-09-29 2000-12-01 Acometis Les Ateliers De Const Procede de controle, de reglage et de maintenance a distance d'un dispositif d'epandage
DE10301285A1 (de) * 2003-01-15 2004-07-29 Küpper-Weisser GmbH Verfahren zur Verteilung von mit Flüssigkeit vermengten Streustoff und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
DE10328116A1 (de) * 2003-06-23 2005-01-13 Küpper-Weisser GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verteilung von Streugut

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102005026325A1 (de) 2006-12-14
NO20062600L (no) 2006-12-08
EP1731677A1 (fr) 2006-12-13
DK1731677T3 (da) 2012-04-10
ATE538254T1 (de) 2012-01-15

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