EP1569012A2 - Procédé et dispositif pour la détection de rayonnement ionisant - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour la détection de rayonnement ionisant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1569012A2
EP1569012A2 EP05001537A EP05001537A EP1569012A2 EP 1569012 A2 EP1569012 A2 EP 1569012A2 EP 05001537 A EP05001537 A EP 05001537A EP 05001537 A EP05001537 A EP 05001537A EP 1569012 A2 EP1569012 A2 EP 1569012A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radiation
scintillator
alpha
arrangement
photomultiplier
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP05001537A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1569012B1 (fr
EP1569012A3 (fr
Inventor
Fritz Dr. Berthold
Wilfried Dr. Reuter
Peter Haefner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Berthold Technologies GmbH and Co KG
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Berthold Technologies GmbH and Co KG
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Application filed by Berthold Technologies GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Berthold Technologies GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1569012A2 publication Critical patent/EP1569012A2/fr
Publication of EP1569012A3 publication Critical patent/EP1569012A3/fr
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Publication of EP1569012B1 publication Critical patent/EP1569012B1/fr
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
    • G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
    • G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
    • G01T1/208—Circuits specially adapted for scintillation detectors, e.g. for the photo-multiplier section

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for scintillation counting of ionizing radiation.
  • Radionuclide laboratories in nuclear facilities or in general Radiation protection is regularly measured, e.g. for the determination of radioactive Contaminations or the dose rate and activity measurement carried out.
  • detectors are mainly scintillation counter, counter tubes and Used ionization chambers.
  • a scintillator is used as a scintillator. If only alpha radiation is measured, only ZnS is used as a scintillator. If only beta radiation is measured, a plastic scintillator is used. However, if alpha and beta radiation are to be measured simultaneously and separately, a "sandwich" scintillator is used. This consists of a flat plastic scintillator with a layer of ZnS applied to it, the latter facing the sample. The thickness of the ZnS layer is chosen so that as far as possible all alpha particles are stopped and thereby generate light, which is achieved at about 6 mg / cm 2 layer thickness. In each embodiment is located above the scintillator, a light-tight beam entrance window, usually a metal-coated plastic film.
  • the scintillator can be mounted directly on the entrance window of the photomultiplier. However, this is not possible with surface contamination monitors because the scintillators have areas of typically 100-200 cm 2 , whereas the entrance windows of preferably used photomultipliers are only about 25 mm in diameter. Therefore, the photons from the scintillator are focused onto the photocathode by means of a reflector.
  • the output pulses of the photomultiplier pass through a linear amplifier with pulse shaping times of typically 1-20 ⁇ s.
  • Sensitivity is low for low-energy beta radiation since these first have to penetrate the ZnS layer and there none with conventional Methods generate measurable signal before using their residual energy reach the plastic scintillator. You get in this case too no discernible plateau, i. no stable working point in dependence the pulse rate as a function of high voltage.
  • Plastic scintillators with ZnS coating also require a special and complex manufacturing process and therefore high costs for the Detector and thus the measuring system.
  • the object of the invention is the design of a measuring system with low Production cost of the detector, with the aim of increasing the sensitivity of the measuring system especially at low beta energies, at only low Sensitivity changes over a wide temperature range of -20 to + 50 degrees C, as well as with good long-term stability.
  • a single photon counter the measurement of all types of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma and X-rays.
  • a single photon counter a detector for photons, preferably in the visible range or in the near ultraviolet or infrared. He consists of a fast Photomultiplier with high internal gain, the u.A. with a high Number of dynodes (eg 10) is reached, a stabilized high voltage supply and a fast amplifier / discriminator with standard pulse output.
  • a single-photon counter can instead of a photomultiplier also a semiconductor device with internal gain, e.g. an avalanche Photodiode, use.
  • the individual photon counter downstream evaluation circuits By the individual photon counter downstream evaluation circuits the individual types of radiation can be distinguished from one another and thus separately and simultaneously or individually or collectively measured become.
  • a scintillator with the above properties can be done relatively easily either by Sedimentation with a suitable solution or by application with a Spray gun manufactured, which reduces the manufacturing costs of the detector and thus decisively reduced the measuring system.
  • the evaluation circuit exclusively for basic evaluation in the context single photon measurement or by additional circuit components can the measuring system according to the invention for measurements in Frame a variety of applications; in particular Single measurements of a given type of radiation, but also Simultaneous measurements of several types of radiation, such as for use in the Radiation protection, in radiometric measurement methods, or for use in dosimetry, feasible.
  • the rate of the output pulses of the single photon counter can directly as Measure of the intensity of ionizing radiation can be used. It is but also possible, by a correlation circuit in the following Evaluation circuit, these output pulses to analyze, in order to good signal-to-noise ratio or different types of radiation separate from each other.
  • Such a correlation circuit recognizes from the time sequence of Standard impulses of the single photon counter typical, from the interaction the ionizing radiation scintillator-derived sequences, by which is both the inevitable noise impulses of the interested ionizing radiation events, as well as the ionizing Radiation of its kind (alpha radiation on the one hand and beta / gamma / x-ray radiation on the other hand).
  • One for this designed correlation circuit may be designed such that a pulse of the single photon counter opens a gate for a predefined gate duration, within which further pulses may be counted. Depending on the number N of these further pulses and the gate duration can be compared with a typical value for a radiation type Decision will be made as to whether the arrived during the Gatedauer Pulses are the result of an ionizing radiation event of this kind.
  • burst detection This type of correlation measurement of the output pulses of the single photon counter is hereinafter referred to as "burst detection”.
  • the burst detector following the single photon counter is both a single measurement (specification of the typical N value of the detected Radiation), as well as a simultaneous or parallel measurement of several Types of radiations possible, in which from the number of in the gate window Counted pulses on the type of detected radiation event is closed.
  • the evaluation circuit can be used for the simultaneous measurement of different types of radiation exclusively with the single photon measurement in connection work with the burst detection, but also according to an embodiment the measuring system according to the invention provides a separate channel, for the detection of alpha particles according to the known method a charge-sensitive preamplifier with a subsequent pulse shaping of about 1 ⁇ s and an integral discriminator works, and the following briefly referred to as "alpha channel”.
  • alpha channel With such an alpha channel are time independent counts possible; should be during the measurement of ionizing events through the burst detection simultaneously in the alpha channel Alphaimpulse or pulses be registered from the cosmic rays, which due to the very intense interaction with the scintillator large flashes of light and unwanted Afterglow (phosphorescence) and thus single-photon signals generate, on which also the Bursterkennung responds, becomes over a veto signal generated by the alpha channel disables the burst detection to Artifacts including the glitches from the afterglow of the scintillator to avoid.
  • FIG. 1 shows an arrangement for carrying out the invention Method in its basic design.
  • a photomultiplier 30 is a scintillator 10 as part of a detector assigned, the inventive structure in detail based of embodiments is described in more detail in Figures 6-11.
  • the scintillator 10 due to the interactions described above generated photons are in the downstream photomultiplier 30th registers, amplifies, and the output pulses of the photomultiplier 30 are a fast single photon amplifier 22 with discriminator fed.
  • the single-photon counter 40 is followed by an evaluation circuit 20, which can be configured in various ways, as in the following is explained.
  • the evaluation circuit is used to deliver counts due to a in its kind identified ionizing radiation event to a Microprocessor unit 24.
  • the evaluation and implementation of the normalized Output pulses of the single photon counter 40 in such counts for the microprocessor unit is thus the task of the evaluation circuit 20.
  • a supply unit 21 which is also controlled by the microprocessor unit 24 becomes.
  • the high voltage is set so that it lies in the plateau (operating point AP).
  • drifts of the dynode amplification, the high voltage, the electronic gain, etc. only little on the result. Therefore, single-photon counters are characterized by highest sensitivity by excellent long-term stability.
  • the evaluation circuit operates as count rate divider. Because at a single radioactive event usually several single photons are generated by the single photon counter 40 registered, is in the evaluation circuit 20 a appropriate count rate reduction (e.g., 20), for example 20 output pulses (burst) of the single photon counter 40 a Count rate pulse representative of an ionizing event can. A detection of a particular type of radiation is not intended.
  • Figure 2B shows a typical pulse height spectrum of one for single photon counting suitable photomultiplier 30.
  • the increase at low amplitudes is due to thermal electrons Dynodes and electrical noise ago, the subsequent maximum at higher amplitudes in this pulse height distribution corresponds to single electrons from the photocathode, the photoelectrons triggered by light quanta or thermal electrons from the photocathode can be.
  • the discriminator threshold DS is set to the minimum between single electron maximum and noise to thereby the above-mentioned single photon plateau EP ( Figure 2A).
  • Figure 2C shows a typical single photon pulse with a half width from about 10 ns.
  • the device according to Figure 3 includes the Evaluation circuit 20, a correlation circuit with which the above-explained Burst detection with adjustable gate duration TG and pre-selectable Pulse count N1 can be performed.
  • This circuit is such that the first one discriminates Output signal (standard pulse) of the single-photon counter 40, a gate pulse for a certain time TG (gate duration) opens, preferably 2-30 ⁇ s.
  • the standard pulses arriving within the gate period TG are counted. If the number N of standard pulses arrived at least equal to the predetermined Pulse count N1, this will be proof of the value N1 typical ionizing event, that is, then is of the Correlation circuit a count to the microprocessor electronics 24th directed.
  • This variant is particularly suitable for measuring one by the choice of TG and N1 with regard to their type of specifiable ionizing event, so either from alpha radiation or beta / gamma / x-ray radiation.
  • the Number of the microprocessor unit 24 zu adopteden counts of the evaluation circuit 20 thus represents the intensity of those selected Radiation.
  • FIG. 4 shows a first block diagram of a device in which the evaluation circuit 20 is designed such that it can also be simultaneously (i.e. Beta gamma X-rays on the one hand and alpha particles on the other can only be measured by a burst detection, in such a way that the number of pulses N1, which is used to evaluate an ionizing Event as beta particles "required" is, for example is selected between 1 and 20 and a second number of pulses N2, for example between 5 and 50 for the evaluation of an ionizing event as Alpha particles is given, where N2 must be greater than N1.
  • the evaluation circuit 20 and the alpha channel 50 are in this embodiment designed to require the separate collection of such Enable radiation events and fulfillment of condition b) or c) a separate "alpha counter" 24A or "beta counter” 24B in the microprocessor evaluation unit 24 drive.
  • FIG. 5 shows a second block diagram of a device whose essential embodiment is that the burst detection in the Evaluation circuit 20 serves exclusively for the detection of beta particles, while in parallel an "alpha channel" 50 in a conventional circuit is operated exclusively for alpha verification.
  • a charge sensitive Preamplifier 25 with a subsequent pulse shaping of about 1-20 ⁇ s and two integral discriminators 26 and 27 are provided.
  • the Preamplifier receives the output of the photomultiplier 30, the at this variant has a dual function insofar as signal supplier for the alpha channel and as part of the single photon counter for driving the evaluation circuit 20, the here with a fast pulse amplifier 28th with a double pulse resolution of 30 to 40 ns with a fast integral comparator is designed.
  • Betaimpulse and alpha particles separately by selecting the evaluation method (burst detection or conventional alpha channel), or simultaneously / in parallel to measure (burst detection and alpha channel), since the output pulses of the Photomultipliers 30 for both burst detection and alpha channel 50 be evaluated.
  • two discriminator thresholds D1 for blocking the burst detection by the Veto signal and D2 provided for the beginning of the evaluation in the alpha channel D2, where D2 greater than D1 is selected, so that already with a recognizable beginning of an alpha particle detection (Reaching the first discriminator threshold D1) prevented by the Veto signal a gate pulse for the start of the burst detection but the count of the output pulses for the "alpha" rating is only begins when the second discriminator threshold D2 is exceeded.
  • the layer thickness of the scintillator material 12 is selected so that the alpha particles of all radionuclides of interest are stopped (mass coverage greater than 6 mg / cm 2 ) and the self-absorption of the light in the scintillator material can still be neglected (mass coverage below 100 mg / cm 2 ).
  • the scintillator layer 12 is applied on a thin light guide 14 connected to the photocathode 30B of the photomultiplier 30, the scintillator layer 12 is applied.
  • the entire arrangement is mechanically and with a very thin film 11 as Entry window for the radiation sealed light-tight. That after an ionizing Event occurring electrical output signal is from the Anode 30B decoupled, and, as described above, the single photon amplifier 22 and possibly the alpha channel 20A supplied.
  • the collection of the light pulses of the scintillator layer 12 are also performed via a reflector 15, the Light on the anode 30A of the photomultiplier 30 with plane or spherical Photocathode bundles.
  • Carrier plate 13 and scintillator 12 are located also here below a light-tight film 11th
  • the scintillator layer 12 is direct on the photomultiplier 30 side facing the light-tight film 11 applied; no translucent carrier plate is needed here.
  • FIG. 9 shows the embodiment of the scintillator as a bar detector, in which on the outer wall of a cylindrically shaped light guide 14, the scintillator 12 is applied, the one end face with the photomultiplier 30 and the other end side is connected to a mirror 16.
  • the whole Arrangement is made together with one of the devices explained above installed in a light-tight manner in a tube 17 with a thin wall.
  • this detector as Dosimeter is designed for gamma radiation.
  • an additional energy filter 18 around the Detector installed around.
  • the light-tight tube 17 is selected to be very thin, so that the dose rate of small gamma energies is still measured can be.
  • the gate described above is replaced by one of one of the single-photon counters coming pulse and that during the opening time arriving pulses of all single photon counters are counted.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
EP20050001537 2004-02-25 2005-01-26 Procédé pour la détection de rayonnement ionisant Active EP1569012B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004009104A DE102004009104A1 (de) 2004-02-25 2004-02-25 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Nachweis ionisierender Strahlung
DE102004009104 2004-02-25

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EP1569012A2 true EP1569012A2 (fr) 2005-08-31
EP1569012A3 EP1569012A3 (fr) 2005-11-02
EP1569012B1 EP1569012B1 (fr) 2015-05-06

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Cited By (2)

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EP3413091A1 (fr) 2017-06-09 2018-12-12 Berthold Technologies GmbH & Co. KG Système de mesure et procédé de détermination d'une grandeur de mesure à l'aide d'un photodétecteur
RU2738763C1 (ru) * 2020-04-17 2020-12-16 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" Способ измерения интенсивности импульсного источника излучения в условиях кругового перемещения источника

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JP2012204966A (ja) * 2011-03-24 2012-10-22 Canon Inc 撮像装置及び撮像システム、その制御方法
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US9696439B2 (en) 2015-08-10 2017-07-04 Shanghai United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd. Apparatus and method for PET detector
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US10145967B2 (en) * 2016-10-21 2018-12-04 Perkinelmer Health Sciences, Inc. Systems and methods for radiation detection with improved event type discrimination
CN106526653B (zh) * 2016-12-19 2023-02-28 桂林百锐光电技术有限公司 一种闪烁探测器
US10151845B1 (en) 2017-08-02 2018-12-11 Texas Instruments Incorporated Configurable analog-to-digital converter and processing for photon counting
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US10024979B1 (en) 2017-11-01 2018-07-17 Texas Instruments Incorporated Photon counting with coincidence detection
EP3567404A1 (fr) * 2018-05-09 2019-11-13 Target Systemelektronik GmbH & Co. KG Procédé et dispositif pour la mesure de débits de dose élevés de rayonnement ionisant
US10890674B2 (en) 2019-01-15 2021-01-12 Texas Instruments Incorporated Dynamic noise shaping in a photon counting system
CN109839656B (zh) * 2019-02-22 2022-12-13 成都理工大学 一种基于α粒子事件读出的数字反符合HPGe谱仪系统
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3413091A1 (fr) 2017-06-09 2018-12-12 Berthold Technologies GmbH & Co. KG Système de mesure et procédé de détermination d'une grandeur de mesure à l'aide d'un photodétecteur
RU2738763C1 (ru) * 2020-04-17 2020-12-16 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" Способ измерения интенсивности импульсного источника излучения в условиях кругового перемещения источника

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US20060081786A1 (en) 2006-04-20
EP1569012B1 (fr) 2015-05-06
US7368722B2 (en) 2008-05-06
EP1569012A3 (fr) 2005-11-02
DE102004009104A1 (de) 2005-09-22

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