EP1637246B1 - Verfahren zum extrudieren eines hohlen leichtmetallelements - Google Patents
Verfahren zum extrudieren eines hohlen leichtmetallelements Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1637246B1 EP1637246B1 EP04732202A EP04732202A EP1637246B1 EP 1637246 B1 EP1637246 B1 EP 1637246B1 EP 04732202 A EP04732202 A EP 04732202A EP 04732202 A EP04732202 A EP 04732202A EP 1637246 B1 EP1637246 B1 EP 1637246B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- die
- light
- welding
- hollow
- metal material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000239290 Araneae Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
- B21C23/04—Making uncoated products by direct extrusion
- B21C23/08—Making wire, bars, tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
- B21C23/04—Making uncoated products by direct extrusion
- B21C23/08—Making wire, bars, tubes
- B21C23/085—Making tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C25/00—Profiling tools for metal extruding
- B21C25/02—Dies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to manufacturing technology of hollow members (products) made of light-metal such as aluminum by extrusion processes. Specifically, the present invention relates to extrusion technology for preparing hollow members having a variety of cross-sectional shapes from light-metal solid materials.
- a light-metal material 1 molded into a solid billet is fed into a container 2 of an extruder under heating; a pressure is applied from the back (from the direction shown by an arrow A in the drawing) of the light-metal material 1 by a stem 3; and the light-metal material 1 is extruded from a die opening having a predetermined cross-sectional shape to the front (to the direction shown by an arrow B in the drawing) through a couple of hollow dies 4 provided in a die-holder 9 continuing to the container 2.
- a product of the hollow member 5 (a rectangular tube in this drawing example) is prepared.
- a hollow die such as a bridge die, a porthole die, or a spider die is used as the couple of hollow dies 4.
- the porthole die as an example of the hollow die is shown in FIG. 6 .
- the couple of hollow dies 4 has an internal die 4a positioned at the billet side and an external die 4b positioned at the hollow member 5 side. Both dies 4a and 4b are fit to each other and used in an integrated manner.
- the internal die 4a includes a plurality of entry ports 6 (the example in the drawing has four entry ports, but one of them is not shown) perforated at a peripheral portion thereof and includes an internal bearing 7a (mandrel) which protrudes toward the downstream direction (the external die 4b side) in the extrusion at the central portion.
- the external die 4b is provided with a recessed welding chamber 8 having an approximate cross shape corresponding to the respective entry ports 6 of the internal die 4a.
- the welding chamber 8 has an external bearing 7b of a hole passing through the external die 4b in the axial direction at the central part.
- the external bearing 7b is formed into a shape so that a gap with a specified shape (a thin-walled rectangular tube in this drawing example) can be formed when the internal bearing 7a of the internal die 4a is inserted into the external bearing 7b.
- a gap with a specified shape a thin-walled rectangular tube in this drawing example
- the hollow member 5 having a cross-section corresponding to the gap shape can be prepared by extrusion.
- the mechanism of extrusion using the couple of hollow dies 4 will be briefly described with reference to FIG. 6 .
- the light-metal material 1 is pushed from the direction of the arrow A and is pressed into the four entry ports 6 of the external die 4b so as to be divided and to flow in the respective entry ports 6. Namely, the light-metal material 1 is divided into four parts 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d.
- the divided parts 1a to 1d converge at the welding chamber 8 of the external die 4b after passing through the entry ports 6 and are welded to be unified again.
- the unified light-metal material 1 is extruded from a gap between the external face of the internal bearing 7a having a rectangular cross-section and the internal face of the external bearing 7b having a rectangular cross-section for receiving the internal bearing 7a with the gap in the direction of the arrow B.
- the hollow member (rectangular tube) 5 having a rectangular hollow cross-section corresponding to the gap shape is formed. Therefore, the resulting hollow member 5 has four edges of welding portions 5a.
- the hollow member 5 since the product of the hollow member 5 prepared by this method is extruded through the processes of dividing joining/welding which are not performed in a general method using a solid die, the hollow member 5 necessarily has the welding portions 5a corresponding to the number and position of the entry ports 6 of the couple of hollow dies 4.
- the metallurgical welding adhesion between the welding portions and bearing portions (non-welded portions) influences mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, proof stress, and elongation, of the hollow member, in particular, largely influences strength. Defects in the welding adhesion of the welding portions causes fracture and deformation during secondary fabrication or in use thereafter; thus, the quality may not be sufficiently guaranteed.
- the extrusion using the bridge die has an advantage of that the bridge die has a life cycle longer than that of other hollow dies, but has a disadvantage of that the operation for ensuring the strength of the welding portions is difficult.
- an aluminum base alloy can be used without causing problems in some products which are not required to have relatively high strength, such as JIS-3000 series and JIS-6000 series.
- JIS-7000 series in products which are required to have high strength, such as JIS-7000 series, it is very difficult to ensure enough strength of the welding portions because of the metallurgical properties of the aluminum base alloy.
- JIS-5000 series it is believed in this field that the extrusion using the hollow die is impossible. Thus, even development has been abandoned.
- the present invention has been accomplished under such circumstances. It is an object of the present invention to realize and establish new extrusion technology for stably manufacturing a light-metal hollow member (product) having excellent mechanical properties by solving all the basic problems relating to strength of the welding portions in the extrusion using a hollow die such as a bridge die, and also efficiently manufacturing the product having a strength satisfying a required level at low cost.
- the present invention provides a method according to claim 1.
- the present invention relates to a method for extruding a light-metal material using a hollow extrusion die.
- the method includes a process for dividing the light-metal material once and then joining them and welding with each other; and a process for extruding the light-metal material after the joining to form in a desired cross-sectional shape through a die opening of the hollow extrusion die.
- the strain level applied to the light-metal material after the joining/welding is maintained at 1.8 or more and the extrusion is performed.
- strain level means an average of equivalent strain level distribution generated in the light-metal material from the cross-section at the welding chamber to the product cross-section at the die outlet.
- the tensile strength of the welding portions in a product can be increased to a level close to that of bearing portions by maintaining the strain level at 1.8 or more.
- This method can be applied to a variety of light-metal materials.
- the metal constituting the light-metal member is an aluminum base alloy.
- the present invention relates to extrusion of a light-metal hollow member by extruding a light-metal material using a hollow extrusion die after dividing and joining/welding the light-metal material so as to have a desired cross-sectional shape.
- the extrusion of the light-metal material is performed by examining a correlation between the strain level applied to the light-metal material after the joining/welding and the welding strength of the welding portions of a product after the extrusion; determining a strain level corresponding to a target welding strength on the basis of the correlation as a target strain level; and maintaining the strain level applied to the light-metal material after the joining/welding at the target strain level or more.
- the hollow extrusion die is a bridge die, a porthole die, or a spider die.
- the inventors have conducted experiments and investigated by focusing on factors influencing the strength of the welding portions in order to overcome the aforementioned problems. As a result, it has been found that the strength is quantitatively controlled by the strain level which the light-metal material receives at a particular portion of the hollow die instead of the product temperature which is generally thought. Furthermore, the inventors have advanced the research to experimentally find that when the strain level exceeds a certain threshold, the strength of the welding portions is improved to a level close to that of the bearing portions (non-welded portions).
- the inventors have first investigated changes in the cross-sectional area of a billet material to know how the pressurized billet material in a container is deformed on the course of being extruded as a product through a hollow die.
- FIG. 1(a) and (b) show an example of a bridge-type die 4.
- Fig. 2(a) to (d) show regions at each position of the die where metal (a molding material to be molded into a billet) lies, namely, typically show a cross-sectional shape of the metal.
- the peripheral outer wall and other members of the die 4 are omitted for easy viewing.
- the die 4 includes an internal die 4a and an external die 4b which fit to each other.
- the internal die 4a includes a bridge body 41 having a cross shape and legs 42b protruding downward from four ends of the bridge body 41 in an integrated manner, and an internal bearing 7a protrudes downward from the central portion of the bridge body 41.
- the top face of the external die 4b includes a concave 43 for receiving the legs 42 of the internal die 4a.
- the concave 43 is provided with an external bearing 7b of a hole passing through the external die 4a in the axial direction at the central position of the bottom face. Relative relationship between both bearing 7a and 7b is similar to that shown in Fig. 5 and FIG. 6 .
- FIG. 2 shows the transition of the cross-sectional shape by focusing on a sector region S having a central angle of 45° shown in FIG. 1 (a) .
- FIG. 2(a), (b), (c), and (d) show the cross-sectional shapes of the light-metal material 1 at the positions of the height of the line I-I, line II-II, line III-III, and line IV-IV, respectively, shown in FIG. 1(b) .
- a flowing part at the central side of the die 4 and a accumulating part which the material does not flow to be left at the outside of the flowing part are generated.
- the flowing part 1a of the light-metal material 1 is shown by fine mesh and the non-flowing part 1b is shown by rough mesh.
- the flowing part 1a of the light-metal material 1 fills the entire cross-sectional area.
- the light-metal material 1 is divided into four parts with the bridge body 41 as shown in FIG. 2(b) and the divided cross-sectional area decreases corresponding to the opening area of the bridge body 41.
- the divided parts pass the bridge body 41 and reach the position of the line III-III where the legs 42 lie, and are joined again and welded with each other in a welding chamber 8 formed inside the legs 42 and below the bridge body 41. Therefore, the cross-sectional shape of the metal (molding material) herein is as shown in FIG. 2(c) .
- the cross-sectional area of the metal is controlled by the size of the gap formed between the bearings 7a and 7b as shown in FIG. 2(d) and significantly decreases compared to the cross-sectional area shown in FIG. 2 (c) .
- strain level as used herein means an average of equivalent strain level distribution from the cross-section at the welding chamber to the product cross-section at the die outlet, as described above.
- FIG. 3(a) shows the dimension of a bridge die or a spider die having the bridge body 41
- FIG. 3(b) shows the dimension of a porthole die having an entry port 6.
- X denotes the position of a face of the entry port
- Y denotes the position of the top face of the welding chamber (top face of joining portion)
- Z denotes the position of a face of the die opening.
- the inventors have obtained a clear conclusion that problems in the welding strength can be fundamentally solved by quantifying relationship between these die-designing factors and the strain level and designing the die on the basis of the qualified relationship.
- a specific method for the quantification (construction of formula or function) of the designing factors and the strain level is not particularly described here, with the determination of the die shape, the strain level can be calculated by utilizing known numerical analysis such as finite element analysis or difference calculus. Therefore, the correlation between the die-designing factors and the strain level can be relatively readily determined.
- the inventors have investigated and examined the relationship among the welding strength, strain level, and their controlling factors. Then, in order to confirm the relationship can be effectively applied to actual technology, experimental extrusion of an aluminum base alloy such as 7000 series using as a test material was performed by using hollow dies of various shapes, and the strain level and the tensile strength of the resulting hollow member at each condition were measured.
- Table 1 shows experimental conditions
- Table 2 shows the results.
- Test material Type of Aluminum base alloy
- Die type Die thickness H D Die thickness H D (mm) Welding chamber height H M (mm)
- Product cross-sectional area Atp (mm 2 ) EP area Am(mm 2 ) 1 JIS7N01 Bridge 145 35 1053 18188 2 JIS7N01 Entry 160 30 4005 27760 3 JIS7075 Porthole 185 35 4475 37468 4 JIS7003 Spider 50 10 1906 15768 5 JIS7N01 Bridge 30 20 255 9488 6 JIS7003 Spider 30 8 255 9488 7 JIS7N01 Porthole 30 20 255 5251 8 JIS7075 Bridge 30 8 255 5251 9 JIS7N01 Bridge 100 25 1562 33970 10 JIS7075 Porthole 100 20 1102 29517 11 JIS7N01 Bridge 60 10 725 10378 Table 2 No.
- Table 2 shows that the tensile strength ratios in all the test materials having a strain level of 1.8 or more were 90% or more, unlike the test materials having a strain level less than 1.8. It is observed that the welding strength at the welding portion does not highly different from that of the bearing portion. Therefore, excellent hollow members having the welding portions with high strength can be stably manufactured by that a threshold of the strain level is determined at 1.8 and the extrusion is performed while maintaining the strain level at the threshold or more.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the strain level and the welding strength when the number of the test materials are increased by adding the results of further experiments in addition to the above results.
- the solid line parallel to X-axis positioned at a tensile strength ratio between the welding portion and the bearing portion of 100% shows the tensile strength of the bearing portion (non-welding portion), and the dotted curve line shows the tensile strength of the welding portion.
- the strain level is 1.8 or more, as was expected, the strength ratio is 90% or more.
- the welding portion is also excellent in strength.
- the strain level in the range of 2.4 or more can generate the welding portion having very high strength such as a strength ratio of 95% or more, and that a hollow member of improved high quality being almost equal to strength of a bearing material can be provided.
- the light-metal hollow member having sufficient welding strength can be stably prepared by examining the correlation between the strain level and the welding strength; determining a strain level corresponding to a target welding strength on the basis of the resulting correlation and using the strain level as a target strain level; designing a hollow extrusion die so that the strain level applied to the light-metal hollow material is maintained at the target strain level or more during the extrusion after the joining/welding; and performing the extrusion using the die.
- the beneficial effects of the present invention was verified by using aluminum base alloys.
- the present invention can be applied to the extrusion of other light-metals (including alloys), for example, tin, antimony, titanium, magnesium, and beryllium, to obtain similar effects.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Claims (3)
- Verfahren zur Herstellung eines hohlen Leichtmetallelements durch das Extrudieren eines Leichtmetallmaterials unter Verwendung einer hohlen Pressmatrize, wobei das Verfahren die Schritte umfasst:zunächst Teilen des Leichtmetallmaterials und dann Zusammenbringen und Zusammenschweißen des geteilten Materials; undExtrudieren des Leichtmetallmaterials nach dem Zusammenbringen in eine gewünschte Querschnittsfigur durch einen Düsenspalt der hohlen Pressmatrize, wobei der Schritt des Extrudierens mit einer Matrize, welche basierend auf Matrizengestaltungsfaktoren, umfassend die Querschnittsfläche (Ae) des Leichtmetallmaterials in der Schweißkammer, die Querschnittsfläche (Atp) des hohlen Leichtmetallelements, die Schweißkammerhöhe (HM) und die Matrizendicke (HD), welche durch Verwendung einer numerischen Analyse bestimmt werden, dergestalt durchgeführt wird, dass ein nach dem Zusammenbringen und Zusammenschweißen auf das Leichtmetallmaterial angewandter Spannungs- bzw. Belastungsgrad im Schritt des Extrudierens 1,8 oder mehr beträgt.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Metall, welches das Leichtmetallelement darstellt, eine auf Aluminium basierende Legierung ist.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Matrize eine Brückenmatrize, eine Bullaugenmatrize oder eine Spinnenmatrize ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003146839 | 2003-05-23 | ||
PCT/JP2004/006601 WO2004103596A1 (ja) | 2003-05-23 | 2004-05-11 | 中空軽金属部材の押出し加工方法、中空押出し加工用ダイス、及び中空軽金属押出し部材 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1637246A1 EP1637246A1 (de) | 2006-03-22 |
EP1637246A4 EP1637246A4 (de) | 2008-06-18 |
EP1637246B1 true EP1637246B1 (de) | 2012-03-14 |
Family
ID=33475313
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04732202A Expired - Lifetime EP1637246B1 (de) | 2003-05-23 | 2004-05-11 | Verfahren zum extrudieren eines hohlen leichtmetallelements |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1637246B1 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100674779B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN100366356C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE549104T1 (de) |
DK (1) | DK1637246T3 (de) |
TW (1) | TWI251513B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004103596A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5010196B2 (ja) * | 2006-07-18 | 2012-08-29 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 耐熱アルミ合金製の形材の製造方法、耐熱アルミ合金製の形材及び耐熱アルミ合金製の形材の成形装置 |
DE102020128163B3 (de) * | 2020-10-27 | 2022-02-17 | Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon Gmbh | Formwerkzeug und Verfahren zum Strangpressen von metallischen Werkstoffen |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3520168A (en) * | 1966-08-01 | 1970-07-14 | Dow Chemical Co | Feederhole die |
US3575030A (en) * | 1967-11-01 | 1971-04-13 | Dow Chemical Co | Slanted weld extrusion process |
CN2155964Y (zh) * | 1993-06-02 | 1994-02-16 | 蔡志忠 | 铝挤压型管材成型模具 |
JP4174173B2 (ja) * | 2000-07-03 | 2008-10-29 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 中空断面金属製品の押出方法および押出装置 |
JP2002185151A (ja) * | 2000-12-19 | 2002-06-28 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | 多層プリント配線板 |
JP2003013191A (ja) * | 2001-06-28 | 2003-01-15 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | アルミニウムを主成分とする金属製直管及びその製造方法、並びに検査方法 |
-
2004
- 2004-05-11 EP EP04732202A patent/EP1637246B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-05-11 KR KR1020057022346A patent/KR100674779B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2004-05-11 DK DK04732202.9T patent/DK1637246T3/da active
- 2004-05-11 WO PCT/JP2004/006601 patent/WO2004103596A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2004-05-11 AT AT04732202T patent/ATE549104T1/de active
- 2004-05-11 CN CNB2004800140459A patent/CN100366356C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-17 TW TW093113864A patent/TWI251513B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100674779B1 (ko) | 2007-01-25 |
ATE549104T1 (de) | 2012-03-15 |
CN100366356C (zh) | 2008-02-06 |
CN1795063A (zh) | 2006-06-28 |
EP1637246A4 (de) | 2008-06-18 |
TW200425967A (en) | 2004-12-01 |
DK1637246T3 (da) | 2012-05-29 |
KR20060004699A (ko) | 2006-01-12 |
TWI251513B (en) | 2006-03-21 |
WO2004103596A1 (ja) | 2004-12-02 |
EP1637246A1 (de) | 2006-03-22 |
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