EP1669177B1 - Installation améliorée pour la fabrication de carreaux ou de dalles en céramique - Google Patents

Installation améliorée pour la fabrication de carreaux ou de dalles en céramique Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP1669177B1
EP1669177B1 EP05077747.3A EP05077747A EP1669177B1 EP 1669177 B1 EP1669177 B1 EP 1669177B1 EP 05077747 A EP05077747 A EP 05077747A EP 1669177 B1 EP1669177 B1 EP 1669177B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
belt
pressing
plant according
strip
containment walls
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP05077747.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1669177A3 (fr
EP1669177A2 (fr
Inventor
Alessandro Cocquio
Silvano Valli
Alan Babini
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sacmi Imola SC
Original Assignee
Sacmi Imola SC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sacmi Imola SC filed Critical Sacmi Imola SC
Priority to PL05077747T priority Critical patent/PL1669177T3/pl
Publication of EP1669177A2 publication Critical patent/EP1669177A2/fr
Publication of EP1669177A3 publication Critical patent/EP1669177A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1669177B1 publication Critical patent/EP1669177B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B28B3/12—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein one or more rollers exert pressure on the material
    • B28B3/123—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein one or more rollers exert pressure on the material on material in moulds or on moulding surfaces moving continuously underneath or between the rollers, e.g. on an endless belt
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B5/00—Presses characterised by the use of pressing means other than those mentioned in the preceding groups
    • B30B5/04—Presses characterised by the use of pressing means other than those mentioned in the preceding groups wherein the pressing means is in the form of an endless band
    • B30B5/06—Presses characterised by the use of pressing means other than those mentioned in the preceding groups wherein the pressing means is in the form of an endless band co-operating with another endless band

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns, in general, a plant for manufacturing ceramic tiles or slabs, and in particular a plant for forming the aforementioned slabs.
  • Plants for forming ceramic slabs comprise a conveyor belt suitable for making a continuous strip of powdered ceramic material advance through a pressing station, which is equipped with two motorised compacting devices one on top of the other that allow the powders to be continuously pressed on the belt that advances in the station, to obtain an article of coherent material.
  • said article is trimmed at the edges and possibly divided into tesserae that, according to the degree of pressing to which the powders on the belt are subjected, can make the end tiles, or else a group of precompacted slabs that will have to be subjected to a second pressing.
  • WO 98/23424 discloses a plant for forming ceramic products such as tiles having a conveyor belt on which a continuous strip of powdered ceramic material is created by suitable compacting devices that allow said strip of powders on the belt to be subjected to continuous pressing to obtain a coherent article of compacted powders.
  • the plant comprises means that allow the lateral containment of the material on the belt, whereby said means comprise one pair of parallel elastomeric containment walls, mobile with the belt, between which the powdered material is contained.
  • Said containment walls are substantially vertical due to the action of lateral control means that avoid them to deform outwardly during pressing. Therefore, during pressing, the walls are substantially vertical and when not subject to the lateral control means have wide apart shape towards the outside of the belt conveyor means in such a way to help delivery of the ceramic layer.
  • the pressing stations of known plants also comprise means suitable for controlling the spontaneous expansion of the strip of compacted powders, downstream of the compacting devices, to avoid the occurrence of cracks and/or splits, and means suitable for laterally containing the powdered material on the conveyor belt.
  • said lateral containment means substantially consist of two longitudinal walls that, parallel to each other and arranged above the conveyor belt along the advancing direction, accompany the powders from their deposition on the belt, during the pressing step, in which they are also squashed by said compacting devices, until the end of the expansion step.
  • Said containment walls have the sides facing each other substantially flat and perpendicular to the advancing plane defined by the conveyor belt, are mobile at the same speed as it, and are elastically deformable so as not to significantly oppose the action of the compacting devices, ensuring that the pressure exerted by them at the edges of the strip of powdered ceramic material is the same as that exerted at its centre.
  • the interfacing sides of the containment walls are also subjected to lateral thrusts caused by the ceramic material being compacted, which make said walls assume a substantially curved transversal profile with concavity facing towards the material itself.
  • the longitudinal edges of the compacted article interfere with the containment walls that tend to reposition themselves in the non-deformed configuration, which consequently subject the article itself to compression stresses that generate cracks or splits in it.
  • the purpose of the present invention is that of preventing the occurrence of the aforementioned cracks and/or splits, so that the useful portion of compacted material is as big as possible, and so that the waste is kept to the minimum.
  • Such a purpose is accomplished through a plant for forming ceramic tiles or slabs according to claim 1.
  • each of said sides of the containment walls are inclined with respect to the plane of the conveyor belt, so that the tangent to its profile, at any point of its profile, forms an acute angle with the plane of the conveyor belt facing towards the strip of powdered material.
  • the plant 1 which comprises a motorised conveyor belt 2 on which, through normal devices, not illustrated since they are per se known, a continuous strip 100 of powders is deposited.
  • the belt 2 crosses a pressing station 3 that has the function of pressing the powders of the strip 100 to obtain an article, substantially parallelepiped in shape, of coherent material.
  • Such an article can possibly then be decorated and then divided into tesserae of suitable size according to the size of end product that one wishes to obtain, which can be subjected to a second pressing step.
  • the pressing station 3 comprises two compacting devices 4 and 5, motorised and one on top of the other, the first of which is arranged below the belt 2, and the second above it at a height from the belt 2 that can be adjusted according to the thickness of the strip 100 of powders to be compacted, as well as the pressure value at which one wishes to carry out the pressing.
  • Each of the compactors 4 and 5 is provided with a motorised roller and an idle roller, respectively indicated with reference numerals 40, 41 and 50, 51, on which a respective belt 42, 52 is wound.
  • a roller conveyor 43 and 53 is arranged, consisting of a plurality of idle rollers that have the function of keeping the belts 42 and 52 pressed to press the strip 100 of powdered material.
  • the roller conveyor 53 is inclined in the direction in which the belt 2 advances so as to make the compacting of the powders of the strip 100 gradual.
  • rollers 6 and 7 Downstream of the roller conveyors 43 and 53 there are two opposite rollers 6 and 7, of which the roller 6 is arranged below the belt 42, whereas the roller 7 is arranged above the belt 52, and presses the latter against the strip 100 of powders that advance on the belt 2.
  • the rollers 6 and 7 define the pressing area of the strip 100 of powders, downstream of which there is a decompression area in which the strip of powders expands, thanks to suitable means, in a controlled manner to avoid the occurrence of cracks or splits in the compacted article.
  • said decompression area comprises two overlapping plates 16 and 17, the bottom one of which 17 is arranged below the belt 2 and the top one of which 16 is arranged above the belt 2, and in greater detail in contact with the belt 52.
  • the pressing station 3 also comprises lateral containment means of the strip 100 of powders, which, in the illustrated embodiment, are made through two belts 8 and 9 associated with the compacting device 5 (see also fig. 2 ).
  • Each of the two belts is indeed partially wound on the compacting devices 5 and on idler wheels 101, 102 and 103 (see fig. 1 ). It should be specified that said idler wheels are with adjustable gage, so as to be able to vary the size of the strip of compacted powders in the direction perpendicular to that in which the belt 2 advances according to the format that one wishes to obtain.
  • said belts 8 and 9 in the portion in which they are in contact with the belt 2, make a pair of parallel containment walls that, arranged along the direction in which the belt 2 itself advances, are suitable for laterally containing the powders of the strip 100.
  • the belts 8 and 9 are able to slide at the same speed as the conveyor belt 2 and, as can be seen in figure 1 , follow the powders before, during and after the pressing step, until the end of the subsequent expansion step.
  • the pressing step they are subjected, together with the strip 100 of powdered material, to the action of the roller conveyors 43 and 53, and of the rollers 6 and 7 (see also fig. 2 ).
  • the belts 8 and 9 define a sufficiently strong lateral support to ensure a good compacting of the strip 100 of powders also at the longitudinal edges and, at the same time, elastically deform in the vertical direction without offering excessive resistance to the action of the compactors 4 and 5, ensuring the substantial uniformity of the pressure exerted by them on the entire mass of powders of the strip 100.
  • the two belts 8 and 9 are made from a material capable of squashing in the pressing area between the compactors 4 and 5, of expanding in the decompression area, and of going back into the non-deformed position in the other portions.
  • the cross section of the belts 8 and 9 is configured so that, after pressing, during the expansion step, the belts cannot interfere with the longitudinal edges of the compacted article and, instead help their linear expansion in width and height, i.e. in the two directions perpendicular to the direction in which the conveyor belt 2 advances.
  • said article is prevented from being subjected to compression stresses that would generate cracks and/or splits and, therefore, the wastage of material is minimal.
  • the interfacing sides 80 and 90, respectively of the belt 8 and 9 are inclined with respect to the plane of the conveyor belt 2. More specifically, said sides 80 and 90 are inclined so that the tangent to their transversal profile, at any point thereof, forms an acute angle ⁇ with the plane of the conveyor belt facing towards the strip 100 of powders. In this way, in particular, said sides converge upwards, i.e. in the direction in which the vertical expansion of the strip takes place, in a preferential way, after pressing.
  • each of said interfacing sides 80 and 90 assumes a concave profile that gives the edge of the compacted strip a corresponding curved profile, which, as can be seen in figure 3c , does not interfere in any way with the belt when, during the expansion step, it goes back into the non-deformed position.
  • the profile of the side 80 of the belt 8 facing the belt 9 is a rectilinear segment inclined with respect to the plane of the conveyor belt 2 to form an acute angle facing towards the strip 100 of powders; however it should be specified that said profile can, in general, consist of rectilinear portions, curvilinear portion, or combinations thereof.
  • profiles are shown that can be given to the interfacing sides of the belts 8 and 9 without departing from the scope of the finding.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
  • Producing Shaped Articles From Materials (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Installation pour la fabrication de carreaux ou dalles en céramique comprenant un convoyeur à courroie (2) sur lequel une bande continue (100) de matériau céramique en poudre est créée, des dispositifs de compactage (4, 5) qui permettent de soumettre ladite bande (100) de poudres sur la courroie (2) à un pressage continu pour obtenir un article cohérent de poudres compactées, et des moyens pour permettre le confinement latéral du matériau sur la courroie, lesdits moyens comprenant au moins une paire de parois de confinement parallèles déformables élastiquement (8, 9), mobiles avec la courroie, entre lesquelles le matériau en poudre est contenu avant, durant et après le pressage,
    dans laquelle lesdites parois de confinement (8, 9) ont les côtés d'interfaçage (80, 90) inclinés par rapport au plan du convoyeur à courroie, dans une première position de fonctionnement avant le pressage, caractérisée en ce que lesdits côtés d'interfaçage (80, 90) assument un profil concave dans une deuxième position de fonctionnement sous le pressage vertical des dispositifs de compactage (4, 5) de manière qu'ils n'interfèrent pas, après le pressage, avec l'article de poudres compactées, de manière à ne pas engendrer dans celui-ci des contraintes qui pourraient entraîner sa détérioration.
  2. Installation selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que chacun desdits côtés (80, 90) des parois de confinement est incliné de manière que la tangente à son profil transversal, en un point quelconque de celui-ci, forme un angle aigu (α) avec le plan du convoyeur à courroie orienté vers la bande de matériau en poudre.
  3. Installation selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que ledit angle α est toujours entre 40° et 89°.
  4. Installation selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que le profil transversal des côtés d'interfaçage (80, 90) des parois de confinement comprend au moins une portion rectiligne.
  5. Installation selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que le profil transversal des côtés d'interfaçage (80, 90) des parois de confinement est curviligne.
  6. Installation selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que le profil transversal des côtés d'interfaçage (80, 90) des parois de confinement est mixtiligne, comprenant une combinaison de portions rectilignes et curvilignes.
  7. Installation selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que lesdites parois de confinement sont réalisées par le biais de courroies coulissantes parallèles (8, 9).
  8. Installation selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que chaque dispositif de compactage (4, 5) comprend au moins un rouleau motorisé (40 et 50), et les courroies (8, 9) sont partiellement enroulées sur au moins un desdits dispositifs de compactage (4, 5), se déplaçant à la même vitesse que le convoyeur à courroie (2).
  9. Installation (1) selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que lesdites courroies (8, 9) sont réalisées à partir d'un matériau déformable élastiquement.
EP05077747.3A 2004-12-10 2005-12-01 Installation améliorée pour la fabrication de carreaux ou de dalles en céramique Active EP1669177B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL05077747T PL1669177T3 (pl) 2004-12-10 2005-12-01 Udoskonalona instalacja do formowania ceramicznych płytek lub płyt

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT000150A ITRE20040150A1 (it) 2004-12-10 2004-12-10 Impianto perfezionato per la formatura di lastre o piastrelle ceramiche

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1669177A2 EP1669177A2 (fr) 2006-06-14
EP1669177A3 EP1669177A3 (fr) 2006-11-08
EP1669177B1 true EP1669177B1 (fr) 2014-08-27

Family

ID=36050498

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05077747.3A Active EP1669177B1 (fr) 2004-12-10 2005-12-01 Installation améliorée pour la fabrication de carreaux ou de dalles en céramique

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1669177B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1785632B (fr)
ES (1) ES2523165T3 (fr)
IT (1) ITRE20040150A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL1669177T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT1669177E (fr)
RU (1) RU2385802C2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITRE20110081A1 (it) * 2011-10-07 2013-04-08 Sacmi Dispositivo e metodo per il trattamento di uno strato di materiale in polvere
ITUA20162412A1 (it) * 2016-04-08 2017-10-08 System Spa Elemento di formatura per manufatti ceramici
ITUB20155626A1 (it) * 2015-11-16 2017-05-16 System Spa Elemento di formatura per manufatti ceramici
EP4163070A1 (fr) 2015-11-16 2023-04-12 System Ceramics S.p.A. Élément de formage pour articles en céramique.
ITUB20160504A1 (it) * 2016-01-15 2017-07-15 System Spa Compensatore di formato per un dispositivo di pressatura
ITUA20161363A1 (it) * 2016-03-04 2017-09-04 System Spa Dispositivo di pressatura
ITUA20164452A1 (it) * 2016-06-16 2017-12-16 System Spa Dispositivo compattatore per la pressatura di manufatti ceramici
CN106079037A (zh) * 2016-07-29 2016-11-09 徐春雷 一种压实固体疏松物料以成型板坯的装置及方法
IT201600093579A1 (it) * 2016-09-16 2018-03-16 Sacmi Metodo e apparato per la formatura di manufatti di polveri compattate
IT201600105117A1 (it) * 2016-10-19 2018-04-19 Sacmi Macchina per la compattazione di materiale in polvere
IT201800007737A1 (it) * 2018-08-01 2020-02-01 Sacmi Cooperativa Mecc Imola Societa' Cooperativa Metodo per la compattazione di materiale in polvere
CN113634312A (zh) * 2021-08-18 2021-11-12 科达制造股份有限公司 一种陶瓷辊压设备
CN113634311A (zh) * 2021-08-18 2021-11-12 科达制造股份有限公司 一种陶瓷辊压设备
CN113634313A (zh) * 2021-08-18 2021-11-12 科达制造股份有限公司 一种陶瓷辊压设备

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1198393A (en) * 1967-05-26 1970-07-15 Hennecke G M B H Formerly Know Apparatus for the continuous production of rigid plastics foam panels, in particular based on polyurethane, laminated with rigid convering layers
CH518727A (de) * 1968-07-02 1972-02-15 Gujer Hans Vorrichtung zum Abdichten des Filterraumes zwischen zwei Filterflächen, insbesondere zwei umlaufenden Filterbändern
SE408537B (sv) * 1974-05-24 1979-06-18 Kuesters Eduard Sidoavtetning for pressomradet vid en press for ytpressning
GB2277707B (en) * 1993-04-29 1996-07-03 Redland Technology Ltd Improvements in a roof tile making machine
IT1287505B1 (it) 1996-11-22 1998-08-06 Algeri Maris Metodo e mezzi per la pressatura di piastrelle ceramiche.
ITMI20010153A1 (it) * 2001-01-29 2002-07-29 Mauro Comastri S R L Macchina per compattare polveri a pressatura lineare
ITRE20020035A1 (it) * 2002-04-24 2003-10-24 Sacmi Metodo ed impianto per la formatura di lastre o piastrelle ceramiche

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PT1669177E (pt) 2014-11-14
CN1785632B (zh) 2010-09-15
EP1669177A3 (fr) 2006-11-08
RU2385802C2 (ru) 2010-04-10
ITRE20040150A1 (it) 2005-03-10
CN1785632A (zh) 2006-06-14
PL1669177T3 (pl) 2015-03-31
ES2523165T3 (es) 2014-11-21
RU2005137234A (ru) 2007-06-10
EP1669177A2 (fr) 2006-06-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP1669177B1 (fr) Installation améliorée pour la fabrication de carreaux ou de dalles en céramique
EP1356909A2 (fr) Procédé et installation pour la fabrication de carreaux ou dalles en céramique
EP1674228B1 (fr) Système de compactage de matières céramiques pulvérulentes pour former des dalles avec une bande
EP1669178B1 (fr) Installation améliorée pour la fabrication de carreaux ou de dalles en céramique
US20210347088A1 (en) Machine and method for compacting powder material
EP1585620B1 (fr) Procede et installation de formage de dalles et de tuiles en ceramique
EP1674227B1 (fr) Dispositif de production de feuilles céramiques
EP1669176A2 (fr) Installation améliorée pour la fabrication de carreaux ou de dalles en céramique
US11020875B2 (en) Forming element for ceramic articles
EP1500480B1 (fr) Dispositif pour la fabrication d'articles en céramique comme par exemple des dalles, des carreaux et des articles similaires par pressage de poudre
EP1136211B1 (fr) Dispositif pour la fabrication d'articles en céramique comme par exemple des dalles, des carreaux et des articles similaires par pressage de poudre
EP1226927A2 (fr) Presse linéaire pour le compactage de poudres
CA2460054C (fr) Ligne de production d'ebauches de pains
CN215511545U (zh) 一种优化瓷砖边沿的陶瓷压机
CN211071276U (zh) 一种改进型楔横轧模具用刀槽
CN2857487Y (zh) 仿手工饺子皮成型装置
JP4171138B2 (ja) 米飯成形装置における押し型
NL2012952B1 (nl) Werkwijze voor het produceren van een steenstrip en inrichting voor het produceren van steenstrips.
JPH08108425A (ja) 水硬性無機質材料の押出成形方法
IT1292653B1 (it) Apparato e metodo per distribuire polveri ceramiche in piu' strati a rispettivi mezzi pressatori.
IT1292654B1 (it) Sistema per la formatura di piastrelle ceramiche.
WO2012129313A2 (fr) Appareil et procédé pour produire une tuile en béton

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA HR MK YU

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA HR MK YU

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20070427

AKX Designation fees paid

Designated state(s): ES IT PL PT TR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8566

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20091216

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

INTG Intention to grant announced

Effective date: 20140428

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): ES IT PL PT TR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: PT

Ref legal event code: SC4A

Free format text: AVAILABILITY OF NATIONAL TRANSLATION

Effective date: 20141029

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2523165

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

Effective date: 20141121

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: PL

Ref legal event code: T3

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20150528

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: PT

Payment date: 20221123

Year of fee payment: 18

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20221122

Year of fee payment: 18

P01 Opt-out of the competence of the unified patent court (upc) registered

Effective date: 20230427

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: TR

Payment date: 20231123

Year of fee payment: 19

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: PL

Payment date: 20231127

Year of fee payment: 19

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20240102

Year of fee payment: 19

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: PT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20240603

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: PT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20240603