EP1567289B1 - Säurereinigungsverfahren für geschirrspülen in der maschine - Google Patents

Säurereinigungsverfahren für geschirrspülen in der maschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1567289B1
EP1567289B1 EP03772309A EP03772309A EP1567289B1 EP 1567289 B1 EP1567289 B1 EP 1567289B1 EP 03772309 A EP03772309 A EP 03772309A EP 03772309 A EP03772309 A EP 03772309A EP 1567289 B1 EP1567289 B1 EP 1567289B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
acid
cleaning solution
tableware
aqueous cleaning
acidic aqueous
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP03772309A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1567289B2 (de
EP1567289A1 (de
Inventor
Werner Strothoff
Heiko Faubel
Helmut Maier
Winfried Troll
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Ecolab Inc
Original Assignee
Ecolab Inc
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Publication date
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Application filed by Ecolab Inc filed Critical Ecolab Inc
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/02—Inorganic compounds
    • C11D7/04—Water-soluble compounds
    • C11D7/06—Hydroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/02—Inorganic compounds
    • C11D7/04—Water-soluble compounds
    • C11D7/08—Acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
    • C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D7/265—Carboxylic acids or salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
    • C11D7/34—Organic compounds containing sulfur
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
    • C11D2111/10—Objects to be cleaned
    • C11D2111/14—Hard surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
    • C11D2111/40—Specific cleaning or washing processes
    • C11D2111/44—Multi-step processes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a machine dishwashing process for cleaning tableware or other surfaces soiled with food remains. More particularly, the object of the invention is to improve the continuous or discontinuous process of machine dishwashing which may be carried out both in single-tank and in multi-tank machines.
  • the wash liquor usually consists of water with a temperature of about 50°C to 65°C to which a cleaner is added.
  • detergents in powder or liquid form for example, are added to the water, so that about 0.1 to 0.3% by weight of active washing substances are present in the cleaning solution.
  • the resulting wash liquor is usually sprayed on to the articles to be cleaned through differently arranged nozzles.
  • the soil on the tableware is thus removed or at least swollen or softened and partially dissolved.
  • the wash liquor is rinsed off.
  • the rinse water usually consists of fresh water and a rinse agent, which generally ensures that only a very thin film of water is left on the tableware and can drain off or evaporate in following drying zones.
  • institutional dishwashing machines usually comprise several tanks arranged in succession, from which rinse and wash liquor is sprayed onto the tableware to be cleaned as it passes through the machine.
  • the tanks are generally arranged on the cascade principle, the rinse and wash liquor passing successively through the tanks from the outlet end to the inlet end of the tableware.
  • Fresh water is generally fed into the machines at the outlet end.
  • the required amount of detergent is dosed into at least one wash tank also known as the dosing tank.
  • the dosing of detergent normally takes place automatically depending on the conductivity or the pH of the wash liquor or optionally by means of a dosing pump controlled by a timer or clock. Several components may also be separately dosed.
  • a basic lye solution based on an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution may be introduced first.
  • one or more additives may be added to this basic solution. Normally, the dosage of these additives is either proportional to the addition of the basic lye or is controlled by a timer. If desired, the additives may be dosed according to the advance cycle of the chain carrying the tableware to be washed through the machine. In addition, additives can also be dosed or the additive concentration increased by determining the amount of additive in the basic lye by sensory detection of a tracer present in the additive.
  • EP 282 214 attempts to solve the problem by spraying a highly concentrated cleaning formulation onto the soiled articles, followed by a contact phase, after which the cleaning solution and soil are removed in one or more following steps.
  • EP 282 214 mentions reducing pollution of the wastewater as an essential aim of the invention.
  • an essential aspect of the pollution of wastewater was not taken into account.
  • the wastewater In the treatment of wastewater, it is usually imperative for the wastewater to have a certain pH before or during treatment in corresponding treatment plants. This pH is generally close to the neutral point of water according to the nature of the treatment.
  • there are even country-specific wastewater regulations which stipulate a particular pH for wastewater. All this means is that more chemicals have to added to neutralize strongly acidic or strongly alkaline wastewater before further treatment.
  • EP 282 214 takes no account at all of this problem.
  • alkaline detergents are mentioned and recommended.
  • the cleaning agents to be used are explicitly discussed.
  • column 3, line 24 it is disclosed that, for example, alternately spraying with high alkalinity and then with lower alkalinity could have advantages.
  • oxidizing agents such as hypochlorite
  • water treatment substances such as NTA for example
  • various substances are known to improve penetration and to help soften and remove the soil.
  • EP 282 214 A1 states that a basic formulation will typically contain an alkalinity source and a sequestrant source. On the bases of formulations such as these, it is possible to cater for special problems such as, for example, tea stains or other residues which may be found on tableware.
  • WO 02/31095 A1 describes a detergent composition and a method for warewashing in which an acidic rinse is used in a mechanical dishwashing process to obtain a better soil release effect.
  • an acidic component is dosed into the post-wash rinse zone or the post-wash rinse step.
  • Example 1 of the WO 02/31095 A1 describes a pre-treatment of ceramic dishes with an acidic rinse product. After this process the dishes were rinsed and soiled.
  • a disadvantage of this process is that a pre-treatment of the ceramic dishes is necessary which makes the whole cleaning process more complex.
  • the problem addressed by the present invention was to provide a process which, firstly, would solve the cleaning problem posed by EP 282 214 without the need for thorough cleaning.
  • the problem addressed by the invention was to minimize the time and effort involved in neutralization before or during treatment in wastewater treatment plants. At the same time, care would be taken where possible to ensure that applicational requirements with regard to equipment and other factors would be satisfied.
  • the present invention relates to a process for continuous or discontinuous machine dishwashing, in which the tableware is treated at least in one process step with an acidic cleaning solution and, in another process step, with an alkaline cleaning solution, comprising the steps of
  • the acidic cleaning solution mentioned contains one or more acids selected from the mineral and/or organic acids.
  • at least one acid is present which is selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, glycolic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, alkanesulfonic acid, amidosulfonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, phosphonic acids, polyacrylic acids or mixtures thereof and, in a most particularly embodiment, from formic acid, glycolic acid, gluconic acid, amidosulfonic acid or the alkanesulfonic acids, more particularly methanesulfonic acid or mixtures thereof.
  • the aqueous acidic cleaning solution to be sprayed on in accordance with the invention preferably contains as further components a corrosion inhibitor and/or a typical complexing agent which, in a particularly preferred embodiment, is selected from the phosphonic acids, more particularly dioctyl phosphonic acid.
  • the acidic cleaning solution contains between 0.01 and 10% by weight of one or more detersive substances, based on the cleaning solution.
  • the acidic cleaning solution mentioned contains less than 0.9% by weight, more particularly less than 0.8% by weight and, in a most particularly preferred embodiment, less than 0.5% by weight of one or more detersive substances, based on the cleaning solution.
  • weakly acidic cleaning solutions with an active acid content of less than 0.9% by weight, preferably less than 0.8% by weight and more particularly less than 0.5% by weight.
  • weakly acidic cleaning solutions may also have the advantage that the consumption of the lye baths into which the possibly acidic solution is carried over is not too high.
  • the acidic aqueous cleaning solution is allowed to act on the tableware and the soil for a certain contact time (during which spraying stops), the contact time preferably being 2 to 100 seconds, more preferably 5 to 100 seconds and most preferably 8 to 25 seconds.
  • the tableware is not intentionally sprayed during the contact time.
  • the acidic aqueous cleaning solution is sprayed onto the tableware as a fine, gentle mist-like liquid spray.
  • the acidic cleaning solution is applied to the tableware as foam.
  • the cleaning solution could also be applied to the tableware in droplet form or by the Ecolab process known commercially as thin film cleaning (TFC).
  • nozzles or alternative aids are preferably used.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention is characterized in that the treatment with the acidic cleaning solution is preceded by an alkaline treatment of the tableware of which the pH is a particularly preferred embodiment is above 10. In another preferred embodiment, the treatment with the acidic cleaning solution is followed by an alkaline treatment of the tableware. In a most particularly preferred embodiment, however, the tableware is subjected in all to at least three cleaning steps, the treatment with the acidic cleaning solution being preceded and followed by an alkaline treatment of the tableware.
  • the alkaline step taking place earlier in the process sequence - in a particularly preferred embodiment - has a lower pH than the alkaline step taking place later in the process sequence. This is advantageous in order to minimize consumption in an acidic step taking place between the two alkaline steps mentioned.
  • the tableware comes into contact with one or more aqueous cleaning solutions containing between 0.1 and 4% by weight of an alkali carrier, preferably a hydroxide selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or mixtures thereof.
  • an alkali carrier preferably a hydroxide selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or mixtures thereof.
  • alkali carriers - in addition to or instead of hydroxides selected from sodium and potassium hydroxide - include, for example, alkali metal silicates, ethanolamines, such as triethanolamine, diethanolamine and monoethanolamine, and also alkali metal carbonates of an alkali carrier, preferably a hydroxide selected from sodium or potassium hydroxide.
  • alkali carriers may of course also be used because it is principally a matter of increasing the pH.
  • an institutional dishwashing machine comprising several tanks which are arranged adjacent one another in known manner on the cascade principle and from which rinse or wash liquor is sprayed onto the tableware and then drains back into the tanks, the tanks intended for one or more acidic cleaning steps in the operation of the process according to the invention being made of acid-resistant material and/or lined with acid-resistant material.
  • a single-tank washing machine for example a domestic dishwasher, which can be used in a process according to the invention and which is made of and/or lined with acid-resistant material, more particularly in the places where it comes in to contact with acidic cleaning solutions.
  • the process of the invention has the further advantage that mineralic deposits on glass and dishes, like lime deposits, which are soluble in acidic solution are removed.
  • the cleaning solutions and spray-on solutions were prepared with softened water.
  • the cleaning temperature in the Krefft ® single-tank dishwashing machine was 60°C.
  • Table 1 Cleaning results in tests to the described scheme, only the spray-on solution being varied from test to test.
  • Test Spray-on solution Evaluation of cleaning performance 1 (comparative) 1% NaOH 4.6 2 (comparative) 0.3 g/l Perzym ( enzyme-containing product) 1.2 3 0.4% methanesulfonic acid 9.0 4 0.7% by weight methanesulfonic acid 9.5 5 1 % by weight methanesulfonic acid 9.5 6 (comparative) Water 1.2
  • organic acids formic acid, glycolic acid, gluconic acid, amidosulfonic acid or other alkanesulfonic acids, more particularly with an alkane chain of 1 to 4 C atoms.
  • the conditions in the Meiko GSM dishwashing machine were as follows: As cleaner Perclin ® Intensiv wellssig (1,5 g/l; 3,2 mS/cm) was used. In the machine softened water in an amount of 500 l/h was used. The acid content was 1,4 to 1,5% phosphoric acid.
  • Table 2 shows the cleaning results dependant from the different pH-values in the different bars.
  • Table 2 Time pH-Value Cleaning Result Bath 1 Bath 2 Bath 3 Start 10,7 10,6 10,7 6 10 10,2 10,4 10,6 6 20 9,8 10,3 10,5 5,5 30 9,7 10,2 10,4 5,5 40 9,6 9,9 10,3 3,5 50 9,5 9,5 10,3 2 60 9,4 9,5 10,3 -

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)

Claims (17)

  1. Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen oder diskontinuierlichen maschinellen Geschirrspülen, wobei das Tafelgeschirr in wenigstens einem Verfahrensschritt mit einer sauren Reinigungslösung und in einem weiteren Verfahrensschritt mit einer alkalischen Reinigungslösung behandelt wird, umfassend die Schritte
    a) Aufbringen einer sauren wässrigen Reinigungslösung vor dem letzten Spülgang oder der letzten Spülzone auf das zumindest teilweise verschmutzte Tafelgeschirr und
    b) Entfernen der sauren wässrigen Reinigungslösung und des Schmutzes in einem oder mehreren folgenden Schritten,
    wobei die wenigstens eine alkalische Behandlung vor und/oder nach der sauren Behandlung erfolgt und die alkalische und die wenigstens eine saure wässrige Reinigungslösung sich zumindest teilweise gegenseitig neutralisieren.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die saure wässrige Reinigungslösung eine oder mehrere Säuren enthält, die ausgewählt sind aus Mineralsäuren und/oder organischen Säuren.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens eine Säure vorhanden ist, die ausgewählt ist aus Schwefelsäure, Salpetersäure, Phosphorsäure, Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, Glycolsäure, Citronensäure, Maleinsäure, Milchsäure, Gluconsäure, Alkansulfonsäure, Amidosulfonsäure, Bernsteinsäure, Glutarsäure, Adipinsäure, Oxalsäure, Benzoesäure, Phosphonsäuren, Polyacrylsäuren oder Mischungen derselben
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens eine Säure vorhanden ist, die ausgewählt ist aus Ameisensäure, Glycolsäure, Gluconsäure, Amidosulfonsäure oder Alkansulfonsäuren, insbesondere Methansulfonsäure oder Mischungen derselben.
  5. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die saure wässrige Reinigungslösung zwischen 0,01 und 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Reinigungslösung, einer oder mehrerer reinigungsaktiver Substanzen enthält.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die saure wässrige Reinigungslösung weniger als 0,9 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise weniger als 0,8 Gew.-% und besonders bevorzugt weniger als 0,5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Reinigungslösung, einer oder mehrerer reinigungsaktiver Substanzen enthält.
  7. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man die saure wässrige Reinigungslösung über eine bestimmte Kontaktzeit (während der das Sprühen eingestellt wird) auf das Tafelgeschirr und den Schmutz einwirken lässt, wobei die Kontaktzeit dieser wässrigen Reinigungslösung mit dem Tafelgeschirr vorzugsweise 2 bis 100 Sekunden, mehr bevorzugt 5 bis 100 Sekunden und besonders bevorzugt 8 bis 25 Sekunden beträgt.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Tafelgeschirr während der Kontaktzeit nicht absichtlich besprüht wird.
  9. Verfahren nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die saure wässrige Reinigungslösung in Form eines feinen, leichten, dunstartigen flüssigen Sprühnebels auf das Tafelgeschirr aufgesprüht wird.
  10. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die saure wässrige Reinigungslösung in Form eines Schaums auf das Tafelgeschirr aufgebracht wird.
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die saure wässrige Reinigungslösung durch geeignete Düsen aufgebracht wird.
  12. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass vor der Behandlung mit der sauren wässrigen Reinigungslösung eine alkalische Behandlung erfolgt.
  13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine wässrige Reinigungslösung mit einem pH von über 10 für die alkalische Behandlung des Tafelgeschirrs eingesetzt wird.
  14. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf die Behandlung mit der sauren wässrigen Reinigungslösung eine alkalische Behandlung des Tafelgeschirrs folgt.
  15. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 12 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Tafelgeschirr insgesamt wenigstens drei Reinigungsschritten unterzogen wird, wobei vor und nach der Behandlung mit der sauren wässrigen Reinigungslösung eine alkalische Behandlung des Tafelgeschirrs erfolgt.
  16. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 12 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Tafelgeschirr bei der alkalischen Behandlung mit einer oder mehreren wässrigen Reinigungslösungen in Kontakt gebracht wird, die zwischen 0,1 und 4 Gew.-% eines Alkaliträgers enthalten, vorzugsweise eines Hydroxids, das ausgewählt ist aus Natriumhydroxid, Kaliumhydroxid oder Mischungen derselben.
  17. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der pH des bei dem Verfahren anfallenden Abwassers unter 12, vorzugsweise unter 11 liegt.
EP03772309.5A 2002-12-06 2003-11-06 Säurereinigungsverfahren für geschirrspülen in der maschine Expired - Lifetime EP1567289B2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10257391 2002-12-06
DE10257391A DE10257391A1 (de) 2002-12-06 2002-12-06 Saure Reinigung II
PCT/EP2003/012366 WO2004052564A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2003-11-06 Acidic cleaning method for machine dishwashing

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1567289A1 EP1567289A1 (de) 2005-08-31
EP1567289B1 true EP1567289B1 (de) 2007-05-23
EP1567289B2 EP1567289B2 (de) 2017-06-07

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ID=32336137

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03772309.5A Expired - Lifetime EP1567289B2 (de) 2002-12-06 2003-11-06 Säurereinigungsverfahren für geschirrspülen in der maschine

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1567289B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE362807T2 (de)
AU (1) AU2003279362B2 (de)
BR (1) BR0316171A (de)
CA (1) CA2502423C (de)
DE (2) DE10257391A1 (de)
WO (1) WO2004052564A1 (de)

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US9357898B2 (en) 2011-12-13 2016-06-07 Ecolab Usa Inc. Method of separating chemistries in a door-type dishmachine

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CA2856820C (en) 2011-05-20 2019-10-29 Ecolab Usa Inc. Acid formulations for use in a system for warewashing
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2533118C2 (ru) * 2009-05-26 2014-11-20 Делаваль Холдинг Аб Хлорированное щелочное моющее средство трубопровода с метансульфокислотой
US9357898B2 (en) 2011-12-13 2016-06-07 Ecolab Usa Inc. Method of separating chemistries in a door-type dishmachine
US10165925B2 (en) 2011-12-13 2019-01-01 Ecolab Usa Inc. Method of separating chemistries in a door-type dishmachine
US10925460B2 (en) 2011-12-13 2021-02-23 Ecolab Usa Inc. Method of separating chemistries in a door-type dishmachine
US11304587B2 (en) 2011-12-13 2022-04-19 Ecolab Usa Inc. Apparatus for separating chemistries in a door-type dishmachine
US11812914B2 (en) 2011-12-13 2023-11-14 Ecolab Usa Inc. Apparatus for separating chemistries in a door-type dishmachine

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ATE362807T2 (de) 2007-06-15
EP1567289B2 (de) 2017-06-07
EP1567289A1 (de) 2005-08-31
DE60314007T3 (de) 2017-10-12
CA2502423A1 (en) 2004-06-24
WO2004052564A1 (en) 2004-06-24
AU2003279362B2 (en) 2009-03-12
BR0316171A (pt) 2005-09-27
CA2502423C (en) 2010-08-03
DE60314007T2 (de) 2008-01-24
DE60314007D1 (de) 2007-07-05
AU2003279362A2 (en) 2004-06-30
AU2003279362A1 (en) 2004-06-30

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