EP1731223B1 - Comminutor - Google Patents

Abstract

The device has a cutting table unit with a break edge (61) that extends parallel to two crushing shafts (30). A turning knife (63) associating a rotatable knife to one shaft is arranged in a transverse direction at the edge. The knife (63) associating the rotatable knife to other shaft is arranged in the transverse direction on another side at the edge. The rotatable knives of both the shafts extend radially outside over the edge.

Description

The invention relates to a comminution device for comminuting comminuted material such as waste and / or production residues comprising a wall structure defining a comminution space, at least one drive device which drives at least two comminution shafts arranged in the bottom area of the wall structure and parallel to each other, each having rotary blades on its circumference and a arranged between two crushing cutter cutting table device, each separated by an opening, fixed counter-blades, each rotating blade extends in operation by an associated opening of the cutting table means in sections.

Such crushing devices are used for crushing waste of all kinds, in particular garbage-type waste, bulky or bulky industrial and commercial waste and large and bulky production residues. As a rule, these wastes are composed of different proportions of wood, paper and cardboard, plastics of the most varied forms, as well as textiles and fibers. In this case, the material to be shredded by the interaction of arranged on the crushing shaft rotary blades and the fixed Counter knives by cutting, shearing, crushing, cracking and / or grinding comminuted. Such comminution makes sense to reduce the space required for waste during storage or transport. In addition, such comminution, for example of household refuse and garden waste, may allow subsequent processing of materials such as sorting, sifting, incineration or composting.

Such a device is for example in the European Patent EP 0 928 222 B1 disclosed. In this document it is taught to set the relative position of rotary knife to counter knife so that the angle of action of the teeth of the rotary knife with the associated counter knife is about 90 °, so that no significant force components in the radial direction to the rotary knife or parallel to the counter knife occur which would result in a bending load on the teeth of the rotary knives or an ineffective displacement of the material to the counter knife.

However, the crushing process is not only based on the cutting or breaking of the material through the flanks of the rotary knife or the counter knife, but can be supported by other principles of interaction of rotating and stationary knives.

The invention has the object of developing a generic crushing device such that increases the crushing performance.

This object is achieved by the present invention in a surprisingly simple manner already with a crushing device with the features of claim 1. The cutting device according to the invention is characterized in that the cutting table device comprises a projecting, in particular approximately parallel to the two crushing waves extending crushing edge, wherein the Rotary blades of a crushing shaft associated counter knife in the transverse direction to this breaking edge on one side of the edge and the rotary blades of the other shredding counter blades are arranged in the transverse direction on the other side of the breaking edge of the cutting table means and wherein the rotary blades of the two crushing shafts each radially beyond the breaking edge of the cutting table means addition extend.

As indicated, this crushing edge may be parallel to a crushing shaft and, moreover, does not necessarily have to be rectilinear, but may also be wavy, e.g. extend with a transverse component between the two crushing shafts.

In this case, the term crushing space refers to an area above the counter-blade, in which the material collects before comminution. Such a volume is determined by a wall structure, in particular a circumferential wall structure of the device, which may for example have the shape of a funnel. The term floor area thus refers to the area which delimits the comminution space downwards and which is essentially defined by the cutting table device (s) and the comminution shafts. It is understood that in this sense the floor area in such crushing devices does not always have to be flat.

The breaking edge of the cutting table device which extends in the comminuting space is directed counter to the direction of movement of the revolving blades, whereby the material to be comminuted is additionally subjected to a high local pressure load in several places compared to conventional comminuting devices. In particular, at the points at which the crease line is interrupted by the openings through which the rotary blades move, a high punctiform load is created, which promotes the comminution of the material becomes. This upwardly directed crushing edge also creates a comparatively unstable position for the material to be processed, since this alone is guided by its weight force either to one or the other side of the edge, ie either to one or the other crushing shaft. In conjunction with the specified overlap of the effective diameter of the two waves, this has the consequence that even thin, extensively expanded materials such as plywood panels are reliably detected. In this respect, the problem that frequently occurs in conventional comminution devices can be remedied by the fact that planar parts are supported vertically upright in the middle between the two rotors on a rather horizontally oriented counter-blade and are not securely retracted. In the crushing device according to the invention such bridging, which might require the manual clearing of the device, is prevented. If, on the other hand, a voluminous part were supported in a stable position on this edge, the overlapping of the flight circles of the two comminution shafts causes this part to be crushed under the comminution effect emanating from the crushing edge.

It may be advantageous if the respective counter blades separated by an opening in the cutting table device are arranged approximately perpendicular to the axes of the comminution shafts and approximately parallel to one another. On the other hand, however, it is also possible, for example, that the two counter blades arranged on the longitudinal edges of an opening do not run parallel to one another at least in sections. In particular, the flanks of the rotary blade extending into the respective opening could also be adapted to such a design.

Advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the subclaims.

When the cutting table edge projecting into the comminuting space, that is, the said crushing edge is arranged approximately perpendicular to the counter knives, it can be ensured during the comminution process that material which, due to its property such as fiber shape, structure or growth direction, preferably breaks only in one direction, is effectively comminuted. In this respect, the breaking edge of the cutting table device projecting into the comminuting space has an effect for the comminution process, which is the case in particular when the two comminution shafts adjacent to the cutting table device rotate in opposite directions so that the feed material moves from the shafts or their knives into the area between them Waves is drawn, in which the specified cutting table geometry acts with the advantages described.

The drive device may comprise one or more motors, which drive the at least two comminution shafts. It can be provided that the movements of the at least two crushing shafts are individually adjustable with respect to the direction of rotation and / or rotational speed.

In particular, hydraulic direct drives, i. slow-running high-torque motors without gear reduction or by a geared stock hydraulic motors used.

It may be advantageous if the cutting table device defines two bearing surfaces for the material to be comminuted, which intersect in the projecting edge, the respective counter-blades of one comminution shaft being arranged on the first support surface and the respective counter-blades of the other comminuting shaft being arranged on the second support surface. In this case, these bearing surfaces can also be curved.

It has been found that the described effect of the additional edge for the crushing process occurs very advantageous when the bearing surfaces intersect at an angle to fix the described projecting edge of about 60 - 120 °. A particularly simple design of the cutting table device is given if these bearing surfaces are flat. Depending on the cutting angle of the surfaces results in a more or less sharp or blunt edge. In this respect, this edge, which participates in the comminution process, can be adapted to the material to be comminuted via the angle. Particularly advantageously, the cutting angle of the support planes can be about 90 °, wherein the cutting table device is arranged relative to the crushing shafts such that the projecting edge of the cutting table device is approximately on the line connecting the axes of the two respective respective comminution shafts.

In order to provide a further mode of action for the comminution process, it can be provided that, in addition to the two counterblades separated by an opening and, in particular, approximately parallel to one another and approximately perpendicular to the axes of the shafts, another counterblade is provided which adjoins the opening in FIG extends substantially perpendicular to the other two counter knives. This further counter-knife thus acts with the radial end portion of the associated rotary knife, i. with the tip of the tooth of the rotary knife for effective shearing together. As a fixed tools in the inventively designed comminution then act advantageously the above, each interrupted by the openings for the rotary blades edge of the cutting table device, extending on the longitudinal sides of the respective openings counter blade, and the two counter-blades about vertically extending third counter blade.

In order to provide a simple exchange of fixed tools, ie in particular the counter knife, can be provided be that the cutting table device is provided by an elongated, prism-like block, which has for the design of the counter knife each axially spaced recesses or openings. Such a block can for example consist of a solid material in which the necessary slots for the rotary blades, ie openings are incorporated. The counter knives can be mounted along the edges of the slots. However, it is also possible in a particularly advantageous embodiment that the edges of the block itself be used as a counter knife. To protect the edges can again be advantageously provided that they are provided with a hard metal weld, so that a long service life can be provided. Of course, the same also applies to the projecting edge of the cutting table, which in particular can run parallel to the comminution shaft and is interrupted in each case by the openings for the rotary blades. Advantageously, this block can be removed as a whole or sequenced from the device, which reduces the changeover time, as with a single exchange simultaneously several fixed knives can be changed. For this purpose, it may be provided that the cutting table device is detachably fastened on an elongate cross-piece running parallel to a comminuting shaft, which cross-member can be fixedly connected to the comminuting device, in particular to its housing. Preferably, the cutting table device and serving as a support traverse may be geometrically formed so that during operation, then acting on the cutting table forces ensure that the cutting table device is centered in its seat. This can be achieved, for example, by the provision of congruent prismatic contact surfaces of the cutting table device or the traverse. The traverse can be firmly connected to the machine housing, since it is not subject to wear and therefore does not need to be replaced.

It may be useful if the cutting table device with the crossbeam is screwed. In this case, a plurality of bores may be provided which extend axially from obliquely downwards through the traverse and are arranged corresponding to threaded bores in the cutting table device. In each case, a fastening screw can be inserted into the corresponding hole in the cross member and screwed into the corresponding threaded hole in the cutting table assembly. In addition, it may be provided that in each case a threaded bore in the cutting table device, which may be formed, for example, as a counter knife block, extends such that it extends approximately perpendicular to a bearing surface for the crushed material on the cutting table. Thus, a force occurring during operation on the corresponding bearing surface, which is formed by the intervention of the rotary blade on the resting on the support surface crushing material, no additional load on the screw between traverse and cutting table.

In order to avoid that material in the space between axially spaced rotary knife wraps around the shaft, it can be provided that axially spaced, fixed Abstreifbleche are arranged on the comminution table or the Traverse, each with an associated, attached to the crushing shaft stripper interact. It may be particularly useful if the bolts of the screw between cutting table and cross member also extend through the fixed Abstreifbleche so that they are easily fastened and simultaneously adjusted axially to the associated Abstreifblech to the crushing shaft.

It may be expedient if the rotary blades each extend substantially centrally in their associated opening in the cutting table device, ie the distance between the two counter-blades running parallel to the radius vector of the shaft is approximately the same.

Conventionally, axially spaced several rotary blades are mounted on the periphery of the crushing shaft. In order to provide a quick exchange of worn rotary blades, can be provided according to the invention that axially spaced on the circumference of the crushing shaft radially outwardly extending mounting flanges are arranged to each releasably at least one rotary blade can be attached. In this respect, it is no longer a problem with the invention to change a single rotary knife, which has been damaged or destroyed, for example, due to an exceptionally high load, which might have required the replacement of a crushing shaft in conventional crushing devices.

To ensure that the detachable connection between the mounting flange and the respective rotary knife for transmitting the necessary forces and moments in a position, it can be provided that a mounting flange has at least one mounting receptacle in the form of an axially extending recess for receiving a rotary knife, wherein The rotary blade is located with a base portion when tangential forces on the rotary blade in a positive connection with the mounting flange. This form-fit ensures that all machine forces are transferred to the crushed material. The fixation of the rotary blade on the flange can be achieved in this case via a simple frictional connection such as a screw, for example, with axially extending bolts.

In order to achieve at the same time an automatic centering of the rotary knife in the fastening receptacle, it can be provided that the fastening receptacle and the base portion of a rotary knife have such complementary contact surfaces, that upon the occurrence of tangential forces on the rotary knife a radial inward force on the rotary blade is generated so that it is centered in its seat in the fastening receptacle during operation of the device.

Basically, depending on the application, one or more rotary blades can be attached to such a mounting flange. For a universal shredding device according to the invention, the provision of two circumferentially spaced rotary blades on a mounting flange has proven to be advantageous. The comminution waves of such devices can be rotated forward or backward depending on the operating situation. In this respect, it is expedient if at least one of the envisaged rotary blades is designed such that it acts in both directions of rotation of the shaft. For example, of two mounted on a mounting flange and circumferentially spaced rotary blades one in both directions of rotation of the shaft act while the other works only when the shaft rotates in a certain direction. For this purpose, for example, be provided that a rotary knife has two teeth, one tooth in one of the two directions, this rotary blade is formed to a mirror element, a radius vector and axial vector comprehensive level.

In order to provide comminution of the feed material also in the area of the wall structure of the comminution device according to the invention, an outer cutting table can be arranged on the wall structure and parallel to a comminution shaft, which is composed of a plurality of spaced prisms, in particular cuboids, arranged one behind the other in the axial direction. In the usual direction of rotation of the two crushing shafts material is therefore detected in the edge region, ie in the vicinity of the wall structure of rotary knives and placed in the area between the two shredding shafts or crushed the material in the wall structure by the bottom-up rotary blades or taken , It may be useful if the rotary blade of the adjacent to the outer cutting table crushing shaft through the Gaps are passed between the prisms and a counter blade is provided by one edge at the front side of a prism. Further, it may be advantageous if the gaps between the prisms are larger than the recesses or holes for the rotary blades in the middle Scheidtischanordnung. If the prisms are attached to the wall structure, the load on the side walls can be kept as low, as result in this way outside larger kerfs.

Fig. 1

eine perspektivische Ansicht einer erfindungsgemäß ausgebildeten Zerkleinerungsmaschine,

Fig. 2

die in Fig. 1 dargestellte Zerkleinerungsmaschine in einer Aufsicht,

Fig. 3

eine Detailansicht von Fig. 1,

Figuren 4a und 4b

die in Fig. 1 gezeigte Zerkleinerungsmaschine in einer Schnittdarstellung senkrecht zur Achse in zwei unterschiedlichen Drehstellungen der Zerkleinerungswellen,

Fig. 5

die Befestigung eines Gegenmesserblocks auf einer Traverse,

Figuren 6a und 6b

den Aufbau eines ersten mit der erfindungsgemäßen Zerkleinerungsmaschine verwendbaren Messers in einer Aufsicht und einer perspektivischen Ansicht und

Figuren 7a und 7b

den Aufbau eines zweiten mit der erfindungsgemäßen Zerkleinerungsmaschine verwendbaren Messers in einer Aufsicht und einer perspektivischen Ansicht

zeigt.The invention will be explained in the following by describing an example and further characteristics essential to the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1

a perspective view of an inventive crusher,

Fig. 2

in the Fig. 1 illustrated crusher in a plan view,

Fig. 3

a detailed view of Fig. 1 .

FIGS. 4a and 4b

in the Fig. 1 shown cutting machine in a sectional view perpendicular to the axis in two different rotational positions of the crushing shafts,

Fig. 5

the attachment of a counter knife block on a traverse,

Figures 6a and 6b

the construction of a first knife usable with the shredding machine according to the invention in a plan view and a perspective view and

FIGS. 7a and 7b

the construction of a second knife usable with the shredding machine according to the invention in a plan view and a perspective view

shows.

In Fig. 1 is an inventively designed crushing machine 1 shown, as used for example for comminution of household waste. This comprises a housing 20, which is composed of two side plates 24 and two end faces 23. As can be seen, the crushing machine shown is constructed as a modular unit, which can be turned off with adjusting flanges 21 on a conveyor, not shown, with which the comminuted material is transported away. In the same way, the crushing machine 1 shown comprises an upper peripheral flange 25, on which a feed device, for example in the form of a funnel vessel, can be placed. The machine has two crushing shafts 30 extending parallel to each other inside the housing 20. Outside the housing, a hydraulic direct drive 10 is arranged for each shredding shaft, which drives the respective shaft. The side surfaces 22 of the housing are formed obliquely, whereby the introduced from above to be comminuted Good is deflected in the direction of the crushing waves.

A single comminution shaft 30 has axially spaced a plurality of mounting flanges 32 fixedly connected to the shaft. In the manner described below, two rotary blades 40 and 41, which have a single incisor tooth or two incisors, are arranged at this attachment flange 32 in each case circumferentially spaced apart. Between the shafts a cutting table device in the form of an elongated cuboid 60 is arranged, which is connected to the corresponding Has axial locations of the knife openings, so that the blades can move at least partially through the cuboid. This cuboid, with the edges running in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the shafts 30, provides the counter-blades for the rotary knives, which will be discussed in greater detail below.

On the outsides of the shafts 30, i. adjacent to the side walls, counter knife blocks 50 are placed which also cooperate with the rotary blades for comminuting the feed, as will be discussed in more detail below. These outer counter knife blocks are bolted to the respective side wall 24 and axially spaced so that the knives can move between the blocks.

In the described embodiment, all rotary knives are centrally aligned with the two counter knives associated with these knives and running parallel to a radius vector of the shaft 30. As can also be seen in the figure, the blades are circumferentially staggered on a shaft to avoid as far as possible a shock load that could possibly occur when all the knives come at an elongated object at the same time in engagement with these. The two shafts, together with the counter knife blocks 50, 60 form a kind of bottom of the device, on which the feed material collects and can be drawn into the device and crushed.

In order to avoid that in the areas of the waves, which constitute the gap between two mounting flanges, material is turned on, in these gap portions of the crushing waves circumferentially spaced Abstreifbleche 33 are arranged, which cooperate with associated Abstreifblechen 71 which on the inner counter blade block 60 and Cutting table are attached. This will be explained below with reference to FIGS. 4a . b discussed in more detail.

In the Fig. 1 illustrated crusher 1 according to the invention is in a plan again in Fig. 2 shown. To recognize in turn are the externally mounted on the housing hydraulic direct motors 10, via which the crushing shafts 30 are driven. By the reference numerals 11, 12, the bearings of the crushing shafts are indicated. The inner counter knife block in the form of a cuboid protrudes with an edge 61 in the crushing space and is insofar as effective in the crushing process as a crushing edge. In this regard, the edge 61 is the part of the cutting table which protrudes farthest in this milling space. As can be seen, the blades of both comminution shafts 30 each extend beyond this edge, so that an overlap of the effective diameters of both comminution shafts or rotors is set. The machined in the block for performing the knife openings 65 provide a total of three counter blades for the rotary knives, on the one hand in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the shafts 30 and parallel to each other extending counter blade 62, 63 and on the other hand with the radial head end of the tooth of a rotary knife cooperating, axially parallel to the shaft 30 extending edge 64. In the example given, these opening edges 62, 63, 64 can be used as cut edges, especially if they are provided with a hard metal weld. It can also be seen from the drawing that the knives have a certain thickness, ie an extent in the axial direction of the shaft, the knives in a base section, see Fig. 3 are arranged in a corresponding recess in the mounting flange, such that when a tangential force occurs a positive connection between the respective blade and the mounting flange results.

The exact geometrical relationships with respect to the comminution shafts, the rotary knives and the stationary counter-blades are described in detail Fig. 1 forth in Fig. 3 is shown. Arranged between the two adjacent and parallel crushing shafts 30, the cutting table is placed in the form of a counter knife block 60, which is approximately diagonally positioned and so protrudes with an edge acting as a breaking edge 61 into the crushing space. Good to see the parallel to the radius vector of the shafts 30 extending stationary counter knife 62, 63, which are connected in relation to the shaft radially outward on the axially parallel edge or counter knife 64. The attachment flanges 32 and / or blades 40, 41 are offset axially relative to one another, so that the cross-section of the rotors can overlap as described, in that the blades extend beyond the edge 61 in their radial extent in their associated opening 65. The inner counter knife block 60 provides two bearing surfaces 67, 66, on which the comminution can rest when it is broken, for example, by the associated rotary knife.

In each case on a mounting flange 32 are circumferentially spaced two blades 40, 41 are provided, which are fastened via axial bolts, which extend axially through the mounting flange through. While the knife 40 has a single tooth, the knife 41 includes two teeth that are mirror-inverted to a plane containing the axis and radius vector of the shaft at the location of the tooth. On the construction of the knife is below with reference to the FIGS. 6a, b and 7a, b discussed in more detail.

Thus, upon rotation of the crushing shaft in one direction, two teeth act on the circumference of the shaft, while upon rotation in the other direction, only a single tooth cooperates with the inner counter knife block for crushing the material located in the crushing space. In the conventional crushing process, both waves rotate in opposite directions, such that material in the region of the side walls is transported by the respective knives in the direction of the inner counter knife block and comminuted there, ie in the Figure left shaft rotates clockwise, while the shaft shown in the figure to the right rotates counterclockwise. For example, after a jamming of the device due to excessive stress, both waves can be moved to solve the jam in the other direction or in the same direction. For the sake of simplicity, in the figure, the rotary knives or the edges 62, 63, 64 have been given the same reference numerals because they have the same function. In this regard, both the axis-parallel cutting edge of a counter knife of the left shaft and the axis-parallel counter blade of a knife on the right shaft has been provided with the reference numeral 64. The receptacle on the mounting flange 32 is prismatic, the corresponding base portion 42 of the associated rotary blade is formed complementary in its surfaces, so that a force is generated by the inclined to the radius bearing surfaces in operation due to the tangential load of the knife, which the knife in his seat in the mounting flange centered.

As already described, the crusher according to the invention comprises sidewall-mounted cuboid blocks spaced apart in the axial direction, wherein the distance between two such blocks 50 is greater than the blade thickness, so that they can move through this gap. In this respect, the end edges 51, 52 of the counter knife blocks 50 act as a stationary outer counter knife. The outer counter knife blocks 50, like the counter knife block 60, are set up approximately diagonally so that they protrude with a breaking edge 55 into the comminuting space.

The FIGS. 4a . 4b show the crushing machine 1 according to the invention in a sectional view. In turn, the two parallel comminution shafts 30, to which the blades 40, 41 are attached by means of screws 45, can be seen. The prism-like seat of the knife in the corresponding receptacle of the mounting flange can be seen. The cutting table, ie, the inner counter knife block 60 is cuboid and rests with two contact surfaces on a parallel to the waves extending crossbar 70. Also visible is the attached to the crossbar stripper 71, which cooperates with a complementarily trained Abstreifblech 33 on the crushing shaft to prevent fabrics such as wires, tapes, cords, fibers or long textile remnants, etc., located between two knives axially spaced on a shaft, from wrapping around the shaft.

The replacement of the inner counter knife is achieved by simply removing the block 60 and inserting a new block. In an embodiment not shown, this inner counter knife block is sequenced, i. it does not extend in one piece parallel to the crushing shaft, but in several pieces, so that this facilitates the replacement or selected counter blade sections can be renewed.

From the FIGS. 4a . b It is also apparent that when crusher forces are applied to counter knife block 60, the complementary and abutting abutment surfaces of crosshead 70 and counter knife block 60 cooperate to automatically center the seat thereof in the crosshead.

The two flat bearing surfaces 66, 67 (see Fig. 3 ) for the material to be comminuted have in the example given an angle of intersection of 90 °. The breaking edge 61 of the counter knife block lies on the connecting line of the axes of both shredding waves.

Fig. 4b shows just the contact of the knife 41 with the associated counter knife at the corresponding opening of the block 60. In the representation at the intersection of the rotary knife and associated counter knife 63 is a tangent t to the periphery applied to the rotary knife, so define this tangent t and the counter knife the so-called action angle α. This angle of action between the rotary knife and the stationary knife is about 130 ° in the described embodiment. If the material to be shredded lies between the rotary knife and the counter knife, the angle is of course even greater. In this respect, by the interaction of the rotary knife with the fixed counter blade, for example, in each case a force component is formed longitudinally as well as transversely to the counter-blades. In the same way, by the cooperation of the knives, for example, a force component is generated in the radial direction as well as in the tangential direction to the rotary knife. The interaction of all occurring force components on the comminuted material is ultimately responsible for the comminution process.

As in Fig. 4b 2, the outer counter knife blocks 50 are also arranged with a breaking edge 55 protruding into the comminuting space and are screwed to the side wall 24 by means of a seat 56 and a holding plate 53. The bisector of the cuboid 50 through the edge 55 is in the given embodiment approximately perpendicular to the radius vector of the crushing shaft, whereby an angle of action between the counter knives 51, 52 (see Fig. 3 ) and the rotary blades 40, 41 is set at about 130 °. As such, the edge 55 acts on the outer counter knife block 50 upon reverse rotation of the crushing shaft 30 in a similar manner to the crushing process as the edge 61 on the inner counter knife block 60 as the reducing shaft rotates in the forward direction. In the latter case, the feed material in the region of the side wall is detected by the knives 40, 41 and transported to the area of the inner counter knife block 60, where the comminution of the material takes place.

Since the outer counter knives 51, 52 (see Fig. 3 ) Experience has shown that not as much as the inner, a simple screw for attaching the outer counter knife sufficient on the side wall of the device. In addition, the force of the crushing waves can be limited by appropriate control of the drives in the reverse direction accordingly.

Fig. 5 shows the already related to the FIGS. 4a and 4b illustrated attachment of the inner counter knife block 60 on the fixedly connected to the housing cross member 70 in a sectional view transverse to the longitudinal direction. The block-shaped counter knife block 60 here is arranged in a prismatic seat on the traverse, which is provided by the two also elongated Abstreifbleche 71, which rest at an angle of approximately 90 ° to each other on the traverse. The here cuboid counter knife block 60 is located with its flat contact surfaces 68, 69 on associated surfaces of the Abstreifbleche 71, which in turn are supported on the first-mentioned parallel contact surfaces on the contact surfaces 73, 74 of the crossbar 70. In the illustrated example, the contact surfaces 68, 69 of the counter knife block 60 and thus also the bearing surfaces 66, 67 for the feed material at an angle to the horizontal of magnitude about 45 °. Thus, the cutting line extending in the longitudinal direction and acting as a breaking edge 61 projects between the planes 66, 67 upwards in the direction of the comminuting space. For attachment of counter knife block 60, Abstreifblech 71 and the cross member 70, these have corresponding holes which extend perpendicular to the contact surfaces 73, 74 and 68, 69 described, wherein the holes in the counter knife block 60 are formed as threaded holes. As in Fig. 5 shown, the specified parts by means of bolts 72, which extend through the corresponding holes, releasably connected together. By the described attachment is simultaneously ensured that the Abstreifbleche 71 are adjusted to the associated Abstreifblechen 33 on the crushing shafts and held, see for example the FIGS. 4a and 4b ,

The particular design of each attached to a mounting flange 32 blades 40, 41 is in the FIGS. 6a, 6b or 7a, 7b shown. The show Figures 6a and 6b the knife 40, which includes a single cutting tooth in a plan view and in a perspective view. The single knife is composed of a, the actual incisor comprehensive working portion 43 and a base portion 42, with which the knife is detachably attached to a mounting flange 32, see Fig. 3 , For this purpose, the base portion 42 has axially extending bores 46, which correspond in each case with female threads in the mounting flange 32 of the comminution shaft and through which a corresponding bolt 45 is feasible, see Fig. 3 , The knife 40 has a wedge-shaped cutting edge 47 in the working area and in the working direction. The arranged on the circumference of the knife tooth back 48 cooperates with an associated counter knife 64 which extends perpendicular to the two parallel to the radius vector of the shaft extending counter blade 62, 63, see Fig. 3 , As already stated above, the knife 40 sits in the region of its base portion 42 in a recess of the flange 32 in a positive connection. The base portion 42 is formed as a ring segment, which is adapted with respect to the radius of the crushing shaft. Both ends of the segment have abutment surfaces 49 which rest on corresponding abutment surfaces of the recess on the mounting flange and are designed so that when a tangential force on the knife a force component is generated, which extends to the comminution shaft radially inward and thus the knife in his seat centered. Due to the positive connection between the knife and mounting flange on the crushing shaft, that knife is inserted in the axial direction in the recess of the flange, see Fig. 3 ,

That in the FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrated knife 41 with double tooth structure is in the region of the base portion 42nd same as with respect to the Figures 6a and 6b described knife 40 constructed. The only difference is that two teeth, each with a tooth tip 44 and a wedge-shaped cutting edge 47, are arranged in mirror-symmetrical manner in the working region 43. In this respect, the knife 41 shows both during the forward movement and in the backward movement of the respective crushing a comminution effect in cooperation with the fixed counter blades.

The described, special cutting table arrangement in the comminution device according to the invention, in which an edge of the cutting table projects upwards, has the consequence that no stable position of feed material is possible, which extends from one shaft to the other. Instead, the material is always moved to one of the two shafts and then pulled in and crushed by this. Furthermore, it is also reliably prevented that elongated, flat objects standing upright between two crushing shafts without this can be retracted.

For each rotary knife results in its associated opening a parallel to the shaft axis extending cutting and breaking edge and two perpendicular to the shaft axis cutting edges. In addition, non-rectilinear breaking edges are provided on each side of the opening. In this respect, the crushing is done by a combination of different principles of action. Due to the pointed teeth of the knives on their heads is a thorn with the top of the rotary blade, a shearing also done with the tip of the rotary blade on the axially parallel to the waves running edge of the counter knife blocks and breaking between two supports. These supports for the material to be shredded are formed by the counter-knife edges parallel to the radius vector of the shaft, which are located on each side of a rotating blade. This is the breaking force triggering force generated by the front, extending parallel to the radius vector edge of the rotary knife.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

crusher

10

hydraulic motor

11, 12

camp

20

casing

21

flange

22

to the housing interior directed surface of the side plate

23

face plate

24

Page sheet

25

Circumferential flange

30

crushing wave

32

mounting flange

33

stripper

40

rotary knife

41

rotary knife

42

base section

43

working section

44

pinch

45

screw

46

drilling

47

cutting edge

48

tooth back

49

contact surface

50

Outer counter knife block

51, 52

against knife

53

Retaining plate

55

edge

56

Seat

60

Inner counter knife block, cutting table

61

breaking edge

62, 63

Counter knife running parallel to the radius vector of the shaft

64

axially parallel counter knife

65

opening

66, 67

bearing surface

68, 69

contact surface

70

traverse

71

stripper

72

studs

α

action angle

t

tangent

Claims (20)

1. Comminutor (1) for comminuting material to be comminuted such as refuse and/or production residues, said comminutor comprising:

   - a wall structure defining a comminuting space,

   - a driving mechanism driving

   - at least two comminuting shafts (30) which are arranged parallel to each other in the bottom area of the wall structure and are provided on the periphery thereof with rotary knives (40, 41),

   - a cutting table arrangement (60) disposed between two comminuting shafts (30) and respectively including fixed counter knives (62, 63) which are separated by an opening (63), wherein during operation each rotary knife (40, 41) progressively extends through a respectively associated opening (65) of the cutting table arrangement,

   characterized in that the cutting table arrangement (60) includes a protruding breaking edge (61) which particularly extends parallel with respect to both said comminuting shafts (30), wherein the counter knives (62, 63) associated with the rotary knives (40, 41) of said one comminuting shaft (30) are arranged transversely with respect to this breaking edge (61) on one side of said edge, and wherein the counter knives (62, 63) associated with the rotary knives (40, 41) of said other comminuting shaft (30) are arranged transversely with respect to this breaking edge (61) on the other side, and wherein the rotary knives (40, 41) of the two comminuting shafts (30) respectively extend beyond the breaking edge (61) of the cutting table arrangement.
2. Comminutor (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the cutting table arrangement defines two supporting surfaces (66, 67) for the material to be comminuted which intersect in the aforementioned breaking edge (61), wherein the respective counter knives of said one comminuting shaft (30) are arranged on the first supporting surface (66) and the respective counter knives of the other comminuting shaft (30) are arranged on the second supporting surface (67).
3. Comminutor (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the supporting surfaces (66, 67) of the cutting table arrangement (60) are substantially plane, wherein the cutting angle of the planes is between 60° to 120°.
4. Comminutor (1) according to claim 3, characterized in that the cutting angle of the planes is 90° and that the cutting table arrangement is disposed in such a way that its protruding breaking edge (61) lies approximately on the connecting line of the axes of the two respectively adjacent comminuting shafts (30).
5. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a further counter knife (64) is respectively provided additionally to said two counter knives (62, 63) which are separated by an opening (65) and which extend substantially parallel to each other and approximately perpendicularly to the axes of the shafts, which further counter knife extends at said opening (65) perpendicularly with respect to both said other counter knives.
6. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the cutting table arrangement is provided by an elongate, cuboid-shaped block (60) which, for the configuration of the counter knives, respectively includes axially spaced recesses (65).
7. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the cutting table arrangement is detachably fixed onto an elongate traverse (70) which extends parallel to a comminuting shaft (30).
8. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 6 or 7, characterized in that the cutting table arrangement is sequenced in the longitudinal direction.
9. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 7 or 8, characterized in that the cutting table arrangement and the traverse (70) include mutually associated prismatic contact surfaces.
10. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the cutting table arrangement is screwed to the traverse (70), wherein a plurality of bores extending through said traverse (70) in an axially spaced relationship are arranged corresponding to threaded bores in the cutting table arrangement.
11. Comminutor (1) according to claim 10, characterized in that the bores respectively extend substantially vertically with respect to a prismatic contact surface at the traverse (70) or the cutting table arrangement.
12. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 7 to 11, characterized in that the traverse (70) has arranged thereon axially spaced wipers (71) which respectively cooperate with an associated wiper (30) arranged on a comminuting shaft (30).
13. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 12, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the rotary knives (40, 41) substantially centrally extend in their respective associated opening (65) in the cutting table arrangement.
14. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 13, characterized in that a comminuting shaft (30) includes on its circumference axially spaced, radially outwardly extending fixing flanges (32), each of which being detachably connected to at least one rotary knife (40, 41).
15. Comminutor (1) according to claim 14, characterized in that a fixing flange (32) includes at least one fixing seat in the form of an axially extending recess for receiving a rotary knife (40, 41), wherein the rotary knife includes a base section (42) and a working section (43) and wherein the base section (42) is positively connected to the fixing seat of the flange upon the occurrence of tangential force onto the rotary knife.
16. Comminutor (1) according to claim 15, characterized in that the fixing seat and the base section (42) of a rotary knife (40, 41) include contact surfaces of a kind such that on the occurrence of tangential forces onto the rotary knife (40, 41) a radially inwardly directed force onto the rotary knife can be produced.
17. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 14 to 16, characterized in that a fixing flange (32) has respectively arranged thereon two circumferentially spaced rotary knives (40, 41), wherein one rotary knife (40, 41) includes two circumferentially spaced teeth and the other rotary knife (40, 41) includes a single tooth.
18. Comminutor (1) according to claim 17, characterized in that the rotary knife (41) having the double-tooth construction is formed mirror-inverted with respect to a plane including a radius vector and an axial vector.
19. Comminutor (1) according to one of the claims 1 to 18, characterized in that on the wall structure and parallel to a comminuting shaft (30) an outer cutting table is arranged which is composed of a plurality of spaced prisms, especially cuboids (50), which are arranged one behind the other in the axial direction.
20. Comminutor (1) according to claim 19, characterized in that the rotary knives (40, 41) of the adjacent comminuting shaft (30) are passed through the gaps between the prisms, and a counter knife is provided by a respective edge on the face of a prism.

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