Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
  • H02K53/00—Alleged dynamo-electric perpetua mobilia
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
  • H02K99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
  • H02K99/10—Generators

Definitions

• the invention of the field force machine relates to potential fields and swirl fields or dipole fields, in particular to magnetic, electrical, thermal and gravitational fields and contains five groups of inventions which are interconnected so that they implement a general inventive idea.
• the first invention relates to field force generators as a counterpart to the heat engine.
• field force generators an elastic force field works controlled by a field modulator; the work is created by relaxing the previously tensioned field like a spring. This irreversible cycle process takes place in the p, V diagram with 4 cycles.
• the field force generator can alternatively be constructed as a right or left cycle process machine.
• the second invention relates to field semiconductor modulators. These are components that do not conduct, control, amplify, switch, or modulate electron currents, but fields (magnetic field, electric field, etc.)
• the third invention relates to field force motors that are supplied with electrical energy.
• the electrical energy is converted into force field surges by magnesians or electresers, which can be used as work.
• the fourth invention of the connecting rod length variator is a new, highly efficient force-torque converter and can be used for motors, pumps, compressors and others
• the FKG is designed depending on the intended use. For example, a FKG is used as a gas turbine replacement on high and constant
• the shock wave field force motor is a highly dynamic, fundamentally new electric motor, because it is not the tangential force but the normal force that is implemented.
• Longitudinal machines are reciprocating piston machines because they derive their effect from the creation of a large air gap between the PM's.
• Transversal machines are only for shifting the PM - in relation to each other with a constant air gap - not like the generation of a large longitudinal air gap in reciprocating piston machines.
• Types a) Rotary piston field force machine Radial "stroke", machine has no “dead centers”, movement conversion not necessary, no free mass forces (all can be compensated).
• b) three-phase field force machine (Fig. 2 a, b, c) rotating field, similar to three-phase machine - axial and radial disc design
• traveling field field machine Fig. 1.2 a, b, c) linear machine, linear oscillating or linear motion with traveling field Transversal FK vs.
• the kinematic function in the operation of the FKM thus corresponds to a reciprocating piston machine that can be implemented in different types (see ff.).
• the transverse FKM differs in that the repulsive ones
• Magnets are always at the same longitudinal air gap distance, but the transverse repulsion-force-displacement characteristic is used in the tangential direction of the magnetic surfaces.
• the FM also moves transversely in the kinematic version, but perpendicular to the transverse movement of the PM's, i.e. always in the same
• transversal machines can be implemented as traveling field FKMs (translation machines) and rotating field FMs (rotating machines) - see FKM types.
• a PS can also be used here to bridge the air gap with a large field flow.
• the Fe / dkraftmaschine is on the one hand a counterpart to the heat engine (both generate a force or energy in a circular process in the p, V diagram, which can be converted into a torque by the crankshaft) and on the other hand to the dynamo principle of Michael Faraday (electric current becomes generated by moving an electrical conductor in a magnetic field), but with the essential difference that in the first case fuel (gasoline / gas etc.) and in the second case mechanical energy (torque, force) are supplied from the outside, etc.
• the field batteries are installed as permanent magnets (PM / PE / SM) and are only supplied once from the outside - the system limit is therefore in front of the magnets.
• the driving, force-generating permanent energy field (field force of the magnetic field battery) is in the overall system of the machine (initially comparable to a very long-lasting electrical charge of a battery or very long-lasting fuel rods of a NPP).
• the field batteries no longer need to be replaced / replaced due to their special properties. Any kind of additional energy supply from the outside is therefore not necessary for field batteries in their practically unlimited lifetime.
• Cars, planes, trains, ships, bikes, computers, pacemakers, energy "sources” in your own home or power plants, etc.) can be replaced so that there is no need to refuel or recharge during the lifetime of the system.
• the FKG delivers the following result in the energy balance:
• the field force generator consists of 3 parts: 2 field batteries FB and one
• the field batteries can be magnets (permanent magnets PM or superconducting magnets SM) with control of the effect of the magnetic field or permanent electrets PE with control of the effect of the electrical field.
• the principle of the field force generator according to the invention can also be applied to non-permanent potential and vortex fields.
• the principle of the field force generator can be applied analogously to all types and dipole fields of potential fields, swirl fields and dipole fields.
• the field generator can therefore also be based on the following principles: a) heat field engine, FM is a ditherm plus two heat field sources (thermal), as a thermal capacitor u./o. b) Realize gravitational field force machine, FM is a digravitum, plus two gravitational field sources (gravitum), as a gravitational capacitor.
• the field force generator will be explained using the example of controlling the effect of the magnetic field in PMs.
• the field force generator as an energy “source” (magnet PM / SM or electret PE) generates in the case of the PM from magnetic field energy permanent ferromagnetic fields with the help of a field modulator / FM mechanical energy.
• the FM is a thin, magnetically switchable ferro layer with a toggle switch function that acts as an active FM for magnetic fields or electret fields between the conductive or blocking / isolating states and, if necessary, with a reinforcing effect.
• new magnetically acting M-diodes and M-transistors are also used as M-bipolar or M-field-effect transistors as field modulators, and M-thyristors, M-GTO-thyristors, M-thyristor diodes, M in power magnetronics -Triac and M-IGBT, introduced.
• the Feidkraftgenerator acts like a magnetic capacitor with the same name (antiparallel) of the magnetizations on the magnetic pole surfaces and a dimagnetic in between for mutual magnetic isolation and the establishment of a balance between repulsion PM and attraction FM.
• inductance in the magnetic system
• the electrifications in the ferro / ferrielectric are from
• the field effect in the capacitor can also be controlled in the case of non-permanent fields and also in other types of potential and vortex fields.
• ⁇ r is in the denominator, as is ⁇ r in the magnetic force law, ie the force between two charges / magnetizations is in dielectric / dimagnetic medium smaller. This is a case analogous to the electrical / magnetic capacitor with constant charge / magnetization; with dielectric / dimagnetic between the plates / magnetic plates, voltage U or ⁇ and field strength E or H decrease.
• An FKG anti-condenser principle consists of:
• Two diamagnetic plates are in equilibrium with no FM in between and are only repelled when there is a repelling FM-PM in between.
• anode there is an anode ./. Between the magnetrodes (electrodes). M-cathode the dimagnetic.
• a diagram can show the voltage-capacitance ranges of the magnetic FM capacitor types. - Ferro / ferri metal foil and dimagnetic foil
• Two 2 field batteries permanent magnets with repulsive (or also attractive) orientation (antiparallel) repel each other with great force.
• the decisive factor in field battery / magnet design is the ratio of force to dead weight, which has to be optimized by the kinetic energy of the moved
• the force-displacement characteristic in the normal direction determines the work W that can be generated in a p, V diagram in an irreversible cycle.
• a particularly advantageous magnet design is achieved through a sandwich arrangement.
• a field battery we refer to magnets or electrets or superconducting magnets arranged in xyz or in a triangular network (Fig. 10).
• the PM's or PE's or SM's can be interconnected to form PM / PE / SM field batteries in order to achieve a cumulative high force with relative to maintain low weight.
• the KraüANeg function of the longitudinal force-displacement characteristic is to be designed according to the oscillation stroke and the required torque development (e.g. flat pole face, concave surface, cone, plunger magnet, etc.)
• the FM field modulator is operated using a kinematic or stationary principle.
• Kinematic FM The kinematic FM can be built passively and / or actively; it switches between matter in the field (FM conductive) to air / gas / vacuum in the field (non-conductive).
• the active version uses the effect of attractive auxiliary fields to a) support the attraction or b) with an attractive effect to reduce the thickness of the FM c) to compensate for attractive / repulsive eddy current effects or magnetic transverse effects.
• Stationary FM The stationary FM can only be implemented as an active FM with various alternative operating principles.
• the field modulator is a dimagnetic. 1 FM between 2 PM acts like a magnetic capacitor with the essential feature of creating an equilibrium state by introducing the magnetic capacitance. A field modulator between the two magnets can therefore switch the repulsion of the PMs on or off (only the effect of the field, i.e. the energy in the space between the magnets).
• a pole piece (PS) with anisotropic ferro / ferrimagnetic material can be used.
• This anisotropic material between the magnets preferably conducts in the normal direction, so that the repulsion is reduced only very slightly. Also note a certain magnetic shape anisotropy that the
• the field modulator and pole piece can be made in a kinematic (unsteady) or stationary version.
• the "translucency" for magnetic flux quanta is switched between “open and” closed “without the FM or PS having to be moved.
• the FM / PS is moved in an oscillating position.
• the FM or PS can be arranged as an inline FM (between the magnets) and as an outline FM (outside the magnets).
• the field effect control of the FM can be done with conductivity modulation or with channel cross-section modulation through a field across the channel.
• FM lock open air, gas, vacuum between the PM,
• FM closed soft magnetic material plus possibly static / dynamic auxiliary fields as active FM (Fig. 11).
• the kinematic FM can carry components of the active FM to compensate for certain negative induction force effects (Fig. 12).
• Stationary FM Dynamic change in conductivity (permeability or
• the stationary FM always remains in its position in the middle (plane of symmetry) between the PMs.
• This FM type can only be built as an active switch / amplifier, since it changes in its stationary effect and is not shifted kinematically in its position.
• Variants a) can be used with or without induced eddy currents with lamination (permeability layer + anti-eddy current structure) (Fig. 1S) and open / closed shield housing geometry
• the field modulator (FM - conductive) acts like a barrier / "insulator" for a magnetic field, just like in one
• M transistor field quantum valve
• the permeability ⁇ of the soft magnetic alloy determines the thickness s of the FM between the PM's (magnetic conductivity ⁇ - o ⁇ r ) due to very high permeability.
• the very different "shielding" effect in a geometrically open or closed housing determines the degree of mutual shielding of the repelling PM's - each PM can have its own housing, which are coupled by the FM (Fig. 16). Bern. : In closed geometry, eddy currents are induced depending on the frequency, which lead to an increase in repulsion, but only if stray fields enter the housing, see ff. Chapter Field modulator.
• the FM lets the permanently stored potential field energy of the PM's through its action (force effect as field quantum flux) or blocks it (similar to a camera shutter for photons from the sun).
• the field modulator made of very good magnetically conductive soft magnetic material with a corresponding thickness s has an attractive effect on the PM's, the stronger the thicker - the large repulsion of the PM's becomes the equilibrium state with increasing thickness, and then further increasing thickness from the equilibrium state with the FM, into a strong one
• the PM's cannot normally maintain a stable equilibrium unless the FM is positioned symmetrically to the PM's and the PM's are not are mechanically coupled via gears or crankshaft so that they cannot approach one side (unstable balance) without moving the other PM at the same time. From a certain thickness s etc., the balance tilts into a strong one
• the thickness s, shape, material, internal structure, etc. of the FM thus regulate the equilibrium state of the mechanically symmetrically coupled PM's by means of a non-linear tilting function. This is the basic principle of a passive FM.
• FM for example in the permeability induction curve, or in the temperature * induction * curve (switching the effect from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic at Curie temperature Tc), from "transparent” - "OPEN” (non-conductive ), according to ⁇
• the SM can also be switched from superconducting to normal conducting by a temperature gradient.
• Her kinematic FM moves in the transverse direction preferably on an equipotential surface, i.e. across the magnetic preferred direction of the PM fields and across the longitudinal direction of the (generally inhomogeneous) force fields in the equilibrium state at TDC. Potential energy would be required or gained with longitudinal movement of the FM, so that with kinematic-oscillating FM - due to the equilibrium state PM-FM-PM and high magnetic conductivity in the FM - very little energy is consumed ⁇ ratio longitudinal force-distance -Integral (PM work) to transverse force-displacement integral (FM work). ⁇ The work difference is very large (Fig. 19) and falls in favor of
• FM movement with E ⁇ O ays, sequence You can move transversely almost without power via FM (also note ferrimagnetic material without induced eddy currents; in the case of electrical conductors, the Lorentz force is prevented by an anti-eddy current principle).
• the FM only switches the effect of the force field, i.e. the
• the magnetic preferred direction can be improved, for example, by means of sheet metal with a soft magnetic orientation or by a material with strong crystal anisotropy, for example with a hexagonal structure.
• the FM can therefore a magn.
• Preferential direction in the direction of the magnetic field lines i.e. from the PM + pole to the PM pole of one and the same PM.
• the force-displacement characteristic (work) differs depending on whether the FM movement takes place parallel in the field and pole direction or perpendicular to it, i.e. on an equipotential surface, and whether the sheet is grain-oriented or not (usually the grain direction is parallel to the rolling direction ) (Fig. 20).
• Active field modulator is supplemented passive FM fundamental principle is an active FM principle regardless of whether a kinematic or stationary FM used ⁇ .
• the decisive factor is that static and / or dynamic forces have to be compensated for - if they occur in a disturbing manner, which generally means the induced Lorentz forces, but also magnetically transverse forces if they occur during the movement of the FM.
• An active FM can also be used to reduce the FM thickness, since the soft magnetic FM St ⁇ ff has a reinforcing effect in an FM coil.
• Basic principle of FM static balance with soft magnetic material with FM thickness
• anti-eddy current principles can be applied ( ⁇ point 3).
• Dynamic compensation of the negative force (repulsion) from eddy current, magnetic reversal and spin relaxation effects a) dynamically adapted, kinematically moving, attracting soft magnetic lamellae, change the FM thickness s dynamically with frequency b) by magnetic attracting Preload with constant auxiliary PM constant field c) through dynamically variable attractive active auxiliary fields with soft magnetic core, see ff. 4.
• Electrodynamic field FM as a replacement for the soft magnetic FM with thickness s (worst efficiency, since no reinforcement by soft magnetic material). All variants are fully controllable from the states "transparent" with ⁇ x «1 to
• the PS works the other way round like the FM:
• the "pole piece” (PS) consists of several flux guide pieces.
• FIGS. And texts show that, due to the construction by FM flow diversion, an attraction principle with an attracting soft magnetic counter PM instead of a repelling counter PM can also be realized according to the invention.
• the magnetic field is led out by the highly conductive, switchable FMs, which are in balance between attraction (FM) and repulsion (PM's), so that the soft magnetic piston closes the magnetic circuit: principle of attraction by 2 FM's.
• FM attraction
• PM's repulsion
• Consequence The FM's conduct the magnetic flux without physical Contact (very small air gap) to the piston crown / yoke; the air gap is much smaller than the FM thickness.
• CLOSED means: ferromagnetic attractive exchange interaction (spin coupling) effective ( ⁇ FM switched on).
• River quanta are not diverted in their flow, i.e. they act as a repulsive field in the direction of the anti-parallel oriented counter-PM, i.e. FM with a non-shielding effect.
• "OPEN” means: Ferro- / ferrimagnetic attractive exchange interaction (spin couplings) ineffective ( ⁇ FM switched off).
• the invention includes a system based on various FM principles.
• the compensation or elimination of induced eddy currents with anti-Lorentz force and anti-Lenz force are guaranteed by special designs and working principles.
• the inventions apply to ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and analogously to ferroelectric and ferrielectric materials.
• Ferrimagnetic substances have a very high spec. elec. Resistance, however the energy density is much lower than with ferromagnetic materials.
• the ferro-dielectric materials PE
• PM ferromagnetic materials
• Ratio of transverse x characteristic to transverse y characteristic for translation of the FM vertical vs. parallel to the field lines.
• field lines lie in the direction of the displacement ⁇ force in the direction of the field vector + ⁇ -, when shifting perpendicular to the field lines, the field lines / field vectors are cut transversely - + almost forceless displacement, similar to the homogeneous field, here on an equipotential surface.
• a magnet matrix
• the FM acts like a PE with a sign of the same name (attractive) or like a non-magnetized plate
• the functional principles of the M-FM are based on that of
• the field modulator is a dimagnetic or dielectric for fields and not for electrons, creating an equilibrium state.
• ferrimagnetic substances contain hardly any electrons and are therefore practically non-conductive.
• the core principle of the FKG can be better understood - without eddy current influences.
• the magnetic-transverse force effect (attraction of the FM) must also be compensated for in the case of transverse movement parallel to the preferred magnetic direction of the PM field; with vertical movement (on the equipotential surface) this is hardly necessary.
• Ferrimagnetic material with very high spec. el. resistance are used, which allows practically no induced eddy currents and therefore practically no Lorentz forces even at high frequencies. Only when using metallic magnetic field conductors in operation with
• a dynamic FM must compensate for this frequency-dependent counterforce in a frequency-dependent manner, or move the conduction electrons out of the magnetic field's field of influence so that a dynamic equilibrium is created.
• the PM piston When adjusting the FM thickness s to increase the attraction of the FM as compensation against eddy current repulsion, care must be taken that the TDC point shifts. Therefore, the PM piston must be readjusted by a) kink-connecting rod or b) integrated control on the connecting rod length variator with - ⁇ H.
• the Lorenz force effects arise when: a) in the closed state of the FM due to the PM movement UT- ⁇ OT, b) when the FM moves with transverse cutting of the longitudinal field lines between the PM's.
• FM "OPEN" 5 magnetic flux in e.g. Air (magn. Isolator) ⁇ high field strength between the PM's, small capacity
• FM “CLOSE” magnetic flux in the FM (magnetic conductor). ⁇ small field strength between the PM's, high capacity
• the shielding factor of the housing drops with increasing frequency. in contrast to completely closed umbrellas (closed geometry) where it increases exponentially.
• the shielding factor means the field of repulsion of the housing due to induced eddy currents in the shielding layer.
• the passive FM has no active longitudinally attractive auxiliary fields / forces other than itself; preferably with ferrites (Fig. 28).
• the passive FM can be supplemented with an active FM in order to compensate repulsive eddy current forces etc. or to make the FM thinner in thickness so that the PMs can come closer together.
• the active auxiliary fields must also in connection with the
• Outline FM (Fig.29.2) Passive permanent magnet FM or active E magnet FM.
• Comb FM may have more attraction because more soft magnetic material comes into effect and the PMs can still get very close (contact ⁇ 100% power yield).
• the operating point A3 of the magnetization characteristic for soft magnetic material with geometry-dependent magnetization factor N at - (BH) m a ⁇ is decisive, analogous to the demagnetization factor for permanent magnets.
• the working point A 3 of the soft magnetic FM plate is at - (BH) max . 2.3 Active FM
• A. ⁇ Auxiliary magnetic fields Active FMs to actively enhance the effect with an auxiliary magnetic field. 1. Longitudinal direction Thinner FM layer with the consequence of a higher repulsive effect at PM position in the normal equilibrium distance ⁇ strengthening of the attraction by an attractive auxiliary field. 2. Transversal direction attraction by the PM's on ferro- / ferrimagnetic material with magnetic field parallel to the FM movement ⁇ reinforcement of the repulsion as compensation of the transverse attraction by repulsive auxiliary field.
• Longitudinal force compensation Repelling eddy current forces (Lenz rule) when FM closed and movement PM UT ⁇ OT.
• the active FM consists of the fact that it can control the strength of its longitudinal attraction in order to maintain the balance dynamically (despite eddy current repulsion due to the conduction electrons in the FM). 2.
• Transversal force compensation Also the transverse effect of the repulsion by eddy currents (braking effect); can be controlled dynamically.
• the compensation can be implemented e.g. B. by active magnetic auxiliary fields (Fig. 30)
• the magnetization can be bistable because then the field force is maintained without constant external energy supply during the movement of the PMs from UT to OT.
• Structure eg coil
• the magnetization is carried out by a single jump (Z loop), which results in a high voltage pulse.
• the active FM can be coupled (and / or) with: a) the kinematic-passive FM, in order to be able to change effects / compensations dynamically. b) soft magnetic double-room shielding housing (magnetic shunt, open / closed geometry in time) without kinematic movement.
• Conductivity ⁇ ⁇ min / Bmax min.
• Conductivity, or ⁇ i / B m in min.
• Anisotropy FM Change magnetic preferred direction a) Change crystal anisotropy / change grain orientation b) Stress-induced anisotropy - reverse magnetostriction mech. Voltage changes permeability (Villar effect)
• Hard Magn. Induction FM magnetic toggle switch, or transient magnetic voltage ⁇ variable remanence B f
• Induction current FM induced eddy current "On” / "Off” generated in e.g. AL / Cu layer
• Limit frequency FM switching by operating below / above the limit frequency
• ParaFerro- / Ferri-FM Ferro- / Ferri-front migration Coupling layer or barrier layer travels through the FM, but without temperature change ⁇ actively change atomic distance
• M-tunnel FM switching magnetic tunnel current
• Magnetic voltage ⁇ tunneling / tunneling not possible S m l m
• the field of the anti-parallel PM's is strongly deformed in the FM due to the high conductivity of the substance in relation to the flux density B (FIG. 32). This has an impact on the spin moments of the domains (Weiss districts) from statistically distributed / disordered / paramagnetic effects in directional order with regard to the antiparallel PM field lines in FM (high
• Fig. 33 General principles of the field modulator Modulation of the ferro- / ferrimagnetic static field by: A) Kinematic switch with passive and / or active element; passive: blocks the PM field, active: counterforce (compensation) due to an attracting magnetic field. B) Bistable Tc permeability switch due to temperature difference at the Curie point (Tc).
• Temperature T c removes the spin coupling: FM switches from “ferromagnetic” to “paramagnetic” effect by changing the temperature to T c .
• the FM can be built up using layer technology with integrated Peltier elements.
• the layers are very thin so that you can quickly switch between the ferro-para-ferro state. Switching temperature Tc ⁇ 30 ° C. The saturation induction with these materials is not very high (B & 0.5 T).
• Counter magnets can be dispensed with (weight saving).
• the principles as already described for kinematic FM can also be applied here.
• the shielding effect repulsive effect in the case of alternating fields (increase in the shielding factor due to induced eddy currents) must be observed.
• Ferro- / ferrimagnetic materials can also be used here, depending on the desired effect.
• the shading takes place by longitudinal displacement of the PM's u ⁇ s ZUF plane of symmetry of the F with the same " lowering of the " local ⁇ effective flux density (strong decrease in the permeability-induction curve with increasing distance ⁇ s from the magnetic surface).
• Pulse magnetization for high modulation B max (optimal: bistable magnetic field switch), note pulse permeability
• a) Structure (e.g. coil) with pulse magnetization: Unipolar (one-sided) pulse magnetization with field strength stroke ⁇ fi and induction stroke ⁇ B (magnetization current only flows in one direction in one compared to the period very short time span pulse duration).
• Pulse wire FM structure (eg integrated or external coil) with pulse wire - magnetization is carried out by a single jump (Z-loop), which results in a high voltage pulse.
• Generation of high-energy current pulses - Pulse compression technology using magnetic switches - Rectangular loop material, preferably amorphous metals due to low dynamic magnetization losses
• the spontaneously magnetized domains must be activated by active barrier layers - amorphous substances have no crystal grains but domains, because the barrier layer acts directly on the atomic layers without grain boundaries.
• the FM switching processes should be bistable, since external energy can then be saved during the PM movement.
• Magnetic / electrical tunnel effect field modulators (B / D field)
• the elementary electric charge of the electron e (tunnel current) corresponds to the magnetic flux or current ⁇ in the case of the magnetic tunnel FM.
• SIS Superconductor-insulator-superconductor contact
• magnetic fields or electrical ones are used, but not as auxiliary fields to increase the attractive effect or to compensate for negative forces etc., but as a general basic principle for switching the FM:
• the magnetic field or the applied magnetic voltage controls the transparency of the FM layer for the magnetic flux quanta, analogous to the electric field with electric voltage and electric flux quanta.
• Fabric structure a) Superconducting fabric of the FM structure (with open geometry) without kinematic movement. b) Thin FM insulator layer Magnetic energy gap and M-type conductor current (flux quanta)
• the energy gap is temperature dependent.
• MGE Magnetic direct current effect
• the magnetic tunnel current of flux quantum pairs through the SmlmSm contact is strongly dependent on the magnetic field: Because the field does not pass through the S m layer, it can be assumed that the B lies in the Im insulating layer. Whenever the magnetic flux ⁇ m through the magnetic insulating layer is an integral multiple of the magnetic flux quantum, the magnetic tunnel current of the flux quanta goes through zero.
• Suprale ⁇ ter-FM Magnetic / electrical supra-field modulators (B- / D-field) S m lmS m -contact with magnets or electrets and thick I-layer: ⁇ magnetic S m l m Sm-contact for magnetic flux quanta. M. ⁇ electrical S e l e S e contact for electrical flux quanta ⁇ e .
• Eddy currents only occur if there are conduction electrons in the material, i.e. if the spec. el. resistance is small; e.g. it is high for ferrites, which is why practically no vortex currents can be generated in ferrites.
• Eddy currents arise especially in electrically conductive massive metals through an alternating magnetic field a) the PM's approach the closed FM ⁇ Lenz rule from UT ⁇ OT), or b) by moving a metal in a magnetic field: the FM moves transversely in the state of equilibrium PM's - with field effects neutralizing each other in the plane of symmetry of the PM's PM-FM-PM - the FM moves transversely either parallel or perpendicular to the field lines.
• the FM disc In order to effectively reduce the eddy current in the FM, slots are made in the FM disc perpendicular to the FM movement, i.e. perpendicular to the eddy current.
• the FM disc is made up of soft magnetic layers (lamella sheets) that are arranged parallel to the FM movement and slit with an offset.
• the soft magnetic layers with different permeability can be optimized so that the FM thickness s is minimized (thin FM layer).
• the slots or separating layers in the laminations interrupt the path of the eddy currents, which therefore can hardly be formed.
• a large cross-section in the FM disc offers only little resistance to the eddy currents.
• Alternative eddy current separation structure a) Dense spherical packing made of soft magnetic domains, embedded in an electrical insulation layer - like a powder metallurgical substance. b) Cubic microstructure, produced by sputtering, vapor deposition, galvanically or mechanically separated by laser beam, etc.
• an electrically highly conductive layer can be used, particularly in the case of the two-room shielding housings.
• the electrical anti-eddy current principle starts with the eddy currents, i.e. on the free negative charges in the metallic conductor, i.e. the line electrons.
• the FM is positioned within an electrical field.
• the electrical field is generated by a high-voltage source or, if it is sufficient from the level of the voltage, by a permanent field of a ferroelectric substance (electret) for charge separation.
• Influence creates a neutral zone in the central area that is free of electrical charges, the conduction electrons (electron gas). This neutral area is penetrated by the magnetic fields of the anti-parallel oriented PM's. Since there are no conduction electrons in this B field, a longitudinal force (attraction / repulsion) according to the Lenz rule can hardly occur, especially when the PMs are oriented in a parallel and not in an antiparallel spin position. Since positive charge means "stationary ion grid without conduction electrons", the PM could also be positioned in the area of the positive charge - there are no eddy currents due to the lack of conduction electrons in this area, because the eddy current is created by the movement of electrons. The conduction electrons sit on the outer surface of the FM or the lamination plates in the negative area.
• the size of the amount of electricity affected depends on the strength of the influential field as well as the shape and size of the FM.
• the influenced electrons collect in a) a metallic funnel with a tip, so that they are continuously grounded with a knife edge opposite the tip - along the oscillation path of the FM - grounded by contactless transfer with complete charge separation, or in a Leiden bottle as a high-voltage capacitor for energy storage, or in a capacitor - depending on the height of the span.
• a metallic funnel with a tip so that they are continuously grounded with a knife edge opposite the tip - along the oscillation path of the FM - grounded by contactless transfer with complete charge separation, or in a Leiden bottle as a high-voltage capacitor for energy storage, or in a capacitor - depending on the height of the span.
• a funnel there is a boundary surface of the FM parallel to the direction of oscillation, then instead of one, many needles or many knives can be used to transfer the charge (parallel connection).
• the line electrons can hardly generate eddy currents with an induced magnetic field when moving the FM, since they are firstly in a funnel in which the acceleration path is narrowed (without a funnel with a parallel boundary plane, the line electrons can accelerate and decelerate freely in the metal secondly, they are largely removed from the track by means of charge separation.
• the inhomogeneous field so that the two force vectors of the Lorentz force on the circular current, i.e. the greater force at the front and the smaller force at the end of the FM are the same ⁇ symmetry, i.e. braking and acceleration cancel each other out.
• This means a field characteristic in the transverse direction stronger field outside than inside.
• ⁇ FM rotation instead of oscillation due to asymmetrical profile.
• the web thickness of the lamella sheets can also be designed as a profile in such a way that the eddy currents braking locally in the web at the front edge of the web - due to a wedge profile - are relatively much smaller than the now more strongly accelerating eddy currents at the thicker wedge end of the web because the eddy currents can develop more strongly in voluminously more conductive material.
• the profile and thus the thickness function regulates the ratio of braking to acceleration force.
• - ⁇ FM rotation instead of oscillation, due to asymmetrical profile.
• the construction in relation to the eddy current ring corresponds to a rectangular gradient conductor loop in which the opposite sides (front - end) of this rectangular loop form a pair of current elements with opposite current directions - the eddy currents must be equal when compensating for equilibrium.
• the effect of the compensation construction is as if the conductor loop were moved in a homogeneous field (without a field gradient): the force effects of the eddy current branches are equally strong - despite the vector potential difference.
• the construction of the conductor loop with the above anti-eddy current principle can also be applied at an angle 9 to the z axis, for example also in the normal direction; a different vector potential function B r (&) with a different potential difference (voltage) for the front and end must be taken into account.
• Anti-Lenz principle normal force equilibrium In eddy conductor loops lying one behind the other, induced eddy current rings are created in the same direction of rotation, which can also be compensated. In the conductor loops (FM sheets) arranged one after the other in the normal direction, the direction of the induced eddy currents and their magnetic fields, which counteract the cause of induction, is the same, therefore the following variants according to the invention can be used to compensate them: 1. Oppositely directed currents with positive charge: a) Negative charge carriers in the outer or inner conductor loop and b) positive charge carrier type in the inner or outer conductor loop. The positive currents arise from positive charge or positive charge carriers. Variants with positive charge carriers ( ⁇ unipolar currents) 2.
• a magnetic shield dimagnetic can be used between the negative and positive conductor loops, so that only the compensation effect, relative to the inducing primary magnetic field, which determines the direction of the induced currents and Lenz forces generated, comes into effect.
• Direction-dependent shielding can also be used in the event that only the field direction PM ⁇ conductor loops, but not the reverse field direction conductor loops ⁇ PM, is desired for induction and current transport, because these generate the bilge forces.
• the parallel conductors can be designed as a conductor loop: a) current return branch outside the primary magnetic field, or b) shielding of the induced magnetic field of the current return branch inside the primary field region, for example with soft ferrites.
• Negative and positive conductor loops (L) Compensation of negative swirl field with positive swirl field in relation to the PM field.
• Magnetic direction-dependent shielding (A) / translucency between the conductor loops and the PM a) Magnetic field semiconductor diode layer between PM and negative (N e ) and / or positive (P ⁇ ) conductor loop. Flow quanta only from PM towards conductor loops ⁇ induced fields in L do not affect the PM. ( ⁇ Magnetronics and) b) Magnetic mirror with periodic magnetic refractive index modulation between PM and L. c) Magnetic resonator (magnetic interferometer) with magnetically coherent flow between PM and L (the magnetic mirror surfaces must match the curvature of the magnetic field, ie the curved wavefronts of the magnetic beam B r (.9) must be exactly matched).
• a ring voltage is induced with an eddy current ring in the loop due to the temporally changing and inhomogeneous B field, which again an instinctively inhomogeneous on the branches of the loop with different B-amount Magnetic field generated with a magnetic moment.
• the direction of B is the direction of the magnetic flux. If the magnetic field lines are inclined at an angle ⁇ to the surface normal, only the flux density perpendicular to the surface B cos ⁇ is decisive.
• the force F on a current-carrying conductor of length I in a magnetic field B acts perpendicular to the surface that is spanned by the vectors I and B.
• the Lorentz force is maximum when v and B are perpendicular to each other and zero when the charge carriers move in the direction of the magnetic field.
• ⁇ 0 °
• the field lines of the current-carrying conductor which run in the mathematically negative sense, overlap with the field lines of the magnet running from the north to the south pole.
• the resulting field has a field line ver // c /? Insert on the left and a field line / er ⁇ / n / wng / on the right.
• a force acts on the conductor in the direction of the dilution (to the right) (Lorentz force). With field lines circulating in a positive sense, the field thinning occurs on the left side; in this case the Lorentz force acts to the left.
• the conductor loop can preferably be composed of many parallel individual
• these aforementioned principles can be applied analogously to all fields that are inhomogeneous in the transverse and normal directions.
• a potential field as an X field
• a transverse profile is also available for a vortex field (e.g. radial speed or force change, see Lorentz force, Coriolis force, etc.)
• Consequence formation of vortices by electromagnetic friction on the atoms, ions, molecules, with the consequence of an X or Z profile.
• Vortex field (eddy current ring I) drives the PM-Feid flow / field flow ⁇ (the flux quanta ⁇ o) the circulation constantly.
• Z a potential field or potential flow there, i.e. in such a way.
• Z 2 ⁇ rv.
• the field strength (E, D, H, B) alternatively described as acceleration (such as the gravitational field strength g) and the
• Vortex field An inhomogeneous field (e.g. flow or magnetic field etc.) always contains vortices, because the rotation begins where the potential (e.g. velocity potential v or magnetic potential B r (3), etc.) is transverse to its own direction changes. So for: cross-force profile or cross-magnetic field profile or cross-speed profile, or generalized cross-X or
• a transverse profile is also available for a vortex field (e.g. radial speed or force change * see Lorentz force, Coriolis force, etc.)
• Vortex field (eddy current ring I) drives the PM field flow / field flow ⁇ (the flux quanta ⁇ o) the circulation constantly.
• the circulation is Z- ⁇ v ds ⁇ O.
• Z a potential field or potential flow there, i.e. in such a way.
• Z 2 ⁇ rrv.
• the field strength (E, D, H, B) alternatively described as acceleration (such as the gravitational field strength g) and the
• a laminar boundary layer first forms in the front part of the field streamlined body. In this area the flow quanta are accelerated. With further field flow along the FKM field body, the field Flow pressure, so that due to the now beginning deceleration of the flowing river quanta, a field vortex formation begins.
• a laminar boundary layer creates a turbulent field flow (laminar lower layer, turbulent upper layer).
• This force FA (direction of the convex side) is opposed to the Lorentz force F (direction of the concave side) if the direction of circulation of the field flow is oriented in the same sense as the direction of circulation of the magnetic field:
• F direction of the concave side
• On the concave side we get: -FA, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ V ⁇ p FA can be used to compensate for F L.
• the repelling Lenz force of the magnetic field induced in the conductor can also be exerted on the inducing one by a circulation of the field flow opposing the magnetic induction circulation Magnetic field of the PM can be compensated; in this case the convex side of the field body points towards the Lorentz force.
• the direction of "circulation" of the field flow is determined by the direction of the convex side to the magnetic field flux ⁇ .
• Electromagnetic wing The elongated teardrop shape of the field-body profile ("wing") greatly reduces the field inflow resistance ⁇ At the same time, however, the curvature of the field body with the sharp rear edge hinders the field vortex of the pair of field vortexes running "to the left” considerably more than the other and compels him to tear it down. The right field vortex gets stuck and overlaps the incoming potential flow. Exactly the same effect occurs in other inhomogeneous potential and vortex fields.
• Step 5 increase electrical resistance
• E-Influence is complemented by B-Influence; the electrons or the charges must be on the same side
• the B field neutralizes itself in the plane of symmetry; on the FM surfaces facing PM, the charge is reversely influenced (different in the direction of the B field).
• E-Influence is complemented by B-Influence; the electrons or the charges must be on the same side
• the magnetostatic field drives the charge with the force F q generated by the induction voltage Ejnd when the conductor moves to the right and to the center (see reverse flow direction of the B field of the respective magnetic poles) if it is not prevented by sheet metal insulation.
• the electrostatic field also drives the electrons to the center (see arrangement of the E-plus poles), so that they concentrate on the right at the E-minus pole (if they are not prevented by the longitudinal laminated sheet separation with an insulation layer), then the charge transfer in in the middle.
• Crossed electrical and magnetic influence (Fig. 41). 1.
• the electrostatic Fe ⁇ d drives the charge down before the conductor moves and outside the B field in the web; the webs are separated by slots (power interruption) - there is an influence and a neutral zone. 2.
• the B field can therefore - when the conductor moves - the e-charge with the force F q generated by the induction voltage E ir , d no longer towards the center (see reverse flow direction of the B field of the respective magnetic poles) and not after drive to the right if, apart from the neutral zone (generated by the E field), the charge carriers are prevented from doing so by a longitudinal separation of the lamella plates with an insulation layer (FIG. 42). The charge is then separated at the bottom of the E positive pole.
• Variant a Flow of the electrons to the right to the E-positive pole is not possible due to the isolating separating layers, i.e.
• Variant b If electrons are still present, they can only drift to the right with F q (induced influenza) if a through-connection in the sense of a conductor of length I has been made. These could then be removed in the middle of the FM by a charge transfer (FM is positively charged).
• FM opens or closes ⁇ movement of the FM with its conductors. Magnetic field constant over time (stationary), position of the FM unsteady.
• the influenced charge is understood as charge separation and transferred in a superimposed influential E field by means of a tip; the leader should be positively charged.
• the FM sheet creates the transverse conductive flow between the poles of the anti-parallel PMs.
• the transversal, thin (against eddy currents) FM sheets additionally (along with the thin sheet thickness and, if necessary, correction / crystal orientation, shape anisotropy) have a longitudinal anti-eddy current structure (gaps in the sheet metal lamellae).
• the sheet metal combs (with gaps), which are layered alternately in the transverse direction, are functionally relevant. Ie the metal combs covering one another and in the projection the anti-eddy current columns, which in turn are vertical to the sheet metal plane, that is to say have an anti-eddy current column structure in the longitudinal direction, to be determined constructively.
• the magnetically effective gap is smaller than the geometric one (flow not between the ground end faces of the central webs, but via a parallel path through the air)
• the shape of the sheet determines the magnetization characteristic, for alloys with a preferred magnetic direction special shapes or layers are required (U and ED sheets with a broadened base)
• the sheet metal orientations are exclusively parallel to the longitudinal direction, that is to say parallel to the flow to be bridged in the air gap and thus perpendicular to the eddy currents; the PS only cover the pole-to-pole connection between the different, anti-parallel, repulsive PM's.
• the crystal isotropy / grain orientation and the magnetic very shape anisotropy are functionally relevant.
• Transversal work compensation 7 isr.h ⁇ n negative work in the PM field plus positive work in the compensator field - ⁇ W f ⁇ O ⁇
• the case of FM "closing" in the PM near field at OT does not occur.
• the following compensation variants can be realized by coils with a reinforcing core.
• the negative work required to operate the coil for generating the excitation field H a is required. Due to the reinforcing effect of the ferro core with high permeability on
• K-transverse force-displacement characteristic can be set exactly like the PM-transverse force-displacement characteristic, as well as dynamically controlled in intensity and deactivated in the 3rd cycle.
• Longitudinal field coil compensator The compensation can be carried out by two coils in an anti-parallel longitudinal arrangement (because of the symmetrical transverse component F t (s)) like the working magnets (PM's), the coils being formed by ferro field amplifiers (core).
• the mass of the compensator is not accelerated / decelerated during the working magnet movement ⁇ lower magnet piston weight and less loss of kinetic energy.
• the PM compensator With a stationary longitudinally acting PM compensator, the PM compensator remains at OT in the FM plane.
• a longitudinal PM compensator With FM "Close" in UT, a longitudinal PM compensator generates a longitudinally repulsive force (NZ stands transversely to it) and transversely attractive force -F t (s) when the field is not deactivated.
• NZ stands transversely to it
• -F t transversely attractive force
• Non-stationary, transversely acting PM compensator In the case of non-stationary, transversely acting PM compensator, this is oscillated with the working PMs in the respective magnet position, so that in the 3rd cycle with FM "closing" hardly any transverse and longitudinal loss forces (-F t ( s) ⁇ -W t or -F ⁇ (s) ⁇ -W ⁇ ) can act:
• the compensator foot area on the FM is in the direction of the neutral zone NZ in the longitudinal direction of the PM movement. Therefore: compensator field with a short range and great force (NZ - neutral zone).
• Variant C Bistable magnets (switching cores) Activate / deactivate compensation field by current pulse on magnetic switching core a) semi-hard magnetic materials b) pulse magnetization c) amorphous alloys with a rectangular loop
• Transverse movement correspond to the PS (functionally adapted compensation field strength).
• S-Pole is used 1/2 offset to compensate for 1/2 N-Pole.
• Flux density amplitudes B are covariant and are not opposite or not identical ⁇ force-displacement characteristic oriented in the same direction, otherwise asymmetry in the momentary compensation during the FM movement.
• This magnetic form has the advantage over the round disc magnet that a preferred magnetic direction can be set in which the FM moves either parallel or perpendicular to the field / field lines.
• the FM / PS is thus switched in the potential field (parallel to the field lines in the x direction) or perpendicular to it on an equipotential surface (in the y direction) - the transverse forces are very different.
• the U-shaped magnet as opposed to the circular disk magnet in which the field lines are polar un 'is not oriented orthogonally.
• 1.2.1 FM has an optimized thickness that creates a balance between the repelling PMs, so that the path 2 UT ⁇ OT with closed FM without work W
• the force-displacement characteristic is - due to the longitudinal FM distance - strongly asymmetrical at the PM edge: the work Wtn is not in balance with W t - ⁇ 2 consequence: toggle switch effect; the steeper the force-displacement function at the PM edge, the better the non-linearity of the switching effect.
• This toggle switching effect is only available with a rectangular magnet, with a round magnet a sine function is part of the switching function, since the FM is opened / closed in a circular arc and in the direction of the field.
• Fig. 64 Conical form fit
• F ⁇ (h) surface curvature / shape a) analytically defined surface shape (45 °, V W-shape, ball, etc.) to increase the load-bearing component b) due to the magnetic refractive index, the field lines are placed in the normal direction with a suitable surface shape
• F 2 ( h) grain orientation with inhomogeneous field generated: focus, flux concentration outside the pole face
• the FM becomes thinner and shorter in length because an external stray field is only weakly present (is almost prevented by the flux plates (FP) as a conclusion).
• Consequence attraction of the PMs before the FM in the 4th bar.
• transverse force-displacement characteristic intersects the transverse axis at a large angle ⁇ no equilibrium when the FM moves transversely.
• 2nd solution Power amplifier 2nd as 1, but additionally with a very steep increase in power over a very short distance only at the edge of the PM when the FM is in the open-closed position ⁇ very fast, non-linear open-close oscillation of the FM is possible. Consequence: non-linear switching function despite equilibrium over a long distance along the transverse path when opening the FM.
• the PM edge as an anti-transverse force function determines the transverse force-displacement characteristic of the FM (compensation if necessary with integration of a non-linear switching function).
• F / (B 2 ) -A / 2 ⁇ o instead of area difference at the PM edge, B variation and / or r-strip in FPs 3.4 iniine compensator variants
• 1-dl ⁇ l ds differential current conductor (PM) piece generates field dH or ⁇ H, dB or ⁇ B through the substance. This field can be broken down into components parallel and perpendicular to the axis ⁇ Biot-Savart law.
• pole shoes have the task of bridging the air gap that results from pulling out the field modulator in order to significantly increase the magnetic force a) between 2 pole shoes, one coupled to the PM, or b) by means of 1 pole shoe, coupled to the FM , 1.
• Magnetic anisotropy can be used in different ways, here two cases:
• Crystal anisotropy (orientation dependence of the polarization with respect to the crystal axis)
• the ansisotropy field strength H A is the field strength to turn the magnetization from the easy preferred direction in the direction of the hardest magnetizability.
• the tangential flux density component depends on the field strength. From a certain field strength, the axial and radial components are the same size. In the cases mentioned, pole shoe disks occur in which the magnetic flux (MV) preferably runs in the axial direction of the PS disk and transversely thereto the PS disk is difficult to magnetize, with the result that the tangential leakage flux is also minimized.
• Anisotropic PS interface / air gap (Fig. 74) Combination of anisotropy with demagnetization factor
• the direction-dependent anisotropy conductivity and the demagnetization factor N can be used cumulatively in the design of the PS and FM as a field modulator switch
• the PS is not a one-piece plate, but must:
• Solution 1 Be composed of many "long” and thin square bars in a tight grid packing (like a checkerboard pattern); the length of the rod corresponds to the thickness of the pole piece, the cross-sectional dimension of the rod should be selected so that N ⁇ O goes in the longitudinal direction of the rod.
• Advantage Reduction of the eddy currents to rod eddy currents if these are insulated by a dielectric layer.
• Solution 2 Many parallel axial stripes (lines).
• Solution 3 Cut the disk from the tape core, tape made of thin film with an anisotropic material.
• Shape anisotropy cases (as a replacement model for crystal, magnetic field induced and
• the pole pieces can be constructed as in the principle of a multi-channel plate.
• the PS plates can be designed as "single", "chevron” or as a Z-stack. Effectiveness of the PS and FB / S
• M-field modulator design Stationary FM
• the M-FET can only be switched on and off by means of a transverse field, without kinematic shifting of the FM r " 15. 2.
• Kinematic FM With kinematic FM it makes sense to have a low conductivity in the direction of movement (due to attraction by the PM's) and perpendicular to it 20 (with an anisotropic field) the high conductivity and constant flux density (apart from the compensation function), so that here the function of the FM in all areas lies at the working point A 3 / point B2.
• Field modulator as M-transistor switch 25 M-transistors as switches have two switching states: They work in the magn.
• the controlling auxiliary field H a2 acts maximally and with the least energy expenditure, so that the FM can become even thinner than that passive FM variant (without active auxiliary field).
• the force must be different ( ⁇ comparison of magnet systems Fig. 83).
• the component decomposition of the field line / field strength / flux density / force of the vector potential is carried out in B r B $ with a polar angle (FIG. 84).
• the component is defined in the orthogonal coordinate system along the y axis.
• the compensation field is also effective in the longitudinal stroke direction, note neutral zone NZ.
• Amplifier cascade (Fig. 89, 90, 91) Item Designation / function
• PM Permanent magnet
• PE permanent electret
• SM super conductor magnet
• Demagnetization factor N 1 (thin plate) with coercive field of equal strength due to anti-parallel PM
• Demagnetization factor N 1 (thin plate) with coercive field of equal strength due to an parallel parallel PM 1.3 Rectangular disc magnet (AP) (Fig. 94)
• Demagnetization factor N 1 (thin plate) with equally strong coercive field due to antiparatielen PM
• R m mean radius R a outer radius
• Diagonal system (Fig. 107) a) Orthogonal field flow b) Diagonal field flow ⁇ larger pole spacing ⁇ large stroke
• Variant A pole shoes not split in the middle (Fig. 113)
• Variant B split PS (dimensions a, b see magnetic shape anisotropy with N (Flg. 11) 2.
• Magnetization factor / demagnetization factor N Because of N, the magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials are shape-dependent: an FM long (rod) is easier to magnetize in the longitudinal direction than transverse to it, an FM short (thin plate) is tangential than perpendicular to the plane of the plate.
• Coil arrangement core K at current I. FM states: 1. Neutral "off '0-N OPEN
• Coil "on” NN pole reversed ON coil ⁇ gain a) Disadvantage: coil takes up space for multilayer PM ⁇ ⁇ F, large coil radius (-t formula), -. b) Advantage: space for many small coils, small I, smaller r ( ⁇ formula) ⁇ high effect at - ⁇ l. Switch point A 3 (Fig. 122)
• Type 4b Induction field strength FM ⁇ Z b ⁇ small switching energy
• the field force generator FKG can also be used as a "solid-state" machine, i.e. without moving parts, for the inductive generation of primary current: a) from a rapidly changing magnetic field (magnetostatic field in front of the FM - modulated by a stationary-active field modulator.
• the basis of the unsteady magnetic field is the magnetostatic DC field modulated by the FM from the stationary potential field of a permanent magnet, or b) from a rapidly changing electret field (electrostatic field in front of the FM - modulated by a stationary active field modulator.
• the basis of the unsteady electric field is the electrostatic constant field modulated by the FM from the stationary potential field of a person anent electrets, or c) as a) from a stationary Gieich field of a superconducting magnet, which is modulated by the stationary FM ⁇ unsteady magnetic field,
• Fixed PMs can also be realized as solid-state FKG, stationary PM with a tightening PM piston, or repulsive PM piston.
• Solid-state FKG variants Fixed PM's or PE's (Fig. 126)
• Ratio of longitudinal to transverse force-displacement characteristic is still V> -1, despite the asymmetrical FM position
• PM .. _ permanent magnet (SM, PE) Fe ferro- / ferrimagnetic G interface / transition Note: Adaptation to B 2 , H a2 for optimal switching / amplifier effect
• PS pole shoe conduct FM-PS conductivity modulation / switching
• the FM can be used as: 1. Kinematic FM a) passive (conductivity modulation) b) active (conductivity modulation and / or channel cross-section modulation) 2. stationary FM a) conductivity modulation analogue, eg M-BT b) channel cross-section modulation analogue M- FET are trained.
• Kinematic FM a) passive (conductivity modulation) b) active (conductivity modulation and / or channel cross-section modulation) 2.
• stationary FM a) conductivity modulation analogue, eg M-BT b) channel cross-section modulation analogue M- FET are trained.
• shock waves are self-reflecting because of a) the coupled spin moments with spontaneously magnetized domains or b) the coupled magnetic PM moments; generated from the surface ring currents (longitudinal waves, possibly coupled with transverse waves with shear, bending and torsion).
• kinematic FM In the case of kinematic FM, the thin FM layer is replaced by air, gas / vacuum when switching to "OPEN"; the interaction does not take place through the FM substance (kinematic FM).
• a field force generator has various advantages.
• the FM is opened, an imbalance arises from the rejection without FM attraction and it it creates positive work and entropy.
• TDC top dead center
• UT bottom dead center
• the FM is closed so that the PM piston can move back from UT to OT without repulsion on a path W a 2 as part of a cycle.
• the work W a is generated in a dissipative system, ie positive work with route W from ⁇ (OT ⁇ UT), no work with route W ab2 (UT ⁇ OT), ie
• the work W 2u ⁇ " Open in OT and W ZU2 -" Closed "in UT is very small.
• the kinematic FM can preferably be on a magnetic equipotential surface (perpendicular to the field) instead of parallel in the
• the energy balance is thus garW from ⁇ - ⁇ W 2u ⁇ , where ⁇ W 2U ⁇ - because of the movement on an equipotential surface and because of the compensation of the work, very small.
• the field force generator uses the conversion of permanent magnetic field energy between the magnets by switching the field effect - so the potential energy of the permanent magnets is converted into kinetic energy.
• 2nd cycle work cycle with magnetic repulsive force F,)
• PMi and PM 2 move from OT (90 ° KW) m towards UT (180 ° KW) and deliver work W 2 to the crankshaft.
• WiFM A uf JF (s t ) ⁇ s
• WIP S Z U JF (st) ⁇ s
• work can also be compensated for
• the position of the two magnets PMi and PM 2 must be fixed at the moment ( ⁇ connecting rod length variator) while the field modulator is in position
• V ratio Note: FM or PS compensation in the cycle.
• the 4 bars of the working game are:
• the work space is largest when the PM is in UT and smallest when it is in OT.
• Total field displacement V H It results from the sum of the displacements of the individual magnetic cylinders of an FK generator / motor.
• the pressure curve of a force field is determined by the force-displacement characteristic of the magnets (Fig. 134):
• the pressure curve during combustion has its maximum pressure at the highest temperature between 6 ° and 12 ° crankshaft after TDC (Fig. 135):
• the area in the diagram (Fig. 136) with the corners 1-2-3-4 represents the work gained during a work cycle.
• the increased time can be increased by increasing the compression ratio.
• the work gained could be greater if the FM did not close in point 4, but only after the field had reached
• Output pressure in point 5 has relaxed (magnets should have a stroke h ⁇ ⁇ ). In practice, however, this is not possible because the extension of the field expansion is connected with the increase in the stroke (long stroke motor). The area 1-4-5 thus results in the lost work.
• Compression space FM air gap d or interface G between the pole pieces PS
• Working cycle can be done with a piezo-electric indicator on the
• the FK generators are equipped with adjustable opening / closing cams.
• the opening and closing angles of the FM can be changed by a certain adjustment angle (variable timing: if necessary, open the FM later or close it earlier).
• the control angles of the individual FK generators differ from each other, so that there is a separate control diagram for each FK generator. As a rule, the higher the angle from the opening to the closing of the FM, the larger the angle
• Magnetic cylinder numbering FM opening sequences
• Magnetic cylinder numbering The designation of the individual magnetic cylinders of a (combustion)
• Magnet cylinders of an FK generator follow one another.
• FM open
• FM opening distance 360 ° KW / number of cylinders
• field semiconductor modulators belong to the field of
• Magnetronics complements the field force generator ("generation of energy") because the technology of the magnetronics components reduces energy consumption.
• a field force generator, field force motor and connecting rod length variator can be integrated on a chip.
• Magnetronics is a completely new technology and discipline in electromagnetic R&D, production, marketing and application. Since fields cause forces and the field flows are directed, separated, regulated, amplified or switched etc., all field semiconductor components belong to "field force machines" according to the invention, even if the field forces / flows of the field sources are primarily not for generating work, but only for modulation,
• the M-conductors, M-semiconductors and M-insulators are divided into magnetics and dimagnetics, whereby all crystalline and amorphous substances belong to the Ferro group (including Ferri): Fe, Co, Ni and the lathanoids Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, he.
• the decisive factor for ferromagnetism is the relative atomic distance - regardless of whether it is crystalline or amorphous substances.
• Ferromagnetism therefore also shows substances such as MnCu 2 AI, Cu 2 MnSn, MnBi.
• Magnetons and quanta magnetrons
• a) Magnetic flux quanta ⁇ o as energy field quanta of magn. Field ( quantum, are also called photons).
• Magnetic semiconductors are e.g. Cobalt and or dysprosium, which are linked to foreign atoms, e.g. Co + Ni or Co + Fe, are doped.
• the co-semiconductor crystal behaves analogously to the electrical case, e.g. Silicon: The bonds between the valence electrons (3d) are undisturbed, only the foreign atoms and an external magnetic field as well as heat bring the decisive behavior.
• M-components such as M-diodes, M-transistors and M-thyristors etc. for the Lefstungsmagn ⁇ etronik (e.g.
• Magnetronics / magnetic field semiconductor devices & M / E semiconductor field modulators open up new areas of application:
• Conduction band now magnetic flux quanta in magn. Conduction band used.
• magnetrons coupled to the electrons and electron holes.
• a base crystal e.g. Cobalt or dysprosium can be used.
• the highly pure co-crystal can be doped with nickel, for example.
• a Dy crystal can also be doped, for example, with holmium or with erebium.
• Consequence Magnetically negative semiconductor N m .
• co-crystal is doped with Fe.
• Dy crystal doped with terbium or gadolinium.
• magnetically positive semiconductor P m The doping of, for example, cobalt or dimagnetic eg Fe0 2 or CoO 4 with lathanoids is possible.
• Magnetons ( ⁇ " ) or with magnetron holes based on magneton holes (UB + ), analogous to the electronic principle with N e and P e , are created in the magnetic system N m or P semiconductors.
• Magnetic semiconductor components or electrical field semiconductor devices
• Magnetic components are e.g. M diodes, M bipolar transistors
• M-BT M-field effect transistors
• M-thyristors M-thyristors
• Circuits are converted analogously into magnetic circuits (magn. Voltage, magn. Flux).
• Magnetic bipolar transistors are switched at the operating point.
• M-BT and M-FET can also be designed as magnetic amplifiers.
• magn Field across the channel
• the flow control (conductivity or cross-sectional modulation) takes place in a magnetically conductive material.
• Magnetronics replaces the magnetically conductive material with magnetically semiconducting material.
• Magnetic semi-conductor field modulators can be used in the field force generator.
• the magnetic circle is the space in which the magnetic field as a whole spreads.
• the quantities of magnetic flux ⁇ and flooding ⁇ which are characteristic of the magnetic circuit are closely related and correspond to the conditions in the electrical circuit.
• the magnetons (M ⁇ ) and magneton holes (M + ) in the M semiconductor do not migrate (they are stationary in the atomic lattice on the inner unfilled ones
• E-insulators E-insulators M-insulators - M-insulators in a magnetic field in an electric field
• Field conductivity Field conductivity.
• Non-conductor ⁇ r always ⁇ 1, Xe 0 ⁇ r always ⁇ 1, ⁇ m 0 ( ⁇ 4-302, 12-70) - diaelectric substances (repulsion) - diamagnetic substances (repulsion) ⁇ r ⁇ 1, Xm ⁇ 0
• Electron missing in the atom hole from outer shells ( ⁇ valence / conduction electron hole) (acts like positive charge e + )
• M particles - Bohr's magneton ⁇ e ⁇ (for e-) and ⁇ s + (for e + ) Magneton number unit of measurement for the sum of the local elementary magnets (the electron spin moments) ⁇ number of magnetically active electrons of the magnetically uncompensated inner electron shell per atom. These are only a necessary but not a sufficient prerequisite for ferromagnetism (saturation polarization).
• Magnetic semiconductor components eg M diode, M -Transistor, M-Thyristor, and M-semiconductor field modulator

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