EP1536199B1 - Keramische ballistische Schutzschicht - Google Patents

Keramische ballistische Schutzschicht Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1536199B1
EP1536199B1 EP03027067A EP03027067A EP1536199B1 EP 1536199 B1 EP1536199 B1 EP 1536199B1 EP 03027067 A EP03027067 A EP 03027067A EP 03027067 A EP03027067 A EP 03027067A EP 1536199 B1 EP1536199 B1 EP 1536199B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
shielding layer
ballistic shielding
ballistic
shelling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP03027067A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1536199A1 (de
Inventor
Bodo Benitsch
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SGL Carbon SE
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SGL Carbon SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SGL Carbon SE filed Critical SGL Carbon SE
Priority to DE50306975T priority Critical patent/DE50306975D1/de
Priority to ES03027067T priority patent/ES2283701T3/es
Priority to EP03027067A priority patent/EP1536199B1/de
Priority to AT03027067T priority patent/ATE358807T1/de
Priority to US10/988,735 priority patent/US20050217471A1/en
Publication of EP1536199A1 publication Critical patent/EP1536199A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1536199B1 publication Critical patent/EP1536199B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a ceramic ballistic protective layer for protecting persons and objects, for example vehicles from bombardment, in particular multiple bombardment, and other punctiform attacking mechanical loads, as well as methods for their production.
  • ballistic protection systems in addition to the lowest possible weight per unit area and the ability to stop or destroy the projectile core, it is above all the ability to stop several, or possibly also closely adjacent, hits without breaking through.
  • a classic ballistic material is steel in specific alloy forms. These alloys withstand hit distances of about three calibers even withstand multiple fire.
  • the biggest disadvantage of such systems is the ballistic resistance class related basis weight of eg about 70 kg / m 2 for the fire class FB 7.
  • ceramic materials based on the density and the basis weight a higher ballistic protective effect (about 35-45 kg / m 2 ).
  • One solution to this problem is to build protective armor from discrete ceramic segments, so-called tiles, with lateral dimensions of the order of 100 mm x 100 mm to 20 mm x 20 mm. If hit, only the tile hit in each case is destroyed, the surrounding system decoupled by the gap between the adjacent tiles remains largely intact. The destroyed area corresponds to the extent of the tile hit.
  • Such made of individual tile-like armor elements protective armor are known for example from the patent applications DE 39 40 623 A1 and DE 198 34 393.
  • the protective armor according to DE 39 40 623 consists of individual armor elements, preferably ceramic tiles, which are connected by means of an adhesive with a protective backing, for example, a high modulus material made of aramid fibers.
  • a protective backing for example, a high modulus material made of aramid fibers.
  • the bombardment surface of an armor element according to this prior art is raised towards the direction of impact of the projectile and falls off towards the edges of the armor element.
  • the bombardment area is called Spherical surface portion or formed as a pyramid or conical surface.
  • a ceramic ballistic protective layer which can be represented as a large-area, optionally curved component and withstands multiple bombardment with a small hit distance. Furthermore, the present invention relates to methods for producing such a protective layer.
  • the ceramic ballistic protective layer according to the invention has a closed surface on the side facing the bombardment, whereas the surface facing away from the bombardment is characterized by a segmentation which extends from this surface into the interior of the protective layer but does not extend to the opposite side. penetrates the surface facing the bombardment.
  • the segment structure is produced either by means of material-removing methods or by means of material-displacing methods or by means of placeholders.
  • the layer not in its entire thickness crossing segmentation obtainable by the fact that in a running at elevated temperature process two firmly interconnected layers whose thermal expansion coefficients are different, are generated, so that in the subsequent cooling phase in the layer of the material with the higher expansion coefficient cracks, which this layer in split individual segments, while the adjacent layer of the material with the lower expansion coefficient remains crack-free.
  • a one-sided crack formation during drying for the production of the protective layer according to the invention can be used. This variant is possible both in two-layered as well as in a homogeneous structure.
  • the protective layer according to the invention is also suitable for preventing other punctiform attacking mechanical loads.
  • the term “bombardment” is therefore to be understood only as an example of such charges. Further details, advantages and embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the following detailed description, claims and drawings.
  • the protective layer 1 according to the invention shown in Figures 1 to 4 is a total of about 5 to 150 mm thick.
  • the layer On the side facing the bombardment P, the layer has a closed surface 2, whereas the surface 3 facing away from the bombardment is characterized by a segmentation which extends from this surface into the interior of the protective layer 1 but faces the opposite one, facing the bombardment Surface 2 does not penetrate. That is, the depth T of the gaps 4, 4 'between the individual segments 5, from which the side facing away from the bombardment 3 is formed, is smaller than the thickness D of the protective layer 1.
  • the depth T of the gaps 4, 4 'between the segments 5 is at least 0.15 mm smaller than the thickness D.
  • the entire layer, ie between the bottoms 6, 6 'of the columns 4, 4' and the surface 2 facing the bombardment material with a thickness d of at least 0.15 mm must remain standing.
  • the dimensions of the individual segments 5 are between 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm and 250 mm ⁇ 250 mm, with segments having expansions between 10 mm ⁇ 10 mm to 150 mm ⁇ 150 mm being preferred. As already described, larger segments are unsuitable for protection against multiple bombardments with a small hit distance, while for smaller segments the production outlay increases strongly.
  • the width of the gaps between the individual segments is between a few ⁇ m when the gaps are obtained as cracks due to uneven thermal expansion or drying, and in the 1/10 mm range when manufactured by mechanical working methods, however, should not exceed 5 mm.
  • the invention is not bound to any particular shape of the segments 5.
  • the segments are, for example, square, rectangular, parallelogram, polygonal, honeycomb, circular or elliptical.
  • the segmented surface, facing away from the bombardment, of the protective layer according to the invention is optionally on a backing (so-called “backing"), which serves to catch bullet fragments (splinters, projectile parts) and to reduce residual energy.
  • backing so-called "backing”
  • Suitable materials for producing such backings are z. As metal, aramid fabric or Dyneemagelege.
  • the closed, non-segmented surface of the protective layer according to the invention is exposed directly to the bombardment.
  • the surface of the ballistic protective layer according to the invention facing the bombardment may be coated with one or more further layers, for example ceramic layers.
  • such an outer layer can also be produced from individual tiles, but this variant is not preferred because of the economic disadvantages mentioned in the introduction.
  • the surface 2 of the protective layer according to the invention closer to the bombardment (facing the bombardment) has no segmentation in contrast to the rear surface 3 of the protective layer facing away from the bombardment.
  • the protective layer according to the invention contains at least one ceramic material.
  • Suitable materials for protective layers according to the invention are both oxide ceramics such as aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide and non-oxide ceramics such as boron carbide, boron nitride in one of the diamond-shaped high-temperature modifications, silicon nitride, silicon carbide and silicon-infiltrated silicon carbide (SiSiC).
  • Particularly suitable are fiber-reinforced ceramics, such as aluminum oxide reinforced alumina, silicon carbide reinforced silicon carbide (SiC / SiC), or carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C / SiC).
  • Silicon carbide reinforced with carbon fibers is particularly preferred for the production of the protective layers according to the invention, because during the siliconization-in contrast to the material shrinkage during sintering of conventional ceramics-only relatively small changes in shape occur, so that a high contour accuracy can be achieved. This is particularly advantageous in the production of free-form components, for example curved components.
  • the gaps between the segments are filled with a metal or / and a plastic or / and a ceramic material.
  • the composition of the material in the gaps differs from the material of which the segments consist, such that the gap-filling material is different from the material whose fraction of the composition of the segments exceeds 50% by volume.
  • the segments are made of siliconized ceramics, they also contain free silicon, but in a volume fraction of less than 50%.
  • a protective layer according to the invention made of siliconized ceramics they can therefore be completely or partially filled with metallic silicon between the individual segments. "Partially filled” means that the gaps are not filled in their entire volume with the appropriate material.
  • the protective layer 1 according to the invention is constructed homogeneously from one of the abovementioned materials and is provided with a segment structure by means of one of the methods according to the invention starting from the surface 3, the gaps 4, 4 'being interposed between the individual segments 5 do not extend through the entire thickness of the layer 1.
  • the layer 1 according to the invention consists of two layers A and B lying on top of one another, firmly joined together. The first layer A faces the bombardment and the second layer B is the bombardment away.
  • Layer A has on its outwardly facing, the bombardment side facing a closed surface 2 without segmentation and column, while the outwardly facing, facing away from the bombard surface 3 of the layer B is segmented.
  • the gaps 4, 4 'delimiting the individual segments 5 extend maximally through the entire thickness of the layer B up to the interface with the layer A.
  • the layers A and B can differ in their composition.
  • the layer A which is provided for the side facing the bombardment, consists of a fiber-reinforced ceramic, while the layer B facing away from the bombardment, to be provided with the segmentation, consists of a ceramic material without fiber reinforcement or with a smaller volume fraction of reinforcing fibers.
  • the layer A facing the bombardment contains a volume fraction of up to 60% of reinforcing fibers, while in the layer B facing away from the bombardment the volume fraction of the reinforcing fibers amounts to a maximum of 45%.
  • the volume fraction of the reinforcing fibers in the layer A is less than 50% and in the layer B less than 20%.
  • the volume fraction of the ceramic material in the fiber-reinforced layer B facing away from the bombardment is at least 55%.
  • the material formulations for both layers optionally contain binders such as resins, preferably pyrolyzable binders and optionally residues of free carbide-forming metals, for example if it is a siliconized ceramic.
  • the layer B provided for the side facing away from the bombardment consists of a material having a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than that of the material from which the layer A provided for the side facing the bombardment is constructed. The layers with the different coefficients of thermal expansion are produced in a process occurring at elevated temperature. Upon cooling after treatment at elevated temperature, for example after siliciding, cracks are formed in the layer with the greater coefficient of expansion, which break this layer into segments.
  • the cracks extend maximally through the entire thickness of the layer B to the interface with the layer A, which in turn remains free of cracks and is provided for the side facing the bombardment.
  • the layers A and B consist of carbon fiber-reinforced, carbonizable molding compositions, wherein the fiber content in the layer A is higher than in the layer B. Is this from the body to a different extent reinforced with fibers layers A and B then with liquid Silicon infiltrates, so Conversion to silicon carbide in layers A and B reaches different degrees. The lower the fiber content, the higher the degree of siliconization and the conversion to silicon carbide.
  • the layers A and B which are siliconized to varying degrees, differ in their coefficients of thermal expansion.
  • the fiber reinforcement of the ceramic matrix can be obtained by introducing into the molding material in the desired amount introduced short fibers.
  • the layer facing the bombardment can also be reinforced by means of a fabric introduced into the ceramic matrix, for example a fabric of carbon fibers.
  • felts made of carbon fibers or carbonizable products (eg pressed chipboards) made of cellulose fibers are suitable. These cellulose fibers are also carbonized in the carbonization of the molding composition. A separate carbonization of the individual coating materials and their subsequent assembly before the final high-temperature treatment is also practicable.
  • the segmentation of the layer according to the invention takes place either on a suitable intermediate stage of the production process or as a final process step.
  • the segment structure on the surface facing away from the bombardment for example, by material-removing processes such as milling, sawing, grinding, erosion, burnout, laser beam cutting, water jet cutting o.ä. produced.
  • material-removing processes such as milling, sawing, grinding, erosion, burnout, laser beam cutting, water jet cutting o.ä. produced.
  • material is removed on the side facing away from the bombardment in accordance with the desired segment structure so that individual islands of material - the segments 5 - remain, between which narrow gaps 4, 4 ', from which the material has been removed, extend.
  • These methods are used when the ceramic body has already solidified, eg after drying or after sintering of the green body.
  • the material-removing structuring takes place either before or after the siliconization.
  • the not yet silicized starting material can be processed more easily and with simpler means than the final silicized product.
  • segmentation prior to siliconization has the disadvantage that in the subsequent infiltration with liquid silicon, the gaps between the segments also at least partially fill with silicon can. This disadvantage is avoided if the columns are filled and blocked in the case of siliciding by placeholders, for example leachable materials, which are removed after the siliconizing.
  • the finished siliconized product is structured on one side, for example by means of eroding or laser cutting.
  • a segment structure according to the invention is obtainable by material-displacing methods, such as impressing, pressing or pressing in the segment structure into the surface facing away from the bombardment, for example by means of a suitably structured punch or pressing tool.
  • material-displacing methods such as impressing, pressing or pressing in the segment structure into the surface facing away from the bombardment, for example by means of a suitably structured punch or pressing tool.
  • Another material-displacing process suitable for the production of a segment structure is the separating cutting, in which the surface facing away from the bombardment is segmented by cutting.
  • Another method for segmenting the surface facing away from the bombardment is to place placeholder in this surface when the ceramic material is still malleable. These placeholders are, for example, cast into the surface, inserted or pressed. The placeholders are introduced in such a pattern in the surface, which corresponds to the course of the gaps between the segments to be produced.
  • bar-shaped placeholders are used which form a grid, for example an orthogonal grid. If the material has assumed a solidified state, the placeholders are removed leaving cavities in the surface. For example, the placeholders are removed after the ceramic material has dried. Subsequently, the ceramic material is sintered. The sintering process involves a certain shrinkage depending on the composition of the ceramic material. This advantageously reduces the width of the columns 4, 4 '.
  • the placeholders consist of a sacrificial material, ie a dissolvable or chemically or thermally decomposable, for example pyrolyzable or combustible material and are during one of the subsequent steps of the manufacturing process, for example a thermal treatment or by treatment with a solvent from the solidified material away.
  • a sacrificial material ie a dissolvable or chemically or thermally decomposable, for example pyrolyzable or combustible material and are during one of the subsequent steps of the manufacturing process, for example a thermal treatment or by treatment with a solvent from the solidified material away.
  • placeholders are introduced from a virtually residue-free pyrolysable material such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polymethyl methacrylate or polymethylmethacrylimide in the surface to be segmented. These placeholders are pyrolyzed during sintering, leaving recesses in the surface.
  • a protective layer according to the invention thus constructed is cooled after a thermal treatment step, for example after sintering or after siliconizing, cracks are formed in the layer B of the material with the higher coefficient of expansion, which break this layer into segments.
  • the cracks traverse the layer B at most to the interface with the layer A, which in turn remains free of cracks thanks to their lower thermal expansion.
  • a ballistic protective layer according to the invention is obtained, the surface facing the bombardment is closed, while the surface facing away from the bombardment is structured into individual segments bounded by the cracks.
  • crack formation occurring only on one surface of a homogeneous protective layer or only in one layer B of a two-layer protective layer during the dry process of the ceramic material can be used to produce a ballistic protective layer according to the invention.
  • the one-sided cracking is caused, for example, by the fact that the green body is heated more strongly during drying from one side than from the other.
  • the protective layer according to the invention is suitable for protecting persons, vehicles and aircraft and other objects from bombardment even in the case of multiple bombardment with small hit spacing, or other types of punctiform attacking mechanical stress. Another application of the protective layer according to the invention relates to the protection of satellites from mechanical destruction.
  • a grid-shaped web system is introduced. This is fixed at a distance of about 1 mm above the bottom of the mold.
  • the webs of which the grid is constructed have a distance of about 20 mm from each other, have a height of about 20 mm and form an orthogonal grid.
  • the wall of the webs has a thickness of less than 1 mm.
  • a sinterable ceramic mass is poured. Due to the distance between the grid and the mold floor, an independent leveling of the liquid mass takes place. After drying at a temperature above 80 ° C, the webs can be removed.
  • the resulting green body has a closed on one side surface, whereas the opposite surface has a segmentation with the web system corresponding pattern.
  • Such green bodies can be sintered in a known manner. Due to the shrinkage of the material during sintering, the width of the gaps left in the removal of the web system advantageously reduces to the range of about 0.1 to 0.3 mm.
  • the mold is prepared and filled as in Example 1, but the web system consists of a residue-free pyrolysable material, which initially remains in the green body after drying and is completely pyrolyzed in the subsequent high-temperature process and column 4, 4 ', which enclose segments 5, leaves.
  • a sinterable ceramic mass is placed in a mold and pre-dried to a green body. Subsequently, a corresponding segmentation is introduced by impressing a pattern, for example by means of a lattice-shaped structured pressing tool or stamp, or by cutting. The resulting segmentation does not penetrate the opposite surface.
  • a prepared green body is sintered in a known manner.
  • a porous body of carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C / C) having a total thickness of 8 mm is cut on one side with a cutter such that the cuts form a lattice pattern.
  • the cutting depth is a maximum of 7.5 mm.
  • the cuts are narrower than 1 mm.
  • the sections were placed orthogonally in each case at a distance of 20 mm. Subsequently, the sections were provided with a filling of boron nitride (hexagonal modification), and the porous body of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon (C / C) was infiltrated in an inert atmosphere or under protective gas with liquid silicon. The boron nitride fill in the gaps prevents them from filling with silicon.
  • boron nitride acts during the silicification process as a placeholder, which is then removed by washing. After final cleaning, a plate of C / SiC was available, which has a continuous surface on one side and a corresponding segmentation on the reverse side.
  • An approximately 4 mm high layer of short fiber reinforced carbonizable molding compound with a volume fraction of 50% carbon fibers is introduced into a mold (layer A).
  • the first layer (layer A) has a thickness of about 1 to 1.5 mm, the entire compact has a height of about 14 mm. It is then carbonized at about 900 ° C.
  • the molding compositions of the two layers are converted to silicon carbide to varying degrees due to their different fiber content in the subsequent siliconization.
  • a protective layer composed of two carbon fiber reinforced ceramic layers A and B having different degrees of siliconization is prepared, but the matrix in the first layer (layer A) is reinforced with a carbon fiber fabric rather than short fibers.
  • Example 5 a protective layer composed of two carbon fiber reinforced ceramic layers A and B having different degrees of siliconization is produced, but in the second layer (layer B), the fibers are in the form of felt of carbon fibers.
  • a protective layer composed of two carbon fiber reinforced ceramic layers A and B having different levels of siliconization is produced.
  • the molding compound used for the preparation of the layer B contains no carbon fibers, but cellulose fibers, which are also carbonized in the carbonization of the molding material.
  • a shaped body is prepared and cured.
  • these moldings are arranged at a distance of 15 mm orthogonal to each other arranged saw cuts with a cutting width of about 0.5 mm (saw blade width) such that the depth of cut is about 2 mm lower than the component thickness.
  • the saw blade side facing away is thus not broken.
  • shrinkage occurs by about 50%.
  • the gap dimensions of the sawing also change to approx. 50% of their original width. During the subsequent siliconization, these reduced gap widths are retained.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Inorganic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Chemically Coating (AREA)
EP03027067A 2003-11-25 2003-11-25 Keramische ballistische Schutzschicht Expired - Lifetime EP1536199B1 (de)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE50306975T DE50306975D1 (de) 2003-11-25 2003-11-25 Keramische ballistische Schutzschicht
ES03027067T ES2283701T3 (es) 2003-11-25 2003-11-25 Capa de ceramica de proteccion balistica.
EP03027067A EP1536199B1 (de) 2003-11-25 2003-11-25 Keramische ballistische Schutzschicht
AT03027067T ATE358807T1 (de) 2003-11-25 2003-11-25 Keramische ballistische schutzschicht
US10/988,735 US20050217471A1 (en) 2003-11-25 2004-11-15 Ceramic antiballistic layer, process for producing the layer and protective device having the layer

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP03027067A EP1536199B1 (de) 2003-11-25 2003-11-25 Keramische ballistische Schutzschicht

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1536199A1 EP1536199A1 (de) 2005-06-01
EP1536199B1 true EP1536199B1 (de) 2007-04-04

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EP03027067A Expired - Lifetime EP1536199B1 (de) 2003-11-25 2003-11-25 Keramische ballistische Schutzschicht

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US (1) US20050217471A1 (es)
EP (1) EP1536199B1 (es)
AT (1) ATE358807T1 (es)
DE (1) DE50306975D1 (es)
ES (1) ES2283701T3 (es)

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ATE358807T1 (de) 2007-04-15
EP1536199A1 (de) 2005-06-01
DE50306975D1 (de) 2007-05-16
US20050217471A1 (en) 2005-10-06
ES2283701T3 (es) 2007-11-01

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