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  • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
  • C08G77/22—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • C08G77/26—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen nitrogen-containing groups
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
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  • H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
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  • C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
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  • C09K2211/1441—Heterocyclic
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
  • H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
  • H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
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  • H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
  • H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane and more particularly to a curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane containing N-carbazolylalkyl groups and hydrolysable groups.
• the present invention also relates to a silicone composition containing the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane, a cured carbazolyl-.functional polysiloxane prepared by curing the silicone composition, and an organic light-emitting diode
• Carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxanes containing carbazolylalkyl groups are known in the art. For example, Hohle and Strohriegl describe the preparation and characterization of photorefractive cyclosiloxanes (Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. for Opt. Eng., 1999, 3796, 353-359).
• the present invention is directed to a curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane having the formula:
• R is CJ to CJO hydrocarbyl free of aliphatic unsaturation;
• R ⁇ is -CH2-CH .3- or -
• Y is a divalent organic group and R ⁇ is R or -H; Z is a hydrolysable group; m is an integer from 2 to 10; n is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and p is 0 or 1.
• the present invention is also directed to a silicone composition
• a silicone composition comprising the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane, a condensation catalyst, and an organic solvent.
• the present invention is further directed to a cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane prepared by curing the silicone composition.
• an organic light-emitting diode comprising: a substrate having a first opposing surface and a second opposing surface; a first electrode layer overlying the first opposing surface; a light-emitting element overlying the first electrode layer, the light emitting element comprising a hole-transport layer and an electron-transport layer, wherein the hole-transport layer and the electron-transport layer lie directly on one another, and one of the hole-transport layer and the electron- transport layer comprises a carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane selected from a cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane prepared by curing a silicone composition comprising (A) at least one curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane having the formula:
• R is C ⁇ to Cjo hydrocarbyl free of aliphatic unsaturation
• R ⁇ is -CH2- CHR3- or -CH2-CHR3-Y-
• Y is a divalent organic group and R ⁇ is R or -H
• Z is a hydrolysable group
• m is an integer from 2 to 10
• n is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and p is 0 or 1
• B a condensation catalyst
• C an organic solvent, and at least one carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane having the formula:
• the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane of the present invention exhibits electroluminescence, emitting light when subjected to an applied voltage.
• the cyclosiloxane contains hydrolysable groups and can be cured to produce a durable cross- linked polysiloxane.
• the cyclosiloxane can be doped with small amounts of fluorescent dyes to enhance the electroluminescent efficiency and control the color output of the cured polysiloxane.
• the silicone composition of the present invention can be conveniently formulated as a one-part composition. Moreover, the silicone composition has good shelf-stability in the absence of moisture. Importantly, the composition can be applied to a substrate by conventional high-speed methods such as spin coating, printing, and spraying. Also, the silicone composition can be readily cured by exposure to moisture at mild to moderate temperatures.
• the cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane prepared by curing the silicone composition of the present invention exhibits electroluminescence. Moreover, the cured polysiloxane has good primerless adhesion to a variety of substrates. The cured polysiloxane also exhibits excellent durability, chemical resistance, and flexibility at low temperatures. Additionally, the cured polysiloxane exhibits high transparency, typically at least 95% transmittance at a thickness of 100 nm, in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Importantly, the polysiloxane is substantially free of acidic or basic components, which are detrimental to the electrode and light-emitting layers in OLED devices. [0012] The OLED of the present invention exhibits good resistance to abrasion, organic solvents, moisture, and oxygen. Moreover, the OLED exhibits high quantum efficiency and photostability.
• the OLED is useful as a discrete light-emitting device or as the active element of light-emitting arrays or displays, such as flat panel displays.
• OLED displays are useful in a number of devices, including watches, telephones, lap-top computers, pagers, cellular phones, digital video cameras, DVD players, and calculators.
• Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of an OLED according to the present invention.
• Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of an OLED according to the present invention.
• Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of an OLED according to the present invention.
• Figure 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of an OLED according to the present invention.
• hydrocarbyl group free of aliphatic unsaturation means the group is free of aliphatic carbon-carbon double bonds and aliphatic carbon-carbon triple bonds.
• N-carbazolyl refers to a group having the formula:
• a curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane according to the present invention has the formula:
• Rl is C ⁇ to CJQ hydrocarbyl free of aliphatic unsaturation
• R ⁇ is -CH2-CHR3- or - CH2-CHR3-Y-, wherein Y is a divalent organic group and R ⁇ is R ⁇ or -H
• Z is a hydrolysable group
• m is an integer from 2 to 10
• n is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
• p is 0 or 1.
• the subscript m has a value of from 3 to 10 or from 3 to 6.
• the subscript n has a value of 3, 4, or 5.
• the hydrocarbyl groups represented by R are free of aliphatic unsaturation and typically have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alternatively from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Acyclic hydrocarbyl groups containing at least 3 carbon atoms can have a branched or unbranched structure.
• hydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1,1- dimethylethyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,2- dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, and octadecyl; cycloalkyl, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and methylcyclohexyl; aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl
• the divalent organic groups represented by Y typically have from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, alternatively from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alternatively from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• the divalent organic groups may contain other atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and halogen, provided the divalent group does not inhibit the hydrosilylation reaction, described below, used to prepare the polysiloxane or react with the hydrolysable group Z in the polysiloxane.
• hydrolysable group means the silicon-bonded group Z can react with water to form a silicon-bonded -OH (silanol) group.
• hydrolysable groups represented by Z include, but are not limited to, -CI, Br, -OR4, -OCH2CH2OR4,
• R 4 is Ci to C 8 hydrocarbyl or halogen-substituted hydrocarbyl, both free of aliphatic unsaturation.
• hydrocarbyl groups represented by R4 include, but are not limited to, unbranched and branched alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1- methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 2- methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl; cycloalkyl, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and methylcyclohexyl; phenyl; alkaryl, such as tolyl and xylyl; and aralkyl, such as benzyl and phenethyl.
• halogen- substituted hydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, 3,3,3
• Examples of the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane include, but are not limited to, cyclosiloxanes having the following formulae: [Si(Me)(CH 2 CH2CH 2 Cz)O] 3 [Si(Me)(CH2CH2CH2Si(OMe) 3 )O], [Si(Et)(CH 2 CH2CH2Cz)O] 3 [Si(Et)(CH 2 CH2CH2Si(OMe) 3 )O], [Si(Ph)(CH 2 CH 2 CH2Cz)O] 3 [Si(Ph)(CH2CH 2 CH 2 Si(OMe) 3 )O], and [Si(Me)(CH2CH2CH 2 Cz)O]3[Si(Me)(CH2CH(Me)CO2CH2CH 2 CH2Si(OMe)3)O], wherein Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, Ph is phenyl, and
• Organohydrogencyclosilxoane (a) has the formula:
• Rl and n are as defined and exemplified above for the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane.
• organohydrogencyclosiloxanes include, but are not limited to, tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, hexamethylhexacyclosiloxane, and heptamethylheptacyclosiloxane.
• organohydrogencyclosiloxanes containing 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 silicon atoms such as hydrolysis and condensation of chlorosilanes, are well known in the art; many of these cyclosiloxanes are commercially available.
• N-alkenyl carbazole (b) is at least one N-alkenyl carbazole having the formula Cz-
• CH CH-CH 2 -Cz
• CH 2 CH-(CH 2 ) 3 -Cz
• CH 2 CH-(CH 2 )5-Cz
• CH 2 CH-(CH 2 )8-Cz, wherein Cz is N-carbazolyl.
• N-alkenyl carbazole (b) can be a single N-alkenyl carbazole or a mixture comprising two or more different N-alkenyl carbazoles, each having the formula Cz-(CH2) m -2"
• CH CH2
• Cz and m are as defined and exemplified above.
• Alkenyl silane (c) is at least one alkenyl silane having a formula selected from Z 3 _ and wherein R 1 , R3, Y, Z, and p are as defined and exemplified above for the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane.
• Alkenyl silane (c) can be a single alkenyl silane or a mixture comprising two or more different alkenyl silanes, each having a formula selected from and wherein R , R3, Y, Z, and p are as defined and exemplified above for the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane.
• alkenyl silanes can be prepared by methods such as direct syntheses, Grignard reactions, addition of organosilicon hydrides to alkenes or alkynes, condensation of chloroolefins with organosilicon hydrides, and dehydrohalogenation of haloalkylsilanes. These and other methods are described by W. Noll in Chemistry and Technology of Silicones, Academic Press:New York, 1968.
• Hydrosilylation catalyst (d) can be any of the well-known hydrosilylation catalysts comprising a platinum group metal (i.e., platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, osmium and indium) or a compound containing a platinum group metal.
• the platinum group metal is platinum, based on its high activity in hydrosilylation reactions.
• Preferred hydrosilylation catalysts include the complexes of chloroplatinic acid and certain vinyl-containing organosiloxanes disclosed by Willing in U.S. Pat. No. 3,419,593, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Organic solvent (e) is at least one organic solvent.
• the organic solvent can be any aprotic or dipolar aprotic organic solvent that does not react with organohydrogencyclosiloxane (a), N-alkenyl carbazole (b), alkenyl silane (c), or the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane under the conditions of the present method, and is miscible with components (a), (b), (c), and the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane.
• organic solvents include, but are not limited to, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n-pentane, hexane, n-heptane, isooctane and dodecane; cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and mesitylene; cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dioxane; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK); halogenated alkanes such as trichloroethane; and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as bromobenzene and chlorobenzene.
• saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n-pentane, hexane, n-heptane, isooctane and dodecane
• Organic solvent (e) can be a single organic solvent or a mixture comprising two or more different organic solvents, each as defined above.
• the reaction can be carried out in any standard reactor suitable for hydrosilylation reactions. Suitable reactors include glass and Teflon-lined glass reactors. Preferably, the reactor is equipped with a means of agitation, such as stirring. Also, preferably, the reaction is carried out in an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, in the absence of moisture.
• the organohydrogencyclosiloxane, N-alkenyl carbazole, alkenyl silane, hydrosilylation catalyst, and organic solvent can be combined in any order.
• N- alkenyl carbazole (b) and alkenyl silane (c) are added, either simultaneously or sequentially in any order, to organohydrogencyclosiloxane (a), and, optionally organic solvent (e) before the introduction of hydrosilylation catalyst (d).
• organic solvent (e) is present
• hydrosilylation catalyst (d) is added to the mixture of (a), (b), (c), and (e).
• organic solvent (e) is not present, the mixture of (a), (b), and (c) is heated to a temperature sufficient to form a melt, for example 60 °C, and hydrosilylation catalyst (d) is added to the melt.
• the reaction is typically carried out at a temperature of from 0 to 100 °C, alternatively from room temperature ( ⁇ 23 °C) to 100 °C. When the temperature is less than 0 °C, the rate of reaction is typically very slow.
• the components are typically allowed to react for a period of time sufficient to complete the hydrosilylation reaction.
• the term "to complete the hydrosilylation reaction” means the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane contains no silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms, as determined by FTIR spectrometry using the method set forth in the Examples below.
• the reaction time depends on several factors, such as the structures of the organohydrogencyclosiloxane, N-alkenyl carbazole, and alkenyl silane, and the temperature.
• the time of reaction is typically from 50 min to 24 h at a temperature of from room temperature to 100 °C. The optimum reaction time can be determined by routine experimentation using the methods set forth in the Examples section below.
• the mole ratio of N-alkenyl carbazole (b) to silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in organohydrogencyclosiloxane (a) is typically from 0.67 to 0.86, alternatively from 0.75 to 0.83.
• the mole ratio of alkenyl silane (c) to silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in organohydrogencyclosiloxane (a) is typically from 0.15 to 0.35, alternatively from 0.17 to 0.25.
• the concentration of hydrosilylation catalyst (d) is sufficient to catalyze the addition reaction of organohydrogencyclosilxoane (a) with N-alkenyl carbazole (b) and alkenyl silane (c).
• the concentration of hydrosilylation catalyst (d) is sufficient to provide from 0.1 to 1000 ppm of a platinum group metal, alternatively from 1 to 500 ppm of a platinum group metal, alternatively from 5 to 150 ppm of a platinum group metal, based on the combined weight of organohydrogencyclosiloxane (a), N-alkenyl carbazole (b), and alkenyl silane (c).
• the rate of reaction is very slow below 0.1 ppm of platinum group metal.
• the use of more than 1000 ppm of platinum group metal results in no appreciable increase in reaction rate, and is therefore uneconomical.
• the concentration of organic solvent (e) is typically from 0 to 60% (w/w), alternatively from 30 to 60% (w/w), alternatively 40 to 50% (w/w), based on the total weight of the reaction mixture.
• the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane can be recovered from the reaction mixture by adding sufficient quantity of an alcohol to effect precipitation of the cyclosiloxane and then filtering the reaction mixture to obtain the cyclosiloxane.
• the alcohol typically has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alternatively from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
• the alcohol can have a linear, branched, or cyclic structure.
• the hydroxy group in the alcohol may be attached to a primary, secondary, or tertiary aliphatic carbon atom.
• a silicone composition according to the present invention comprises: (A) a curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane having the formula:
• R is Ci to CJ hydrocarbyl free of aliphatic unsaturation
• R ⁇ is -CH2-CHR3- or •
• Component (A) is at least one curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane, wherein the cyclosiloxane is as described and exemplified above.
• Component (A) can be a single curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane or a mixture of two or more different cyclosiloxanes.
• Component (B) is at least one condensation catalyst.
• the condensation catalyst can be any condensation catalyst typically used to promote condensation of silicon-bonded hydroxy (silanol) groups to form Si-O-Si linkages.
• condensation catalysts include, but are not limited to, tin(II) and tin(IV) compounds such as tin dilaurate, tin dioctoate, and tetrabutyl tin; and titanium compounds such as titanium tetrabutoxide.
• Component (B) can be a single condensation catalyst or a mixture comprising two or more different condensation catalysts.
• the concentration of component (B) is typically from 0.1 to 10% (w/w), alternatively from 0.5 to 5% (w/w), alternatively from 1 to 3% (w/w), based on the total weight of component (A).
• Component (C) is at least one organic solvent.
• organic solvents include, but are not limited to, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n-pentane, hexane, n- heptane, isooctane and dodecane; cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and mesitylene; cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dioxane; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK); halogenated alkanes such as trichloroethane; and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as bromobenzene and chlorobenzene.
• saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n-pentane, hexane, n- heptane, isooctan
• Component (C) can be a single organic solvent or a mixture comprising two or more different organic solvents, each as defined above.
• concentration of the organic solvent is typically from 70 to 99% (w/w), alternatively from 85 to 99% (w/w), based on the total weight of the silicone composition.
• the silicone composition comprises component (A), wherein p has a value of 1, the composition typically further comprises a cross-linking agent having the formula
• R4 t SiZ_ ⁇ _ t wherein R 4 is C ⁇ to C 8 hydrocarbyl or halogen-substituted hydrocarbyl, and Z is as described above for the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane and t is 0 or 1.
• silanes include alkoxy silanes such as CH 3 Si(OCH 3 ) , CH 3 Si(OCH2CH 3 ) 3 ,
• CH 2 CHCH 2 Si(OCH 3 ) 3 , CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 Si(OCH 3 ) 3 , CH 3 Si(OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ) 3 ,
• CH2 CHCH 2 Si(OCH2CH2OCH 3 ) 3 , C 6 H 5 Si(OCH 2 CH2OCH 3 )3, Si(OCH 3 ) 4j
• organoacetoxysilanes such as CH 3 Si(OCOCH 3 ) 3 ,
• the cross-linking agent can be a single silane or a mixture of two or more different silanes, each as described above. Also, methods of preparing tri- and tetra-functional silanes are well known in the art; many of these silanes are commercially available. [0058] When present, the concentration of the cross-linking agent in the silicone composition is sufficient to cure (cross-link) the composition. The exact amount of the cross- linking agent depends on the desired extent of cure, which generally increases as the ratio of the number of moles of silicon-bonded hydrolysable groups in the cross-linking agent to the number of moles of hydrolysable groups Z in the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane increases.
• the concentration of the cross-linking agent is sufficient to provide from 0.9 to 1.0 silicon-bonded hydrolysable groups per hydrolysable group in the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane.
• the optimum amount of the cross-linking agent can be readily determined by routine experimentation.
• the silicone composition of the instant invention is typically prepared by combining components (A), (B), and (C) and any optional ingredients in the stated proportions at ambient temperature.
• Mixing can be accomplished by any of the techniques known in the art such as milling, blending, and stirring, either in a batch or continuous process.
• the particular device is determined by the viscosity of the components and the viscosity of the final silicone composition.
• a cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane according to the present invention is prepared by curing the silicone composition, described above.
• the silicone composition can be cured by exposing the composition to moisture at moderate temperature. Cure can be accelerated by application of heat and/or exposure to high humidity. The rate of cure depends on a number of factors, including temperature, humidity, structure of the carbazolyl- functional cyclosiloxane, and nature of the hydrolysable groups.
• the silicone composition can be cured by exposing the composition to a relative humidity of 30% at a temperature of from about room temperature (23 °C) to about 80 °C, for period from 24 to 72 h.
• An organic light-emitting diode comprises: a substrate having a first opposing surface and a second opposing surface; a first electrode layer overlying the first opposing surface; a light-emitting element overlying the first electrode layer, the light emitting element comprising a hole-transport layer and an electron-transport layer, wherein the hole-transport layer and the electron-transport layer lie directly on one another, and one of the hole-transport layer and the electron- transport layer comprises a carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane selected from a cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane prepared by curing a silicone composition comprising (A) at least one curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane having the formula:
• R! is C ⁇ to C ⁇ Q hydrocarbyl free of aliphatic unsaturation
• R ⁇ is -CH 2 - CHR3- or -CH2-CHR -Y-
• Y is a divalent organic group and R is R or -H
• Z is a hydrolysable group
• m is an integer from 2 to 10
• n is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and p is 0 or 1
• B a condensation catalyst
• C an organic solvent, and at least one carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane having the formula: wherein R!
• n is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and a second electrode layer overlying the light-emitting element.
• the term "overlying" used in reference to the position of the first electrode layer, light-emitting element, and second electrode layer relative to the designated component means the particular layer either lies directly on the component or lies above the component with one or more intermediary layers there between, provided the OLED is oriented with the substrate below the first electrode layer as shown in Figures 1-4.
• the term “overlying” used in reference to the position of the first electrode layer relative to the first opposing surface of the substrate in the OLED means the first electrode layer either lies directly on the surface or is separated from the surface by one or more intermediate layers.
• the substrate can be a rigid or flexible material having two opposing surfaces. Further, the substrate can be transparent or nontransparent to light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• transparent means the particular component (e.g., substrate or electrode layer) has a percent transmittance of at least 30%, alternatively at least 60%, alternatively at least 80%, for light in the visible region ( ⁇ 400 to ⁇ 700 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• the term “nontransparent” means the component has a percent transmittance less than 30% for light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• substrates include, but are not limited to, semiconductor materials such as silicon, silicon having a surface layer of silicon dioxide, and gallium arsenide; quartz; fused quartz; aluminum oxide; ceramics; glass; metal foils; polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethyleneterephthalate; fluorocarbon polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylfluoride; polyamides such as Nylon; polyimides; polyesters such as poly(methyl methacrylate); epoxy resins; polyethers; polycarbonates; polysulfones; and polyether sulfones.
• the first electrode layer can function as an anode or cathode in the OLED.
• the first electrode layer may be transparent or nontransparent to visible light.
• the anode is typically selected from a high work-function (> 4 eV) metal, alloy, or metal oxide such as indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, nickel, and gold.
• the cathode can be a low work-function ( ⁇ 4 eV) metal such as Ca, Mg, and Al; a high work-function (> 4 eV) metal, alloy, or metal oxide, as described above; or an alloy of a low- work function metal and at least one other metal having a high or low work-function, such as Mg-Al, Ag-Mg, Al-Li, In-Mg, and Al-Ca.
• Methods of depositing anode and cathode layers in the fabrication of OLEDs, such as evaporation, co-evaporation, DC magnetron sputtering ,or RF sputtering, are well known in the art.
• the light-emitting element comprises a hole-transport layer and an electron- transport layer wherein the hole-transport layer and the electron-transport layer lie directly on one another, and one of the hole-transport layer and the electron-transport layer comprises a carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane, described below.
• the orientation of the light-emitting element depends on the relative positions of the anode and cathode in the OLED.
• the hole- transport layer is located between the anode and the electron-transport layer and the electron- transport layer is located between the hole-transport layer and the cathode.
• the thickness of the hole-transport layer is typically from 20 to 100 nm, alternatively from 30 to 50 nm.
• the thickness of the electron-transport layer is typically from 20 to 100 nm, alternatively from 30 to 50 nm.
• the cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane of the OLED can be a cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane prepared by curing a silicone composition comprising the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane of this invention, a condensation catalyst, and an organic solvent.
• a silicone composition comprising the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane of this invention, a condensation catalyst, and an organic solvent.
• the silicone composition and methods of curing the composition are as described above.
• the carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane of the OLED can be a carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane having the formula: wherein R , m, and n are as defined and exemplified above for the curable carbazolyl- functional cyclosiloxane.
• carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxanes include, but are not limited to, polysiloxanes having the following formulae: [Si(Me)(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cz)O] 3 ,
• the carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane can be prepared by reacting (a) an organohydrogencyclosiloxane having the formula:
• the reaction for preparing the carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane can be carried out in the manner described above for preparing the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane, except the mole ratio of N-alkenyl carbazole (b) to silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in organohydrogencyclosiloxane (a) is typically from 1.0 to 1.2, alternatively from 1.05 to 1.1. Furthermore, the carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane can be recovered from the reaction mixture as described above for the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane.
• the silicone composition used to prepare the cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane, and the carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane can be applied to the first electrode layer, the hole-transport layer, or the electron-transport layer, depending on the configuration of the OLED, using conventional methods such as spin-coating, dipping, spraying, brushing, and printing.
• the carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane can also be dissolved in an organic solvent prior to application, where the organic solvent is as described above for the silicone composition of the invention.
• the electron- transport layer can be any low molecular weight organic compound or organic polymer typically used as an electron-transport, electron-injection/electron-transport, or light-emitting material in OLED devices.
• Low molecular weight organic compounds suitable for use as the electron-transport layer are well known in the art, as exemplified in U.S. Patent No. 5,952,778; U.S. Patent No. 4,539,507; U.S. Patent No. 4,356,429; U.S. Patent No. 4,769,292; U.S. Patent No. 6,048,573; and U.S. Patent No. 5,969,474.
• low molecular weight compounds include, but are not limited to, aromatic compounds, such as anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and perylene; butadienes such as 1,4- diphenylbutadiene and tetraphenylbutadiene; coumarins; acridine; stilbenes such as trans- stilbene; and chelated oxinoid compounds, such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum(III), Alq 3 .
• aromatic compounds such as anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and perylene
• butadienes such as 1,4- diphenylbutadiene and tetraphenylbutadiene
• coumarins such as acridine
• stilbenes such as trans- stilbene
• chelated oxinoid compounds such as tris(8-hydroxy
• Organic polymers suitable for use as the electron-transport layer are well known in the art, as exemplified in U.S. Patent No. 5,952,778; U.S. Patent No. 5,247,190; U.S. Patent No. 5,807,627; U.S. Patent No. 6,048,573; and U.S. Patent No. 6,255,774.
• organic polymers include, but are not limited to, poly(phenylene vinylene)s, such as poly(l,4 phenylene vinylene); poly-(2,5-dialkoxy-l,4 phenylene vinylene)s, such as poly(2-methoxy- 5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)- 1 ,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEHPP V), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2- methylpentyloxy)-l,4-phenylenevinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-pentyloxy-l,4- phenylenevinylene), and poly(2-methoxy-5-dodecyloxy-l,4-phenylenevinylene); poly(2,5- dialkyl-1,4 phenylene vinylene)s; poly(phenylene); poly(2,5-dialkyl-l,4 phenylene)s; poly(p- phenylene); poly(thiophene)s, such as poly((
• the hole- transport layer can be any organic compound typically used as a hole-transport, hole- injection, or hole-injection/hole-transport material in OLED devices.
• Organic compounds suitable for use as the hole-transport layer are well known in the art, as exemplified in U.S. Patent No. 4, 720,432; U.S. Patent No. 5,593,788; U.S. Patent No. 5,969,474; U.S. Patent No. 4,539,507; U/.S. Patent no. 6,048,573; and U.S. Patent No. 4,888,211.
• organic compounds include, but are not limited to, aromatic tertiary amines, such as monoarylamines, diarylamines, triarylamines, and tetraaryldiamines; hydrazones; carbazoles; triazoles; imidazoles; oxadiazoles having an amino group; polythiophenes, such as poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate), which is sold under the name Baytron® P by H.C. Starck Inc.; and porhyrinic compounds, such as phthalocyanines and metal- containing phthalocyanines.
• the organic compounds can be applied by conventional thin- film preparation techniques including vacuum evaporation and sublimation.
• the electron-transport layer or the hole-transport layer in the light-emitting layer in the light-emitting element can further comprise a fluorescent dye.
• fluorescent dyes suitable for use in OLED devices are well known in the art, as illustrated in U.S. Patent No. 4,769,292.
• fluorescent dyes include, but are not limited to, coumarins; dicyanomethylenepyrans, such as 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p- dimethylaminostyryl)4H-pyran; dicyanomethylenethiopyrans; polymethine; oxabenzanthracene; xanthene; pyrylium and thiapyrylium; cabostyril; and perylene fluorescent dyes.
• dicyanomethylenepyrans such as 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p- dimethylaminostyryl)4H-pyran
• dicyanomethylenethiopyrans polymethine
• oxabenzanthracene xanthene
• pyrylium and thiapyrylium cabostyril
• perylene fluorescent dyes include, but are not limited to, coumarins; dicyanomethylenepyrans, such as 4-(dicyanomethylene)
• the second electrode layer can function either as an anode or cathode in the OLED.
• the second electrode layer may be transparent or nontransparent to light in the visible region. Examples of anode and cathode materials and methods for their formation are as described above for the first electrode layer.
• the OLED of the present invention can further comprise a hole-injection layer interposed between the anode and the hole-transport layer, and/or an electron-injection layer interposed between the cathode and the electron-transport layer.
• the hole-injection layer typically has a thickness of from 5 to 20 nm, alternatively from 7 to 10 nm. Examples of materials suitable for use as the hole-injection layer include, but are not limited to, copper phthalocyanine.
• the electron-injection layer typically has a thickness of from 0.5 to 5 nm, alternatively from 1 to 3 nm.
• Examples of materials suitable for use as the electron-injection layer include, but are not limited to, alkali metal fluorides, such as lithium fluoride and cesium fluoride; and alkali metal carboxylates, such as lithium acetate and cesium acetate.
• alkali metal fluorides such as lithium fluoride and cesium fluoride
• alkali metal carboxylates such as lithium acetate and cesium acetate.
• the hole-injection layer and the hole-injection layer can be formed by conventional techniques, thermal evaporation.
• a first embodiment of an OLED comprises a substrate 100 having a first opposing surface 100 A and a second opposing surface 100B, a first electrode layer 102 on the first opposing surface 100A, wherein the first electrode layer 102 is an anode, a light-emitting element 104 overlying the first electrode layer 102, wherein the light-emitting element 104 comprises a hole-transport layer 106 and an electron-transport layer 108 lying directly on the hole-transport layer 106, wherein the hole-transport layer 106 comprises a carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane, and a second electrode layer 110 overlying the light-emitting element 104, wherein the second electrode layer 110 is a cathode.
• a second embodiment of an OLED comprises a substrate 200 having a first opposing surface 200A and a second opposing surface 200B, a first electrode layer 202 on the first opposing surface 200A, wherein the first electrode layer 202 is an anode, a light-emitting element 204 overlying the first electrode layer 202, wherein the light-emitting element 204 comprises a hole-transport layer 206 and an electron-transport layer 208 lying directly on the hole-transport layer 206, wherein the electron-transport layer 208 comprises a carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane, and a second electrode layer 210 overlying the light-emitting element 204, wherein the second electrode layer 210 is a cathode.
• a third embodiment of an OLED according to the present invention comprises a substrate 300 having a first opposing surface 300A and a second opposing surface 300B, a first electrode layer 302 on the first opposing surface 300A, wherein the first electrode layer 302 is a cathode, a light-emitting element 304 overlying the first electrode layer 302, wherein the light-emitting element 304 comprises an electron- transport layer 308 and a hole-transport layer 306 lying directly on the electron-transport layer 306, wherein the hole-transport layer 306 comprises a carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane, and a second electrode layer 310 overlying the light-emitting element 304, wherein the second electrode layer 310 is an anode.
• a fourth embodiment of an OLED according to the present invention comprises a substrate 400 having a first opposing surface 400A and a second opposing surface 400B, a first electrode layer 402 on the first opposing surface 400A, wherein the first electrode layer 402 is a cathode, a light-emitting element 404 overlying the first electrode layer 402, wherein the light-emitting element 404 comprises an electron- transport layer 408 and a hole-transport layer 406 lying directly on the electron-transport layer 408, wherein the electron-transport layer 408 comprises a carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane, and a second electrode layer 410 overlying the light-emitting element 404, wherein the second electrode layer 410 is an anode.
• the curable carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane of the present invention exhibits electroluminescence, emitting light when subjected to an applied voltage.
• the cyclosiloxane contains hydrolysable groups and can be cured to produce a durable cross- linked polysiloxane.
• the cyclosiloxane can be doped with small amounts of fluorescent dyes to enhance the electroluminescent efficiency and control the color output of the cured polysiloxane.
• the silicone composition of the present invention can be conveniently formulated as a one-part composition. Moreover, the silicone composition has good shelf-stability in the absence of moisture. Importantly, the composition can be applied to a substrate by conventional high-speed methods such as spin coating, printing, and spraying. Also, the silicone composition can be readily cured by exposure to moisture at mild to moderate temperatures.
• the cured carbazolyl-functional polysiloxane prepared by curing the silicone composition of the present invention exhibits electroluminescence. Moreover, the cured polysiloxane has good primerless adhesion to a variety of substrates. The cured polysiloxane also exhibits excellent durability, chemical resistance, and flexibility at low temperatures. Additionally, the cured polysiloxane exhibits high transparency, typically at least 95% transmittance at a thickness of 100 nm, in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Importantly, the polysiloxane is substantially free of acidic or basic components, which are detrimental to the electrode and light-emitting layers in OLED devices. [0087] The OLED of the present invention exhibits good resistance to abrasion, organic solvents, moisture, and oxygen. Moreover, the OLED exhibits high quantum efficiency and photostability.
• the OLED is useful as a discrete light-emitting device or as the active element of light-emitting arrays or displays, such as flat panel displays.
• OLED displays are useful in a number of devices, including watches, telephones, lap-top computers, pagers, cellular phones, digital video cameras, DVD players, and calculators.
• M n and M w Number-average and weight-average molecular weights (M n and M w ) of carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxanes were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using a PLgel (Polymer Laboratories, Inc.) 5- ⁇ m column at room temperature ( ⁇ 23 °C), a THF mobile phase at 1 mL/min, and a refractive index detector. Polystyrene standards were used for linear regression calibrations.
• the thickness of cured and uncured carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane films was determined using a KLA-Tencor AS-500 surface profiler. Before measurement, a section of the film (2-3 mm wide and 4-5 mm long) was removed, exposing the substrate. Film thickness was measured at the step between the coated and uncoated surfaces of the substrate. The reported values for thickness, expressed in units of microns ( ⁇ m), represent the average of three measurements performed on different regions of the same substrate.
• ITO-coated glass slides (Thin Film Technology, Inc., Buellton, CA) having a surface resistance of 10 ⁇ /square were cut into 25-mm square substrates.
• the substrates were immersed in an ultrasonic bath containing a solution consisting of 1% Alconox powdered cleaner (Alconox, Inc.) in water for 10 min and then rinsed with deionized water.
• Alconox powdered cleaner Alconox, Inc.
• the substrates were then immersed sequentially in the each of the following solvents with ultrasonic agitation for 10 min in each solvent: isopropyl alcohol, n-hexane, and toluene.
• the glass substrates were then dried under a stream of dry nitrogen.
• Carbazolyl-functional cyclosiloxane films in OLEDs were formed by depositing a solution of the cyclosiloxane on the substrate and casting it into a thin film using a CHEMAT Technology Model KW-4A spin-coater operating at a speed of 3000 rpm for 20 seconds.
• Metal and metal alloy films (e.g., Al and LiF) were deposited by thermal evaporation under an initial vacuum of 10 ⁇ 6 mbar using a BOC Edwards model E306A Coating System equipped with a crystal balance film thickness monitor.
• the source was prepared by placing the metal in an aluminum oxide crucible and positioning the crucible in a tungsten wire spiral, or by placing the metal directly in a tungsten basket. When multiple layers of different metals were required, the appropriate sources were placed in a turret that could be rotated for deposition of each metal. The deposition rate (0.1 to 0.3 nm per second) and the thickness of the film were monitored during the deposition process.
• a sample chamber was constructed using a black plastic box connected to a dry nitrogen line.
• a sample holder in the box had 5 metal contact pins matching the relative positions of the OLED electrodes on the glass substrates. These metal pins were connected to a Keithley 2400 source meter, through which a given voltage (0.5V) was applied and the current was measured.
• a photodiode detector was mounted in alignment with the OLED. The photodiode was connected with an International Light IL1700 Radiometer that measured the signal produced by the photodiode. Brightness and relative efficiency were measured at 14 V and 500 cd/cm ⁇ , respectively.
• Electroluminescent spectra of OLEDs were determined using a Fluorlog II Single Grating Spectrofluorometer. The OLED was fixed in the center of the sample chamber of the spectrofluorometer and the excitation source was covered with a black panel during the measurement. A voltage was applied to the OLED using a source meter, and the spectrum of emitted light from the OLED was recorded with the spectrofluorometer. From a plot of intensity versus wavelength, the wavelength ( ⁇ max ) of emitted light at maximum intensity and the half-peak width (PW50) at maximum intensity were measured for the OLED.
• Example 1 Preparation of a Carbazolyl-Functional Cyclotetrasiloxane [0099] N-Allylcarbazole (5 g, 0.024 mol), 1.45 g (6.0 mmol) of 2,4,6,8- tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, and 5 g of anhydrous toluene were combined in a dry flask equipped with a rubber septum.
• the crude product was dissolved in a minimal amount ( ⁇ 3 mL) of electronic grade toluene and the carbazolyl-functional cyclotetrasiloxane was precipitated by addition of ⁇ 20 mL of electronic grade 2-propanol. The dissolution/precipitation process was repeated three times. The final precipitate was heated at 140-150 °C in a vacuum oven under argon for 10 min and under vacuum ( ⁇ 133 Pa) for 2 h.
• the carbazolyl-functional cyclotetrasiloxane had a number average molecular weight of 837 and a polydispersity of 1.01.
• Example 2 Preparation of a Carbazolyl-Functional Cyclopentasiloxane [0100] N-Allylcarbazole (2.5 g, 0.012 mol), 0.72 g (2.4 mmol) of 2,4,6,8,10- pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, and 5 g of anhydrous toluene were combined in a dry flask equipped with a rubber septum.
• the FTIR spectrum of the reaction mixture showed no residual Si-H groups.
• the crude product was dissolved in a minimal amount ( ⁇ 3 ml) of electronic grade toluene and the carbazolyl-functional cyclopentasiloxane was precipitated by addition of ⁇ 20 mL of electronic grade 2-propanol. The dissolution/precipitation process was repeated three times.
• the final precipitate was heated at 140-150 °C in a vacuum oven under argon for 10 min and under vacuum ( ⁇ 133 Pa) for 2 h.
• the carbazolyl-functional cyclopentasiloxane had a number average molecular weight of 949 and a polydispersity of 1.03.
• Example 3 Preparation of a Curable Carbazolyl-Functional Cyclopentasiloxane [0101] N-Allylcarbazole (6.55 g, 0.032 mol), 2.5 g (8.3 mmol) of 2,4,6,8, 10- pentamethylcyclopentasiloxanes, 2.62 g (0.011 mol) of 3- methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and 7 g of anhydrous toluene were combined in a dry flask equipped with a rubber septum.
• OLEDs were fabricated as follows: Silicon monoxide (100 nm) was thermally deposited along a first edge of a pre-cleaned ITO-coated glass substrate (25 mm x 25 mm) through a mask having a rectangular aperture (6 x 25 mm). A strip of 3M Scotch brand tape (5 mm x 25 mm) was applied along a second edge of the substrate, perpendicular to the SiO deposit. A solution consisting of 1.5% of the carbazolyl-functional cyclopentasiloxane of Example 2 in toluene was spin-coated over the ITO surface to form a hole-transport layer having a thickness of 40 nm.
• the composite was heated in an oven under nitrogen at 80 °C for 30 min and then allowed to cool to room temperature.
• Tris(8- hydroxyquinolato)aluminum(III), Alq 3 was thermally deposited on the hole-transport layer to form an electron-transport layer (30 nm).
• the strip of tape was removed from the substrate to expose the anode (ITO).
• the four cathodes were formed by depositing aluminum (100 nm) on the electron-transport layer and the SiO deposit through a mask having four rectangular apertures (3 mm x 16 mm).
• the electrical and optical properties of a representative OLED are shown in Table 1.

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