EP1687212B1 - Ansätze - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP1687212B1
EP1687212B1 EP04743095A EP04743095A EP1687212B1 EP 1687212 B1 EP1687212 B1 EP 1687212B1 EP 04743095 A EP04743095 A EP 04743095A EP 04743095 A EP04743095 A EP 04743095A EP 1687212 B1 EP1687212 B1 EP 1687212B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
foil
fitment
base flange
spout
wall
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP04743095A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1687212A1 (de
Inventor
Henning Von Spreckelsen
Peter Michael c/o Bapco Closures Research Ltd. MCGEOUGH
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bapco Closures Research Ltd
Original Assignee
Bapco Closures Research Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=29726587&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP1687212(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Bapco Closures Research Ltd filed Critical Bapco Closures Research Ltd
Priority to PL04743095T priority Critical patent/PL1687212T3/pl
Publication of EP1687212A1 publication Critical patent/EP1687212A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1687212B1 publication Critical patent/EP1687212B1/de
Revoked legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/72—Contents-dispensing means
    • B65D5/74—Spouts
    • B65D5/746—Spouts formed separately from the container
    • B65D5/747—Spouts formed separately from the container with means for piercing or cutting the container wall or a membrane connected to said wall
    • B65D5/749—Spouts formed separately from the container with means for piercing or cutting the container wall or a membrane connected to said wall a major part of the container wall or membrane being removed from the container after the opening

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to closures for aseptic and extended shelf life (ESL) containers and more particularly paperboard cartons.
  • carton fitments that extend through a wall of a paperboard carton. These fitments are constructed to provide a pour spout and provide a resealable closure such as a threaded spout and overcap. They are typically made of injection-moulded plastics. The fitment may also provide tamper evidence such as a severable tamper band connecting a lower edge of the overcap to a body of the fitment. Ring pull removable membranes are often provided within the spout.
  • a typical fitment will have a base flange and a cylindrical spout.
  • fitments are inserted, as fully assembled components with an overcap fitted, through a hole cut in the top of the carton.
  • the fitment is passed through the hole from the inside of the open top during the filling process.
  • the base flange being larger than the diameter of the hole, remains inside the carton.
  • Ultrasound welding is used to weld the base flange to the carton and secure the fitment in place.
  • Fitments of this type are used extensively to enable gable top paperboard cartons to be resealable. They are typically used for fresh milk and fresh juice, which are not packed aseptically.
  • a UHT process is used to process the product prior to filling.
  • the product is subjected to high temperature (140°C) for a very short period (4 seconds) and then cooled to a temperature between ambient and 4 degrees C. Once cooled the product must remain in sterile conditions and cannot be exposed to environmental air or bacteria.
  • the cartons and fitments must also be cleaned and sterilised, typically using Hydrogen Peroxide or peracetic acid, which is later evaporated off the components.
  • the cartons are then filled and sealed in an aseptic environment.
  • the packaging must also be sealed tightly enough to prevent re-infection. This process is effective to provide long shelf-life products. The cost of the filling plant is significant.
  • ESL packaging covers other processes such as microfiltering to ensure minimal microbe presence in the product.
  • a significant feature of both aseptic and ESL cartons is the presence of a continuous barrier layer. This layer is required to prevent bacteria, microbes, yeasts or fungal spores passing into the container and to provide a gas barrier.
  • This use of existing carton fitments that require a pre-cut hole in the carton blank is clearly not possible.
  • Cartons for use in aseptic packaging are typically constructed of several layers. In one example there are seven layers that make up the aseptic package. From the outside in they are - polyethylene, adhesive, paper, adhesive, aluminium foil, adhesive and polyethylene. The aluminium foil provides a barrier layer. The adhesive layers serve to adhere the materials together and the polyethylene layers serve to provide surface coatings. These layered structures are described as composite paperboard.
  • the barrier layer may alternatively be made of EVOH.
  • a hole is cut in the outer paper and plastics layers of the composite paperboard blank before the blank is laminated with a barrier and inner layers.
  • the fitment is then applied to the exterior of the carton and must incorporate a mechanism for cutting, tearing or punching through the barrier and inner layers.
  • the composite paperboard is scored or weakened without penetrating the barrier layer at the position where the carton fitment is to be placed.
  • the cutting, tearing or punching mechanism then has to break through all the layers of the composite paperboard.
  • a great variety of designs have been proposed for this mechanism. These range from pivoting levers; ratchets that drive teeth down through the paperboard, and punch thorough systems which require the user to push a thumb down into the spout. Examples of such post applied carton fitments are described in
  • EP-A-1, 127 798 (Rexam ), which teaches a cam driven mechanism; and WO 98/41452 (Tetra Laval), which teaches a ratchet mechanism and provides a tamper indicator.
  • WO 98/41452 Tetra Laval
  • Numerous other post-applied fitments are available on the market from manufacturers such as SIG Combibloc GmbH & Co KG ( www.sigcombibloc.com ) and Bericap GmbH & Co ( www.bericap.com ).
  • the present invention solves the problem of providing a continuous barrier layer with a resealable pour spout closure by providing the barrier layer within the closure itself so that it can be inserted into a pre-cut hole as with non-aseptic cartons.
  • an inner paperboard layer is folded outwardly and overlapped with an outer layer so that the edges of the barrier layer foil are prevented from coming into contact with the contents.
  • the seam is welded by ultrasound or induction heat sealed. This is found to produce acceptable results.
  • the fitment described has a base flange provided with a recess into which a thin film having a property of a gas barrier is securely fitted. It is suggested that the film may be of laminated structure comprising polyethylene, aluminium and polyethylene layers.
  • the barrier layer has its peripheral edge concealed by the material of the film. Insert moulding is suggested as a technique for joining the film to the fitment.
  • Kawajiri proposal solves the technical problems discussed above. However the design is not practicable for the following reasons:
  • Patent Abstracts of Japan vol 2003 & JP 2002 332054A (Kureha ) relates to a similar fitment in which a gas barrier film is of a laminated structure with a barrier layer formed by metal deposition onto a plastic film. There is no indication that the cut edge of the barrier layer has its peripheral edge concealed from contact with the contents of the container. As there is no aluminium cut edge, the problem of preventing the edge from coming into contact with the contents of the container does not arise. Kureha further teaches the use of aluminium as a technical problem in its own right.
  • a fitment comprising a base flange and a hollow spout, a removable part within a base of the spout, and an overcap for resealably closing the spout, and a barrier foil coated on both sides with a plastics layer extending across the base flange, characterised in that the foil is a coated alumimium foil that has an exposed aluminium cut edge prior to assembly in the fitment, and that the edge of the foil is assembled to the flange in such a manner that the aluminium cut edge is prevented in use from coming into contact with contents of a container to which the fitment is assembled with the base flange inside the container.
  • the edge can be sealed away in various ways such as, for example, by embedding it into the plastic of the flange, folding it underneath prior to sealing to the flange, or wrapping it around a peripheral edge of the flange.
  • the aluminium cut edge of the foil is embedded in the base flange.
  • the barrier layer in the paperboard carton overlaps with the barrier foil applied to the base flange there is no break in the barrier layer.
  • Such a fitment can be manufactured by a method comprising the steps of placing an aluminium foil having a plastics layer on each surface within a receiving wall projecting from a first surface of a base flange of a fitment that has a hollow spout extending from an opposite surface, and welding the foil to the flange such that the wall is sealed over an aluminium cut edge of the foil.
  • the fully assembled fitment may be inserted into a pre-cut hole in a composite paperboard carton blank from inside prior to filling and the embedding of the foil edge carried out as part of the same process as welding the flange to the paperboard.
  • the foil is wrapped over the first surface of the flange such that the foil extends onto the opposite surface surrounding the spout.
  • the cut edge of the foil is prevented from coming into contact with the contents of the container as it is sealed to a paperboard wall during the ultrasound welding of the fitment into the carton.
  • This seal has exactly the same construction and integrity as other seals elsewhere on the paperboard carton.
  • the barrier layer in this construction is virtually continuous as there are only the inner polyethylene layers between the two foils and not even the modest thickness of the base flange as in the earlier variation.
  • fitments as claimed are used in any shape of paperboard carton, but it will be appreciated that this type of fitment could also be applied to a mouth of a gas impervious bottle such as a barrier PET or multi-layer polyolefin bottle; to a coated steel or aluminium can or can lid; or to a mono or multi-layer plastics container which is thermoformed, injection moulded or blow moulded.
  • a gas impervious bottle such as a barrier PET or multi-layer polyolefin bottle
  • a coated steel or aluminium can or can lid or to a mono or multi-layer plastics container which is thermoformed, injection moulded or blow moulded.
  • a carton fitment 2 is made up of a base flange 4 with an upstanding pour spout 6, which is closed by an overcap 8.
  • the fitment 2 is two injection moulded plastics components.
  • the spout 6 comprises a hollow cylindrical spout in the base of which there is a removable part 10.
  • the removable part 10 is a plastics disc joined to the remainder of the base flange 4 by a weakened section 12.
  • a ring pull 14 is connected to the removable part 10 in order to allow the removable part to be removed.
  • this fitment is substantially similar to carton fitments known in the art for use with standard paperboard cartons. Any of the design features employed on such fitments can be incorporated into the fitment of the present invention.
  • the fitment of the present invention is however intended to be used with a container providing a barrier layer. As illustrated in Figure 1 the fitment is inserted into a pre-cut hole 20 in a composite paperboard carton wall 22.
  • the fitment 2 could also be assembled to an open mouth of a barrier PET or polyolefin barrier layer bottle; or any other gas tight container, such as a tin can made up of mono or multi layers including aluminium, steel etc coated with a plastics surface layer, or a plastics container, which is thermoformed, injection moulded or blow moulded, whether by an extrusion or inj ection-stretch blow moulding process.
  • a foil disc 30 is sealed to an underside of the base flange 4 and removable part 10.
  • the removable part 10 could be constructed as an annular frame typically with a central, three-pointed star structure. Such a frame would be joined by weekened bridges to the base flange 4. This reduces the overall weight of the fitment 2.
  • the foil disc 30 is cut from an aluminium foil, which is coated on both sides with a plastics layer, typically polyethylene, polypropylene or PET, which enables it to be bonded to other plastics components.
  • a plastics layer typically polyethylene, polypropylene or PET
  • the base flange 4 is welded in an annular region A to the carton wall 22 by means of induction heat sealing or ultrasonic welding.
  • a receiving wall 32 surrounds a peripheral edge of the base flange 4.
  • the receiving wall 32 is shown as having been deformed inwardly over the peripheral edge of the foil disc 30 in order to prevent the contents of the container being exposed to an edge of the aluminium layer within the double sided coated foil disc 30.
  • the composite paperboard carton 22 is formed from several layers of material including a gas barrier layer 40.
  • This barrier layer may be aluminium foil or EVOH or any other suitable material.
  • the barrier layer is bonded by means of an adhesive layer to a paperboard layer which is coated on each side by a polyethylene coating. Other detailed constructions of the composite paperboard are possible.
  • overcap and pour spout is described in WO99/61337 (Spreckelsen McGeough), which also shows how a foil may be fitted into a base flange. However, in that document, the free metal edge of the foil would be exposed. Spreckelsen McGeough also shows a snap on overcap. It will be appreciated that the screw on overcap 8 as illustrated is equally appropriate for closing the pour spout 6.
  • the overcap 8 is shown as having a plug 42, which is received within an open mouth of the spout 6 in order to ensure effective resealing. Threads 44, 46 are formed on the external wall of the spout of the pour spout 6 and on a facing internal wall of the overcap 8 in order to enable the overcap to be screwed onto the spout of the spout.
  • An essential feature of the fitment of the present invention is that the metal edge of the foil is prevented from coming into contact with the contents of a container in use when the fitment is assembled.
  • the fitment 2 is preferably pre sealed to the foil 30 before installation in the container.
  • the foil disc 30 is seated within a receiving wall 32 which, prior to assembly of the foil to the spout 6, depends vertically from the base flange 4 as shown in Figure 2 .
  • a tool is used to press the receiving wall 32 over the edge of the foil disc during an induction heat sealing process.
  • the receiving wall 32 is therefore a sacrificial part of the spout construction and the plastic making up this material effectively melts over the edge of the foil to seal in the exposed metal edge.
  • FIG. 3A and 3B An alternative construction of the receiving wall 32 is shown in Figures 3A and 3B .
  • the wall 32 has a weaked portion 50 in an intermediate annular region. Once the foil disc 30 is inserted within the receiving wall 32 the weakened portion 50 allows a terminal end 52 of the wall to be deformed inwardly over the edge of the foil to retain it in position to ensure that the plastic of this sacrificial receiving wall 52 flows over and covers any exposed metal edge.
  • FIG. 4 An alternative approach to sealing away the metal edge of the foil 30 is shown in Figure 4 .
  • the foil 30 is larger than the diameter of the base flange and is wrapped over the entirety of a lower first surface 54 of the base flange 4 around a free edge and onto a second surface 56 of the base flange.
  • the folded edge terminates inwardly of the annular region A at which the base flange 4 is welded to the container 22.
  • the foil disc 30 has its edges folded upwardly and inwardly prior to being welded to the base flange 4. This folding step may be done by means of an appropriate forming tool during placement of the foils on the base flange 4.
  • a periphery of the base flange 4 is provided with a retaining wall 34 to retain the folded foil disc in place prior to sealing.
  • the carton fitments 2 are preassembled to the foil disc 30 and the foil welded in position by an induction heat sealing process before the fitments are assembled to the paperboard carton.
  • the assembly to the paperboard carton is as with standard non-aseptic packaging and will not be described in detail here.
  • induction heat sealing of the foil to the base flange 4 ultrasonic welding may be employed.
  • the foil may also be secured to the flange by adhesive means. In the embodiment of Figure 4 , it is possible to rely on the wrapping over of the outer peripheral edge of the foil around the base flange 4 to secure the foil to the spout 6. Although further bonding steps can be undertaken prior to installation in the carton, these are not essential with this embodiment. If the fitment 2 is induction heat sealed to the carton the foil 30 will weld to the base flange at that time.
  • the barrier layer constituted by the foil 30 creates a continuous barrier layer with the layer 40 within the paperboard carton. Therefore, the ease of assembly advantages of the carton fitments used with non-aseptic packaging are combined with the integrity of the barrier layer offered by post applied prior art fitments traditionally used with aseptic packaging.
  • a consumer can open the packaging by removing the overcap 8 by unscrewing it in order to gain access to the ring pull 14.
  • the removable part 10 can then be removed by use of the ring pull 14. Since the foil 30 is welded to the whole of the base flange 4 including the removable part 10, the pulling out of the ring pull will breach the foil and allow access to the container contents. If necessary, teeth may be formed in the lower surface 54 of the base flange 4 in order to facilitate tearing of the foil as described in Spreckelsen McGeough above. If the foil is not severed by removal of the removable part 10, it is relatively easy for this foil layer to be punctured manually.
  • any of the other prior art mechanisms can be used in the spout to remove the removable part and breach the foil to allow access to the contents.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
  • Electrically Driven Valve-Operating Means (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)
  • Making Paper Articles (AREA)
  • Auxiliary Devices For And Details Of Packaging Control (AREA)
  • Closing Of Containers (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Ansatz umfassend einen Grundflansch (4) und einen hohlen Ausguss (6), ein entfernbares Teil (10) innerhalb einer Basis des Ausgusses (6), eine Überkappe (8) zum wiederversiegelbaren Verschließen des Ausgusses (6) und eine Sperrfolie (30), die auf beiden Seiten mit Kunststoffschichten beschichtet ist, die sich über den Grundflansch (4) erstrecken, dadurch gekennzeichnet, das die Folie (30) eine beschichtete Aluminiumfolie ist, die vor dem Zusammensetzen in dem Ansatz eine offene Aluminiumschnittkante aufweist, und dass die Kante der Folie (30) mit dem Flansch (4) derart zusammengesetzt ist, dass verhindert wird, dass die Aluminiumschnittkante bei Verwendung mit dem Inhalt eines Behälters in Berührung kommt, an den der Ansatz mit dem Grundflansch innen im Behälter montiert ist.
  2. Ansatz nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Alumimumschnittkante der Folie (30) in den Grundflansch (4) eingebettet ist.
  3. Ansatz nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Folie (30) an dem Grundflansch (4) abgedichtet angebracht ist.
  4. Ansatz nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Grundflansch (4) eine erste Oberfläche (54) aufweist und der hohle Ausguss (6) über eine Oberfläche (56), die der ersten Oberfläche (54) gegenüberliegt, hinausragt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Folie (30) derart um die erste Oberfläche des Flansches (4) gewickelt ist, dass sich die Folie auf die gegenüberliegende Oberfläche (56), die den Ausguss umgibt, erstreckt.
  5. Ansatz nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, der des weiteren Sicherheitsverpackungsmittel umfasst.
  6. Pappkarton mit einem Ansatz (2) nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, der in ein vorgeschnittenes Loch (20) in eine Kompositpappwand (22) eingeführt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Versiegelung zwischen den Kanten der Folie (30) und der Wand (22) von der gleichen Integrität ist wie andere Nähte in einem Rest des Kartons.
  7. Kunststoffbeschichteter oder sperrbeschichteter Behälter mit einem Ansatz (2) nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, der in ein vorgeschnittenes Loch (20) in eine Wand des Behälters eingeführt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Versiegelung zwischen den Kanten der Folie (30) und der Wand von der gleichen Integrität ist wie andere Nähte in einem Rest des Kartons.
  8. Ein- oder Mehrschicht-Kunststoffbehälter, der thermogeformt, spritzgegossen oder blasgeformt ist, mit einem Ansatz (2) nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, der in ein vorgeschnittenes Loch (20) in eine Kompositpappwand (22) eingeführt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Versiegelung zwischen den Kanten der Folie (30) und der Wand (22) von der gleichen Integrität ist wie andere Nähte in einem Rest des Kartons.
  9. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Ansatz nach Anspruch 1, umfassend die Schritte des Anordnens einer Aluminiumfolie mit Kunststoffschichten auf jeder Oberfläche innerhalb einer Aufnahmewand, die über eine erste Oberfläche eines Grundflansches eines Ansatzes hinausragt, der einen hohlen Ausguss aufweist, der sich von einer gegenüberliegenden Oberfläche erstreckt, und Schweißen der Folie an den Flansch, so dass die Wand über eine Aluminiumschnittkante der Folie abgedichtet ist.
  10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, vor dem Sicherungsschritt weiterhin umfassend den Schritt des Faltens der Aufnahmewand über die Kante der Folie.
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, wobei der Sicherungsschritt durch das Einleiten von Heißsiegeln ausgeführt wird.
  12. Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Ansatzes nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Grundflansch (4) eine erste Oberfläche (54) aufweist und der hohle Ausguss (6) über eine Oberfläche (56), die der ersten Oberfläche (54) gegenüberliegt, hinausragt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Folie (30), die eine beschichtete Aluminiumfolie ist, die vor dem Zusammensetzen in dem Ansatz eine offene Aluminiumschnittkante aufweist, derart um die erste Oberfläche des Flansches (4) gewickelt ist, dass sich die Folie auf die gegenüberliegende Oberfläche (56), die den Ausguss umgibt, erstreckt.
EP04743095A 2003-11-14 2004-06-25 Ansätze Revoked EP1687212B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL04743095T PL1687212T3 (pl) 2003-11-14 2004-06-25 Końcówki

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0326619A GB2408040B (en) 2003-11-14 2003-11-14 Fitments
PCT/GB2004/002744 WO2005054068A1 (en) 2003-11-14 2004-06-25 Fitments

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1687212A1 EP1687212A1 (de) 2006-08-09
EP1687212B1 true EP1687212B1 (de) 2008-03-12

Family

ID=29726587

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04743095A Revoked EP1687212B1 (de) 2003-11-14 2004-06-25 Ansätze

Country Status (18)

Country Link
US (1) US20070095834A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1687212B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1878700A (de)
AT (1) ATE388900T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2004295141A1 (de)
BR (1) BRPI0416043A (de)
CA (1) CA2546114A1 (de)
DE (1) DE602004012441T8 (de)
DK (1) DK1687212T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2303082T3 (de)
GB (1) GB2408040B (de)
MY (1) MY130704A (de)
NZ (1) NZ546726A (de)
PL (1) PL1687212T3 (de)
RU (1) RU2346863C2 (de)
TW (1) TWI311971B (de)
WO (1) WO2005054068A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA200603666B (de)

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TW200523178A (en) 2005-07-16
GB0326619D0 (en) 2003-12-17
DE602004012441T8 (de) 2009-07-16
GB2408040B (en) 2005-10-12
AU2004295141A1 (en) 2005-06-16
CA2546114A1 (en) 2005-06-16
ATE388900T1 (de) 2008-03-15
MY130704A (en) 2007-07-31
DE602004012441D1 (de) 2008-04-24
ES2303082T3 (es) 2008-08-01
EP1687212A1 (de) 2006-08-09
CN1878700A (zh) 2006-12-13
RU2346863C2 (ru) 2009-02-20
GB2408040A (en) 2005-05-18
BRPI0416043A (pt) 2007-01-02
PL1687212T3 (pl) 2008-08-29
US20070095834A1 (en) 2007-05-03
TWI311971B (en) 2009-07-11
WO2005054068A1 (en) 2005-06-16
DK1687212T3 (da) 2008-07-14
RU2006118724A (ru) 2007-12-27
NZ546726A (en) 2008-09-26
DE602004012441T2 (de) 2009-03-26
ZA200603666B (en) 2007-09-26

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