EP1573891A2 - Resonanzkonverter und verfahren zum treiben von veränderlichen lasten - Google Patents
Resonanzkonverter und verfahren zum treiben von veränderlichen lastenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1573891A2 EP1573891A2 EP03782433A EP03782433A EP1573891A2 EP 1573891 A2 EP1573891 A2 EP 1573891A2 EP 03782433 A EP03782433 A EP 03782433A EP 03782433 A EP03782433 A EP 03782433A EP 1573891 A2 EP1573891 A2 EP 1573891A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- input
- switch
- voltage
- load
- transformer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC using static converters
- H05B41/282—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC using static converters with semiconductor devices
- H05B41/2825—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC using static converters with semiconductor devices by means of a bridge converter in the final stage
- H05B41/2828—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC using static converters with semiconductor devices by means of a bridge converter in the final stage using control circuits for the switching elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
- H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
- H05B41/39—Controlling the intensity of light continuously
- H05B41/392—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a switching power supply for driving variable ohmic-capacitive or ohmic-inductive loads, which has a resonance circuit, an electromechanical energy converter, a switch and a control device.
- Switched-mode power supplies with or without a resonance circuit usually cannot do without inductive electromagnetic components.
- such circuits can only be operated up to a specific maximum frequency and only with resonant inductive elements or broadband transformers or inductors.
- Such components are volume-intensive and cause a significant share of the cost of the entire device.
- a self-excited or externally excited half-bridge circuit which works with bipolar transistors, reverse diodes, a series resonance circuit and inductive base feedback.
- An exemplary embodiment of such a half-bridge circuit is disclosed in the following document (1): S. Lowbridge, M. Maytum, K. Rutgers, "Electronic Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps Using BUL 770/791 Transistors” (Texas Instruments, 1992)
- the load circuit is predominantly inductive, which enables low-loss switching in various load cases.This circuit can also be classified as an amplifier of class D.
- Zero voltage switching which is characterized in that a voltage across a power semiconductor is made zero before and during a switching operation, is achieved by a sufficiently large (resonance) inductance on the load circuit.
- This circuit also requires a resonance inductance in the load circuit, but achieves the zero voltage behavior (ZVS) in parallel with a sufficiently large capacitance, whereas with a half-bridge circuit the parallel capacitance increases If the switch is chosen to be as small as possible in order to achieve the zero voltage behavior (ZVS) without problems by means of a resonance inductance, this parallel capacitance is made as large as possible in the class E circuit mentioned in order to keep the maximum voltage across the switch as small as possible to keep possible. However, if the capacitance is chosen too large, the voltage can no longer return to zero and impermissible switch-on losses occur.
- any desired transformation relationships can be realized.
- these components mostly do not offer predominantly inductive input behavior.
- Such electro-mechanical converters are usually also very narrow-band and can only transmit sinusoidal vibrations with regard to their frequency behavior.
- a hard-switching converter topology is therefore less suitable for its operation.
- the resonance mode must therefore be selected, advantageously also in a resonance converter topology. Since a capacitive input and output behavior is essentially predetermined by a piezoceramic material, such a converter can only replace the conventional inductors or transformers if additional inductive shaping of the load circuit is taken into account in the case of a desired inductive load circuit behavior.
- switching in a resonance case can be designed using a piezoelectric transformer in such a way that the switching losses are minimized if a recharging time of the relatively large input capacities of the piezoelectric transformer is achieved by precisely observing the required activation times by temporarily switching off both switches (dead times ) is bridged.
- this requires a precisely adjustable high-side and low-side driver circuit, which usually also has an integrated circuit.
- An exemplary embodiment of such a circuit is in the follow ⁇ the font (3) published: RL Lin, FC Lee, EM Baker, DY Chen, "Inductor-less Piezoelectric Transformer Electronic Ballast for Linear Fluorescent Lamps ", APEC2001, Anaheim, CA, USA, Proceedings, Vol. 2, pages 664-669.
- the predominantly capacitive input behavior of a piezo transformer is useful in that the size of the input capacitance can be adapted to an electrically required value and thus does not have a disruptive effect, as is the case with a half-bridge or other purposefully inductive load circuit circuit is.
- Such class E circuits with a piezoelectric transformer are already known from the following document (4): T.Abe, Sh. Jomura, T. Ta a-kai, "Discharge tube driving device and piezoelectric transformer therefore", EP 0 665 600 B1, European Patent dated July 21, 1999.
- such a circuit requires an additional parallel capacitor on the input side in the case of a high transformation if the input capacitance of the piezoelectric transformer is not sufficiently large. This is not the case in a transformation case where the input capacitance of some embodiments of piezoelectric transformers can be too large.
- a smoothing choke on the input side prevents direct action of high-frequency current vibrations on an input or on a smoothing capacitor compared to a smoothing or resonance inductance that does not act on the input side, so that a smoothing choke on the input side (hereinafter referred to as choke inductance) is preferable to other arrangements of an inductor.
- US-5, 866, 968 a possibility is described to adjust the phase shift between the output voltage and the driver signal of a circuit according to (4) so that a PLL circuit with a simple oscillator / driver IC is feasible.
- This control circuit for class E is particularly suitable for piezo transformers with high transformation properties, since the voltage maximum at the output of the transformer simultaneously represents a striking point for the nominal power. Because of the low current load during high transformation, the frequency characteristic of the output voltage will almost correspond to an open-circuit case, so that the transformation ratio between open circuit and nominal load changes little.
- the desired nominal power can hardly be set by the specimen stray lamp (nominal voltage) and piezo transformer regardless of the topology.
- the regulation must be based on a specific nominal value of the output current, which is not necessarily the maximum transferable current.
- a basic solution for setting a PLL control according to this principle with this disadvantage has become known according to (3). To set the lamp current in (3), a very precise control circuit must be used, which either requires a special nominal value adjustment for each device in order to reach the nominal point. Or the value of the output current is sampled precisely enough with great processing effort.
- a phase control by scanning the zero crossings of the output voltage and output current in a half-bridge circuit is again inaccurate because of the scatter of charge reversal times at the input of the piezo transformer, so that an evaluation of the amplitude of the output current is required in order to set the nominal power.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a resonance converter and a method for efficiently driving variable loads.
- the present invention is based on the knowledge that a piezotransformer for driving variable loads can be used in nominal load operation for the transformation case by using a switch for switching a voltage signal which can be applied to the piezotransformer and whose switching frequency is based on a phase shift between a switch current and a load current is controlled.
- D is regarded here as the relative switch-on time of only the positive curve of the switch current.
- a negative switch current curve can and should occur due to, for example, an anti-parallel diode to the switch in all operating cases, whereby zero voltage switching (ZVS) can always be guaranteed.
- a piezoelectric transformer can be connected directly in parallel to a switch on the input side, which takes over the transformation to the load and, due to its capacitive input behavior, a desired return of the switch voltage to zero above a defined load or input voltage guaranteed area.
- a voltage transformation ratio of the piezoelectric transformer is selected so that the load impedance is adjusted, and an input capacitance of the piezo transformer is selected so that it has the required reactive power component - Can store sonant, so that neither the switch voltage is exceeded, nor the voltage return to zero.
- the external capacitance shown there in parallel to the switch is superfluous, since the input capacitance of the piezoelectric transformer can be chosen to be sufficiently large for a mains voltage application, while its value is less well achieved by a piezoelectric transformer in low-voltage applications and may be too small.
- the circuit according to the invention requires comparatively to half-bridge circuits for mains voltage Only a low-side driver and therefore has a reasonable control effort. This simplifies the control effort for the entire circuit and is comparable to the control effort of a hard-switching DC-DC converter (flyback or boost arrangement).
- the switch only comes into reverse operation for a short time, comparable to the effect of a current source, and therefore works in particular when using MOS transistors, but also when using IGBT with a reverse diode, even at high frequencies up to over 100 kHz very low loss.
- the present invention makes it possible to drive variable loads with low losses and with a simple control effort at high frequencies, with only a minimal circuit effort, including, for example, a switch (MOSFET or IGBT with a reverse diode), an input DC choke (choke inductance) ) and an electromechanical energy converter (piezoelectric transformer).
- a switch MOSFET or IGBT with a reverse diode
- an input DC choke Choke inductance
- electromechanical energy converter piezoelectric transformer
- the electromechanical transducer fulfills the requirement of the transformation in an unloaded state, so that a low-pressure gas discharge lamp can be ignited without any problems.
- a lamp represents a very large resistance, which in an ignited state (burning operation) changes into a defined load with a negative differential resistance, and can be approximated with an ohmic resistance at an operating point.
- the ignition circuit implemented by further components in a conventional ballast can be implemented in a ballast with a piezoelectric transformer exclusively by this transformer, which brings about a further cost reduction.
- a simple integrated control circuit can be used with a sufficient bandwidth of a piezoelectric transformer. Detection of an input voltage or a lamp voltage is not necessary for setting an operating point, since a parameter dependency of a phase shift is small enough to adjust the lamp power solely by means of a setpoint adjustment of the phase shift.
- the amplitude of the output current does not have to be sampled for the purpose of an approximate power setting, since the change in the trans- formation ratio when the load changes, the nominal power can be mapped precisely enough to the phase shift of the current zero crossings of the switch and load current.
- FIG. 1 is a rough block diagram showing a basic structure of a resonance converter according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a circuit diagram of a resonance converter, a control device for controlling the switching frequency of the switch not being shown;
- Fig. 3 is a detailed circuit diagram of the resonance converter of Fig. 2;
- 3a shows a frequency-dependent voltage transmission function of a piezoelectric transformer in the no-load ignition mode and in the load mode.
- Fig. 4 qualitative waveforms of eitiem 'switch current I s and a load current I L;
- Fig. 6 is the phase angle ⁇ ⁇ L at a constant Fre acid sequence in response to an input voltage U in; 7 shows a circuit for driving a variable load according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 shows a drive circuit according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a rough illustration of a resonance converter according to the invention, which comprises a source 101, a switch 103, a piezo transformer 105, a variable load 107 and a control device 109.
- a voltage supplied by the source 101 or a current supplied by it is switched by means of the switch 103 at a switching frequency, as a result of which an input signal is present to the piezo transformer 105, which is converted into an output signal which has a frequency which is different from the switching frequency of the switch 103 depends.
- This output signal is used to drive a load 107, such as a low-pressure gas discharge lamp whose ⁇ Lastcha- rakterumbling is variable.
- This phase shift can be determined from a plurality of signals which can be tapped, for example, before and after the piezo transformer 105 and before or after the switch 107.
- the source 101 is coupled to a first connection 2011 of an input choke 201.
- a second connection 2013 of the input choke 201 is coupled to a first input 1031 of the switch 103.
- the first input 1031 of the switch 103 is coupled to a first connection 1051 of an input gate 1052 of the piezo transformer.
- the source 101 is also coupled to a second input 1033 of the switch 103 which is also coupled to a second terminal 1053 of the input gate 1052 of the piezo transformer 105.
- the variable load 107 is connected between a first connection 1055 of an output gate 1056 of the piezo transformer and a second connection 1057 of the output gate 1056.
- the switch 103 also has a control input 1035 to which a control signal can be applied which controls the switching frequency of the switch 103.
- the mode of operation of the resonance converter shown in FIG. 2 is described in more detail below.
- the switch 103 is operated with a relative switch-on time D and an operating frequency f, so that a resonance of the converter 105 is achieved, and an output signal, for example a voltage, the variable load 107, for example a gas discharge lamp or another ohmic-capacitive Load drives.
- Fig. 3 shows a detailed circuit diagram of a resonance converter, one of the class amplifiers; E includes.
- the source 101 is initially coupled to the first connection 2011 of the input choke 201.
- the second connection of the inductor is coupled to the first input 1031 of the switch 103, the first input 1031 also being coupled to the first connection 1051 of the converter 105.
- the source 101 is also coupled to the second input 1033 of the switch 103, the second input 1033 also being coupled to the second connection 1053 of the converter 105.
- the load 107 is arranged between the first connection 1055 and the second connection 1057 of the output gate of the converter 105.
- the switch 103 comprises a voltage-controlled power switch 1037, the source or emitter of which is connected to the first input 1031 of the switch and the drain or collector of which is connected to the second input 1033 of the switch 103. are coupled.
- the control input 1035 of the switch 103 is simultaneously designed as a gate of the voltage-controlled circuit breaker 1037.
- a diode 1039 is connected between the second input 1033 and the first input 1031 in the direction of flow.
- FIG. 3 a simplified equivalent circuit diagram of a piezo transformer 105 is shown in FIG. 3.
- the equivalent circuit diagram comprises an input capacitance 10501 which is connected between the first connection 1051 and the second connection 1053 of the input gate of the piezo transformer 105 and is therefore arranged in parallel with the switch 103.
- the equivalent circuit diagram of the converter 105 comprises a resonance circuit which consists of a series circuit comprising a capacitor 10502, an inductor 10503 and a resistor
- the resonance circuit which is also characterized by a high quality, consists of the capacitance 10502, the inductance 10503 and the resistor 10504, is connected between the first connection 1051 of the converter 105 and a further connection 10506 of a primary side of the transmitter arrangement 10505. Parallel to a secondary side of the transmission arrangement
- An output capacitance 10508 is arranged in 10505.
- the piezo transformer 105 is characterized in that the transmission ratio ü is subject to a change as a function of the load 107.
- the voltage controlled power switch 1037 can be, for example, a fast IGBT (e.g. a fieldstop IGBT) or a MOS transistor (eg a cool MOS transistor), which is used together with an anti-parallel reverse diode. The mode of operation of the circuit shown in FIG. 3 is explained below.
- the voltage-controlled circuit breaker 1037 is made conductive by applying a control signal to the control input 1035, a current which flows through the voltage-controlled circuit breaker cannot increase suddenly due to the input choke 201. In addition, the input capacitance 10501 of the converter 105 is discharged. If the voltage-controlled circuit breaker 1035 is switched off again by applying a corresponding control signal, that is to say brought into a blocking state, then a voltage across the voltage-controlled circuit breaker increases only slowly because the input capacitance 10501 is charged.
- the voltage-controlled power switch may thus at the gate 1035 with respect to collector / emitter or drain / source connected energize the ⁇ so that no turn-on losses are incurred.
- Such a current-controlled antiparallel diode does not necessarily have to be designed as a fast diode, so that an inexpensive slow diode can also be used here. If the switch 103 is now operated at a predetermined frequency, the resonance circuit, consisting of the capacitance 10502, the inductor 10503 and the resistor 10504, is excited. If a resonance frequency of the resonance circuit is reached in this case, the converter 105 reaches a maximum voltage transmission ratio ü.
- a voltage transfer function (with a defined input voltage 101 and a defined load 107) can be described in terms of frequency, for example by a Gaussian function (bell curve), as is illustrated, for example, in FIG. 3a.
- a resonance frequency f R the voltage transfer function reaches a maximum value in the load state. If the resonance frequency f R is exceeded, which corresponds to an over-resonant case, the voltage transfer function drops in such a way that it follows a course of the Gaussian curve.
- the voltage transfer function has assumed a value that is significantly lower than the value of the voltage transfer function in the resonant case. If the frequency becomes lower again during the over-resonant operation, the voltage transmission ratio ü increases again.
- This frequency-dependent voltage transmission ratio of a piezoelectric transformer which is shown in FIG. 3a, is now used in accordance with the present invention to drive variable loads.
- the gas discharge lamp connected by way of example on the secondary side of the transformation arrangement 10505 is distinguished by a variable load characteristic.
- a high voltage is present at the output gate of the converter 105, which enables the gas discharge lamp 301 to be ignited. If the gas discharge lamp 301 is ignited in the no-load state, the voltage applied to the gas discharge lamp 301 drops, while the load current flowing through the gas discharge lamp increases.
- the voltage transmission function is selected so broadly by a suitable design of the electromechanical converter 105 that a suitable reduction in the voltage transmission ratio occurs in the event of a deviation from the resonance frequency, an increase in a voltage at the gas discharge lamp during load operation can be counteracted. If the output voltage increases between the first connection 1055 and the second connection 1057 of the converter 105, the piezoelectric transformer, because of its capacitive output due to the capacitance 10508, acts like a class E converter with a predominantly capacitive output load. As a result, the total power transmitted does not drop to such an extent as if a constant ohmic resistance were operated as a load with the same frequency change.
- the total power transmitted is divided into the reactive power carried by the capacitance 10508 and the active power carried by the load 107.
- the total power transmitted can decrease less strongly in the event of a deviation from the resonance frequency than with a constant ohmic load with the same converter, since a larger capacitive reactive power over the capacitance due to a larger output voltage 10508 is performed.
- the piezo transformer 105 is designed in such a way that it generates a load-free step-up transformation of the output voltage at approximately the same or only a slightly different resonance frequency compared to the load case (ie burning operation of the gas discharge lamp), so that the gas discharge lamp can be ignited.
- the shaft can be reached in a stress-free state in a simple and cost-effective manner due to an undamped mechanical vibration by the narrow-band resonance curve shown in FIG encloses.
- phase angle ⁇ LT which is determined by the zero crossings of the switch current I s and the load current I L , is not equal to zero and relatively large in this exemplary diagram, since the load current I L has a larger capacitive component, which is equivalent to the fact that the Gas discharge lamp has not yet been put into its nominal operation (approximately ohmic resistance), where the phase angle ⁇ LT becomes smaller and can even become almost zero.
- the reverse time t rev then also becomes shorter and can become almost zero, so that the reverse current flowing through the diode 1039 disappears.
- the frequency-dependent voltage transmission ratio of a piezoelectric transformer is used according to the invention in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3 in order to implement frequency-dependent power transmission as a function of a variable load, as has already been explained with reference to FIG. 3a. This is explained in detail below using the voltage transmission ratio of a piezoelectric transformer 105 shown in FIG. 5 as a function of a load characteristic of a gas discharge lamp 301.
- the resonance frequency is higher than the optimal one in unloaded operation Frequency under load (for example for maximum performance or also for maximum efficiency).
- the resonance frequency of the electromechanical transducer without load is realized only slightly above the resonance frequency under load, which is technically possible without any problems by a suitable design of a piezoelectric transformer.
- the nominal frequency for the nominal load combustion operation should coincide approximately with the resonance frequency in a load-free state.
- the converter is initially starting from the resonance frequency controlled by a to the no-load resonance point around preferably variable frequency to ⁇ which increases periodically slowly and / or is slowly lowered again, and a shape of a curve shown in Fig. 5 501 of the Voltage transfer ratio follows.
- the frequency-dependent voltage transmission ratio can be used for efficient control of a power output to the gas discharge lamp by the piezo transformer 105 is excited at different frequencies that are close together, for example can be realized by a suitable switching frequency of the switch 103.
- a phase angle ⁇ LT between the load current and the switch current is evaluated in order to control and regulate the converter constructed in this way, in order to implement, for example, an over-resonant regulation.
- phase angle ⁇ LT also shows an exemplary course of the phase angle ⁇ LT, for example at nominal load as a function of frequency (curve 507) together with the voltage transmission functions in a no-load state (ignition) and in a load state (nominal load).
- curve 507 the nominal load or an even greater load (small voltage transmission ratio ü) occurs below f 0 p ⁇ , and a smaller load (larger voltage transmission ratio ü) above f OPT up to the no-load ignition characteristic in Assignment to the function of the phase angle ⁇ LT 507 occurs.
- the 'over-resonant range above a frequency f opt can be used to control or regulate the gas discharge lamp power. According to this, it is therefore not necessary to record a maximum value of the gas discharge lamp current in order to control or regulate the converter. It is sufficient to scan the phase angle ⁇ LT between the switch and the load current and to set it to a nominal value. If the frequency becomes lower, the active power transmission increases in the case of an over-resonant operation up to its maximum at the resonance frequency.
- the switch current embodies approximately the input current of the piezo transformer 105, which is distributed over the transformation ratio to the load (gas discharge lamp) and to the output capacitance 10508 of the converter 105.
- the power can be increased under nominal load by increasing the input voltage from a minimum nominal input voltage 505 'to a higher input voltage 503' up to a maximum load characteristic 501 '.
- the output power can no longer be increased significantly, this being dependent on the volume of the piezo transformer used. A smaller volume only allows a smaller maximum load. It is therefore important to ensure that the piezotransformer is designed for at least a somewhat larger load than the nominal load, so that the control circuit according to FIG. 8 remains functional beyond the nominal load.
- phase angle ⁇ LT The course of the phase angle ⁇ LT at a constant frequency is shown again in FIG. 6 as a function of an input voltage JJ n applied to the gas discharge lamp.
- a rising voltage Ui n the phase angle ⁇ decreases, since in this case more active power is transmitted to the gas discharge lamp, see, for example, FIG. 5a, over-resonant operation.
- such fluctuations in the voltage U in can be compensated for by more power being passed on to the gas discharge lamp by lowering the frequency when the input voltage U n falls in the over-resonant mode of operation.
- phase angle ⁇ LT can be set by setting a transmission ratio u which is different as a function of the input voltage. With a constant output voltage, this phase angle is a measure of the size of the load current, and thus of the output power, due to the parallel connection of the approximately constant capacitance 10508 and the load 107 in load operation.
- FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a resonance converter according to the invention for low-pressure gas discharge lamps, including switching frequency control. Since this exemplary embodiment is based on the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the functionalities are not described again with the same reference symbols in the following.
- the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7 initially comprises an input rectifier 701 having a first mains connection 70101 and a second mains connection 70103. Between an output 7015 and an input 7017 of the input rectifier 701 there is a capacitance 703 which ⁇ at play, a load capacitor may be coupled. In parallel with the capacitance 703, a control part 705 is also coupled together with a resistor 70501. The output 7015 of the input rectifier 701 is also coupled to the first connection 2011 of the input choke 201.
- the control part 705 also has a control output 7051 which, according to the present invention, is coupled to the control input 1035 of the switch 103, which in this exemplary embodiment comprises the current-controlled circuit breaker 1037.
- the control part 705 also has a first Input 7053 and a second input 7055.
- the first input 7053 is coupled to the second input 1033 of the switch.
- a sense resistor 707 is also arranged between the first input 7053 of the control part 705 and the input 7017 of the input rectifier 701.
- a second sense resistor 709 is arranged between the load 107 and the second connection 1057 of the converter 105.
- the second input 7055 of the control part 705 is coupled between the load 107 and the second sense resistor 709.
- the control part 705 also has a power supply input 7057, which is coupled to the input 7017 of the input rectifier 701 via a capacitance 70111, which can be designed, for example, as a block capacitor. Between the second terminal 1053 of the converter 105 and the power supply input 1057 of the drive ⁇ part 705 is coupled in flow direction a first diode 70,131th Between the input 7017 of the input rectifier 701 and the first terminal 1051 of the input port of the converter 105, a parallel circuit consisting of an external capacitance 70151 and a diode 70171, which is operated in the direction of flow, is also coupled. In '. The operation of the resonance shown in Figure 7 is nanzkonverters explained. However, the functionalities which have already been discussed with reference to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3 are not discussed again here.
- the object of the control part 705 is to detect the in Fig. 7 marked by an arrow switch current I s and the load current I h suitable for a Pha ⁇ sendifferenz to determine between the two streams, and so at the control output 7051 a control signal for Control the switching frequency of the switch 103 output.
- a variable which is dependent on the switch current I s is first generated and can be applied to the first input 7053 of the control part 705.
- the switching Terstrom Is is converted at the first sense resistor 707 into a voltage which is present at the first input 7053.
- the variable dependent on the switch current can be generated with the aid of any functionality, for example by means of a current mirror or by means of a current-controlled voltage source.
- the piezo transformer 105 drives a gas discharge lamp with the load resistor 107, through which the load current I L flows, with a voltage transmission ratio ü.
- a second sense resistor 709 is used to detect a variable dependent on the load current I L , so that the load current I L generates a voltage across the resistor 709, which voltage is applied to the second input 7055 of the control part 705 is applied.
- the phase difference between the switch current I s and the load current I L is first determined in the control part 705, and, as has already been described above, a control signal is output which controls the switching frequency of the switch 103 ,
- the resistor 70501 provides a start supply for the control part 705.
- the power supply for the control part 701 is implemented via a primary-side connection of the piezoelectric transformer 105 via a pump circuit with the diodes 70131 and 70171, and via the external capacitance 70151, while the capacitance 70111 (block capacitors - sator) the supply voltage of the control part 701 be smoothed ⁇ tet.
- a simple power supply apparatus of the present invention without any particular Anforderun ⁇ gen only three capacitors 703, 70111 and 70151, which are playing carried out at ⁇ as condensers to an electromagnetic compatibility and with no other options for dimming or power factor correction, an on ⁇ gang rectifier 701 (Line rectifier), an input choke 201, a piezo transformer 105, for example a fast IGBT 1037 with a reverse diode 1039, a possibly integrated control part 705, two diodes 70131 and 70171 and some small resistors.
- an on ⁇ gang rectifier 701 Line rectifier
- a piezo transformer 105 for example a fast IGBT 1037 with a reverse diode 1039
- a possibly integrated control part 705 two diodes 70131 and 70171 and some small resistors.
- the ballast thus obtained can thus be accommodated in a compact design in the smallest space, for example with an overall height of 10 mm being easily accessible.
- a size EF 13 up to a power of 18 watts is sufficient.
- the piezoelectric transformer 105 for example, a cylindrical design with a height of 9 mm and a diameter of 20 mm can also be considered sufficient for 18 watts.
- a complete integration of the reversing diode 1039, for example a Fieldstop ⁇ GBT 1037 and a control IC, can also be implemented cost-effectively in an 8-pin housing as a multi-chip solution.
- FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the control device 109 according to the invention together with the switch 103 and the load resistor 107.
- the control device 109 comprises first means 801 for detecting from the switch current I s-dependent variable, means 803 for detecting a quantity dependent on the load current I L size as well as a phase locked loop 805.
- the phase locked loop 805 comprises, in this embodiment, a device 807 for Determining the phase shift between the switch current and the load current from the variables detected by the device 801 and by the device 803.
- the device 807 has a first input 8071, a second input 8073 and an output 8075.
- the output 8075 of the device 807 is via a A resistor 8091 and a capacitor 8093 are coupled to a reference potential, for example ground.
- VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
- An input 81101 of VCO 811 is coupled between resistor 8091 and capacitance 8093.
- An output 81103 of the VCO is coupled to an input of the gate driver 813, the output of which is coupled to the control input 1035 of the switch 103.
- the device 801 has a comparator 8011 with a first input 80111, a second input 80112 and an output 80113.
- the first input 80111 of the comparator 8011 is coupled to the second input 1033 of the switch 103.
- the second input 80112 is coupled to the output 80131 of a reference source 8013.
- the output 80113 of the comparator 8011 is coupled to the first input 8071 of the device 107.
- the device 803 comprises a comparator '8031 with a first input 80311 and a second input 80312 and an output 80313.
- the first input 80311 of the comparator 80131 is coupled between the resistors 107 and 709.
- the second input 80312 of the comparator 8031 is coupled to the output 8031 of the reference source 8013.
- the output 80313 of the comparator 8031 is also coupled to the second input 8073 of the device 807.
- the switch current at the sense resistor 707 is converted into a voltage which is present at the first input 80111 of the comparator 8011.
- a reference signal which is supplied by the reference source 8013, is present at the second input 80112 of the comparator 8011.
- the comparator 8011 thus samples the zero crossings of the switch current I s by comparing the drop across the sense resistor 707. voltage and the reference signal close to zero.
- An output signal is thus output at the output 80113 of the comparator 8011, the instantaneous phase of which results from the comparison between the signals present at the inputs 80111 and 80112 and which in this exemplary embodiment represents a variable which is dependent on the switch current I s .
- a symmetrical arrangement is located on the load side.
- the load current I L is converted into a voltage which is present at the first input 80311.
- Reference signal 80131 which is supplied by reference source 8013, is also present at second input 80312.
- the load current is sampled via the sense resistor 709 and the comparator 8031 outputs an output signal at its output 80313 which represents a variable dependent on the switch current I L.
- the two second inputs 80112 and 80312 are coupled to the same output 80131 of the reference source 8013.
- this reference source is designed as a DC voltage source.
- the reference source 8013 can be any source, such as an AC voltage source, or another arrangement, such as a current or voltage controlled voltage source, which supplies a predetermined, for example time-dependent, reference signal.
- the switch current and the load current are sensed at the two sense resistors 707 and 709.
- the load current can be sensed with the aid of any functionality, such as, for. B. a current mirror with a resistor as a load or a current-controlled voltage source, or by a separate load or switch current proportional signal source, for example as a tap of the transformer 105 (piezo transformer) in FIG. 7.
- the device 807 is used to determine the phase shift between the switch current and the load current from the detected values which are present at the two inputs 8071 and 8073.
- the device 807 is designed as a phase detector which is part of the phase locked loop 805.
- the phase difference signal determined by the phase detector 807 which also depends on whether it is over-resonant or under-resonant in terms of its frequency dependence, is implemented by the integrator device 809, in this exemplary embodiment as a filter, consisting of a resistor and a capacitor, integrated.
- the filter output signal is present at the input 81101 of the VCO 811, which generates a suitable frequency f and an associated duty cycle D f based on the filter output signal. This output signal is forwarded to the control input 8035 of the switch 103.
- the integrator means 809 which is carried out in this example, a particularly cost 'may be implemented in other ways, such as by a suitably-connected operational amplifier, or other time delaying circuit.
- the switch 103 comprises a voltage-controlled power switch 1'037.
- the output of the VCO 813 is supplied to the gate driver 813, the output signal se to a gate of beispielswei ⁇ a field stop IGBT, or a MOSFET as possible from ⁇ EMBODIMENTS of the voltage-controlled power switch is disclosed.
- the device 807 is designed as a phase detector for determining the phase difference and for generating a difference signal. This has the advantage that the phase locked loop 805, which can be implemented inexpensively, can be used to control the switch 103.
- the VCO 811 may therefore have a device (not shown) to store the frequency applied at the time of ignition.
- the ignition frequency is found in the over-resonant branch of the load curve in Fig. 3a. This ignition frequency is then purposefully not under control during load control, or is only undercut by an amount defined by the parameters of the piezotransformer 105, so that even a disproportionate change in the phase voltage U p to smaller values does not permit a frequency reduction in under-resonant operation.
- the VCO 811 can also have a device (not shown) to ensure a minimum, lower limit frequency in load operation, which ensures this behavior.
- the VCO 811 is also characterized by a duty cycle D f that is adjustable.
- D f duty cycle
- these switch-on times are supplied by the voltage-controlled oscillator 811, but in such a way that the current in the switch only increases during the switch-on time, as is illustrated in FIG.
- the VCO 811 is therefore designed so that it delivers a duty cycle D f necessary for this.
- This can be implemented, for example, by a device (not shown in FIG. 8) for setting a predetermined duty cycle of the output signal of the oscillator 811.
- a resonant inverter consisting of a self-excited or an externally excited class E amplifier, with an operation mode tuned to the resonance frequency at one high frequency using an electromechanical energy converter with a high load circuit quality, a high efficiency as well as a limited load change and a limited input voltage fluctuation by using a dynamically fast switch with at least about three times the reverse voltage compared to the maximum input DC voltage.
- the circuit can be implemented as a one-chip solution (for example in a SMART-POWER technology) or in a known inexpensive multi-chip version without any need a bridge-compatible high-voltage technology for the control circuit.
- conventional high-voltage circuit breakers e.g. Fieldstop-IGBT up to 1700V, Cool-MOS up to 800V
- the required control circuit works very low-loss, particularly when using MOS transistors or fast IGBTs, because of the capacitive gate behavior, as does the switch and the electromechanical converter.
- a high switching speed can be achieved by using MOS switches or fast IGBTs.
- the capacitive and inductive components of the overall arrangement decrease.
- a resonance inductance is therefore no longer required, just as little as a high-side driver device, which is not the case for comparable half-bridge solutions with narrow-band energy converters, or only with restrictions with regard to the control accuracy.
- no reactive components are required in the load circuit and are completely replaced by the piezoelectric transformer.
- the inverse voltage transmission ratio 1 / g (input voltage / output voltage) of the electromechanical converter is selected according to the invention with a ratio of 1.5: 1 to 5: 1 with respect to sine transmission at resonance frequency in adaptation to typical network applications for discharge lamps (e.g. low-pressure lamps).
- the input mains voltage can be between 80 and, for example, 260 volts AC.
- a load voltage operating voltage
- a load adjustment with optimal switch voltage limitation for the described network applications would not be achievable in this circuit topology, which is why the correctly dimensioned gear ratio in nominal load operation is an essential basic idea of the solution according to the invention.
- the input capacitance of the electromechanical transducer is to be selected such that no further parallel capacitance is required in addition to the semiconductor switch connected in parallel with the transducer input.
- the value of this input capacitance at a frequency of typically 100 kHz and a power of 10 to 20 watts will be between 100 pF and 1 nF depending on the input voltage.
- the value of the capacitance should be selected around 500 pF to 1 nF, with a large input voltage (160 to 260 V AC) this value should be selected with around 100 pF to 500 pF.
- the capacitance of the switch acting in parallel is of the order of less than 200 pF.
- the value of the input capacity shifts upwards (higher power) or downwards (lower power).
- a piezoelectric transformer A circular or also a laterally oscillating piezoelectric transformer is preferably used here.
- a piezoelectric transformer that works on the basis of a thickness oscillation, or a Rosen-type transformer is less suitable for this application, since these do not allow a corresponding transformation ratio in the specified power range and the required input capacitance with sufficient efficiency , At this point, however, it should be pointed out that these two types of piezo transformers can also be used according to the invention.
- the negative differential resistance of a gas discharge lamp in combustion mode helps to stabilize the zero-voltage circuit of class E, and is more suitable as a load in connection with a narrow-band electromechanical converter than a constant ohmic resistance.
- the piezoelectric transformer is designed in such a way that its voltage transfer function has a sufficient bandwidth, which, as has already been mentioned, follows the function of approximately a Gaussian function in terms of frequency, and is chosen to be so wide that if there is a deviation from the resonance frequency, a Reduction of the voltage transmission ratio ü occurs, which is counteracted by the rise in voltage at the gas discharge lamp.
- Lam ⁇ penstroms allows for gas discharge lamps via a technically reliable detection ⁇ ESdz7implementie - 7ramj ⁇ the frequency bandwidth is up to decay to half a power of at least about 5 to 10% of the nominal frequency.
- the keep the class E circuit with respect to the zero-voltage circuit and the switch current load hardly, so that no significant changes in the maximum switch current, the reverse reverse current and the maximum switch voltage occur at approximately constant relative switch-on time.
- the class E converter reacts to an increased capacitive or a less ohmic output load by increasing the reactive current component without the zero voltage condition being violated.
- the inherent output capacitance of the piezoelectric transformer has a stabilizing effect.
- the switch voltage thus continues to return to zero, even if the gas discharge lamp has been extinguished or removed. This only increases the proportion of reverse current in the switch.
- the maximum reverse current is equal to the maximum inrush current of the switch (ignition operation). End-of-life effects or load circuit interruption can thus be detected by scanning the reverse current in the switch without the lamp voltage having to be monitored.
- the optimal relative switch-on time changes with the frequency and has to be tracked with larger frequency changes within the bandwidth.
- the reverse voltage reserve of the switch is large, the input capacity of the piezoelectric transformer can be reduced in order to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) down to lower input voltages.
- ZVS zero voltage switching
- the reverse voltage reserve of the switch is small, the input voltage must not drop below a certain minimum value. Because of the sufficiently large output capacitance of a piezoelectric transformer when the ohmic load drops, this value is small enough to compensate for the usual voltage fluctuations in the networks and, in addition, to permit a larger voltage fluctuation at the input charging capacitor.
- the constant or slightly increasing capacitive output load of the piezoelectric transformer maintains the zero-voltage switching, since the rising reactive current component compensates for the missing load current component.
- the maximum switch voltage does not become significantly larger, since the effective input current decreases and has to be compensated for by a smaller proportion of the load current, the total relative switch-on time also remaining constant.
- the reactive current component drops to smaller values so that the maximum switch voltage is not exceeded in this case either. If the ohmic load was too high, the zero voltage behavior would no longer be achieved because the transmission characteristic of the piezoelectric transducer only allows a limited power transmission (maximum load).
- a load increase bumps to the same limitation in power transmission as an input voltage increase according to FIG. 5a. The additional power consumed at the switch is thus converted into heat when a voltage greater than zero has to be switched on. This means that the maximum switch voltage is also not exceeded by no longer increasing the transmitted power. In the event that an excessive load is used, this can be detected by detecting the voltage return at the switch, so that overloading of the switch can be avoided by switching off the converter.
- a component can be used as a switch, the maximum voltage of which is not exceeded in any possible operating state of a gas discharge lamp with an electromechanical converter (piezoelectric transformer). Therefore, a non-avalanche-proof switch (MOSFET or IGBT) is well suited for this application, since the output capacitance of the converter, which has an effect on the input, has a compensating effect when the ohmic load drops, and a maximum transferable power cannot be exceeded.
- MOSFET or IGBT non-avalanche-proof switch
- Non-avalanche-proof components in particular Fieldstop-IGBT as a switch, makes the present application more cost-effective, since no protective element against overvoltages has to be used on the switch, since the output circuit already protects the switch due to its electromechanical and thus electrical properties guaranteed.
- the phase angle between the load current and the switch current can be evaluated in order to control and regulate a converter constructed in this way.
- the switch current is only superimposed by the DC component of the input choke, which changes the phase shift by a fixed amount, and therefore not or only little depends on the power or input voltage. If the input choke of the converter is chosen so small that the choke current can decay to zero or become less than zero, the proportion of the superimposed direct current on the part of the choke can be significantly reduced or made almost zero, because then the choke current is typically in reached about a zero crossing when the switch was turned on. Even if the input choke is chosen larger, phase detection for power control is possible and only needs to be adapted slightly to the respective value of the input choke, since the effective input current in this application is significantly smaller than the load current.
- the fluctuation in the input voltage can also be compensated for by means of phase detection and a corresponding frequency change, since the capacitive component of the output current in the converter increases when the active power decreases due to a falling input voltage.
- the electromechanical converter has the property of transmitting a power which decreases quadratically with this when the input voltage becomes smaller.
- the converter can only respond by increasing the output voltage even if there is a small input voltage.
- the transformation ratio shifts towards larger values and the converter-internal losses increase slightly.
- a greater voltage is applied to the inherent output capacitance of the converter, as a result of which the capacitive current component increases and the ohmic current component decreases.
- the design of the electromechanical converter can be used to adjust the transformation ratio so that the output voltage increases from maximum load (minimum possible load resistance) to smaller loads (greater load resistance) so that the resulting equivalent resistance with respect to the input remains approximately constant or is little changes.
- the class E converter can be operated with a variable load in a wide input voltage range without the zero voltage condition being violated and by the transmitted power being able to be varied only by small frequency changes.
- a transformer with constant parameters in particular with a constant transmission ratio, this possibility does not exist in such a wide range of load and input voltage changes.
- the size of the input choke can also be used to adjust the power within certain limits at a given frequency. If the input choke is made larger, the transmission power increases in that the effective energy stored in the input choke increases at the same frequency due to the electrical characteristics of the class E converter and is passed on to the load circuit. However, because of the limited bandwidth of the electromechanical converter, the setting of the power via the input choke is only possible within small limits and will have an insignificant effect on the overall performance within the usual tolerances of inductive components. On the other hand, the adjustment of the input choke can be used to adjust the operating point if another adjustment should not be made.
- One advantage of the finite design of the input choke is the possibility ability to adjust lamp power.
- the input choke is made too large, it can bring about an improved smoothing of the current harmonics to the network (interference voltage), but it also causes a necessary adjustment of the input capacitance of the converter to smaller values with an increase in power and with a constant transformation ratio or to a smaller down-transformation ratio and constant or greater input capacity of the converter.
- the values required for a typical embodiment of the invention for the input choke at a typical frequency of 100 kHz are between 3 mH and 20 mH to choose.
- a PLL control loop is put into operation after detection of the ignition, in which the zero crossings of the switch and load current are sensed and passed on to a phase detector. Further, this phase difference is fed to a '.-- filter which produces a smoothed output voltage. This is connected to a suitable VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator), which should be adjusted to a setpoint (setpoint comparison) and has a suitable amplification.
- VCO voltage-controlled oscillator
- the output signal of the VCO is fed back to the switch (gate of an IGBT or MOSFET) as a frequency signal with a corresponding duty cycle according to the invention (constant or slightly variable within the range mentioned) via a driver.
- the duty cycle can increase slightly with decreasing frequency and decrease slightly with increasing frequency, or it is kept constant.
- the phase difference signal is applied positively, whereby an approximately constant power is generated.
- a Gas discharge lamp has a higher operating voltage, for example due to aging, then a disproportionately smaller lamp current flows, which can be referred to as a load change (load reduction).
- the converter will keep the power roughly constant by first "determining" that the phase angle has increased due to falling active load.
- the resulting phase voltage Up has become smaller according to the diagram. If it is given positively to the VCO , then the frequency drops a little, and the power is increased again. As a result, the phase angle decreases again and the phase difference voltage increases again according to the diagram.
Landscapes
- Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Inverter Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2002159069 DE10259069B4 (de) | 2002-12-17 | 2002-12-17 | Resonanzkonverter und Verfahren zum Treiben von veränderlichen Lasten |
| DE10259069 | 2002-12-17 | ||
| PCT/EP2003/014427 WO2004055961A2 (de) | 2002-12-17 | 2003-12-17 | Resonanzkonverter und verfahren zum treiben von veränderlichen lasten |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1573891A2 true EP1573891A2 (de) | 2005-09-14 |
| EP1573891B1 EP1573891B1 (de) | 2007-11-07 |
Family
ID=32519033
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03782433A Expired - Lifetime EP1573891B1 (de) | 2002-12-17 | 2003-12-17 | Resonanzkonverter und verfahren zum treiben von veränderlichen lasten |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1573891B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN100468941C (de) |
| DE (2) | DE10259069B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004055961A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008056127A1 (de) | 2008-11-06 | 2010-06-10 | Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg | Elektromechanischer Energiewandler zur Erzeugung von elektrischer Energie aus mechanischen Bewegungen |
| CN102164448A (zh) * | 2011-04-20 | 2011-08-24 | 梁永胜 | Uv灯电源电路 |
| GB2497595B (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2013-12-11 | Control Tech Ltd | Variable switching frequency power converter |
| DE102016120324B4 (de) * | 2016-10-25 | 2020-12-17 | Tdk Electronics Ag | Verfahren zur Bereitstellung einer Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung eines Atmosphärendruck-Plasmas |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4302056A1 (de) * | 1993-01-26 | 1994-07-28 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Resonanter Wechselrichter |
| EP0665600B1 (de) * | 1994-01-27 | 1999-07-21 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Gerät zum Steuern einer Entladungslampe und piezoelektrischer Wandler dafür |
| JPH08138876A (ja) * | 1994-11-16 | 1996-05-31 | Minebea Co Ltd | 圧電トランスを使用した冷陰極管点灯装置 |
| CN1069461C (zh) * | 1995-12-26 | 2001-08-08 | 株式会社东金 | 倒相电路 |
| DE19681771T1 (de) * | 1996-10-29 | 1999-11-25 | Dong Il Technology Ltd | Umwandler mit piezokeramischem Wandler |
| EP1016206B1 (de) * | 1997-02-06 | 2002-09-25 | Taiheiyo Cement Corporation | Steuerschaltung und -verfahren für einen piezoelektrischen transformator |
| US5866968A (en) * | 1997-05-07 | 1999-02-02 | Motorola Inc. | Single-input phase locking piezoelectric transformer driving circuit |
| JP3257505B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-31 | 2002-02-18 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 圧電トランスインバータ |
| JP3237614B2 (ja) * | 1998-06-19 | 2001-12-10 | 日本電気株式会社 | 圧電トランスの駆動方法及び駆動回路 |
| JP3282594B2 (ja) * | 1998-10-05 | 2002-05-13 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 圧電トランスインバータ |
| AU4209299A (en) * | 1998-11-09 | 2000-05-29 | Richard Patten Bishop | Dc-ac converter circuit using resonating multi-layer piezoelectric transformer |
| JP2000308358A (ja) * | 1999-04-22 | 2000-11-02 | Taiyo Yuden Co Ltd | 圧電トランスの駆動方法及びその装置 |
| JP2002203689A (ja) * | 2000-12-28 | 2002-07-19 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 圧電トランスを用いた冷陰極蛍光管の駆動装置及びその駆動方法 |
-
2002
- 2002-12-17 DE DE2002159069 patent/DE10259069B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-12-17 CN CN 200380106247 patent/CN100468941C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-17 WO PCT/EP2003/014427 patent/WO2004055961A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2003-12-17 EP EP03782433A patent/EP1573891B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-17 DE DE50308562T patent/DE50308562D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2004055961A3 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1726633A (zh) | 2006-01-25 |
| WO2004055961A3 (de) | 2004-12-09 |
| DE10259069A1 (de) | 2004-07-22 |
| EP1573891B1 (de) | 2007-11-07 |
| DE10259069B4 (de) | 2007-01-25 |
| DE50308562D1 (de) | 2007-12-20 |
| CN100468941C (zh) | 2009-03-11 |
| WO2004055961A2 (de) | 2004-07-01 |
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