EP1523752A2 - Elektrode für hochdruckentladungslampe - Google Patents
Elektrode für hochdruckentladungslampeInfo
- Publication number
- EP1523752A2 EP1523752A2 EP03726994A EP03726994A EP1523752A2 EP 1523752 A2 EP1523752 A2 EP 1523752A2 EP 03726994 A EP03726994 A EP 03726994A EP 03726994 A EP03726994 A EP 03726994A EP 1523752 A2 EP1523752 A2 EP 1523752A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- volume percent
- volume
- heat treatment
- electrode
- tungsten
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011112 process operation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009704 powder extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009838 combustion analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005068 cooling lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000462 isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010310 metallurgical process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010943 off-gassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
- H01J61/02—Details
- H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
- H01J61/06—Main electrodes
- H01J61/073—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrode for high-pressure discharge lamps made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy and a method for their production.
- Discharge lamps are light sources in which electrons emerging from electrodes excite atoms of the filling gas to emit electromagnetic radiation.
- Discharge lamps are divided into low-pressure and high-pressure discharge lamps depending on the filling pressure. The latter are also referred to as "High Intensity Discharge” or HID lamps for short. Since most high-pressure discharge lamps only achieve a sufficient density of emitting electrons at high temperatures, the electrode material must have a high melting point, a low vapor pressure, adequate creep resistance and chemical resistance Tungsten and tungsten alloys meet these requirements best of all metallic and ceramic materials. With particularly high demands on the ignitability and arc stability, substances are added to the tungsten that reduce the electron work function. Examples of substances that promote emissions are rare earth metal oxides, BaO or Th0 2. A reduction in the electron work function is particularly necessary in the case of lamps in which no emission-promoting pastes can be applied to the electrode surface, since these contain the filling gas would react. This is the case, for example, with metal halide lamps.
- Electrode designs there is a wide variety of electrode designs. There is also a difference between whether the lamp is operated with alternating current or direct current. In the case of AC lamps, both electrodes are usually of identical construction. In the case of direct current lamps, the anode and cathode have a different design. A rough distinction can be made between filament-like electrodes, pin electrodes, winding electrodes and formula electrodes. Filament-like electrodes, pin electrodes and winding electrodes are usually made from drawn wires, shaped electrodes made from rolled, hammered or forged rods. Filament electrodes are preferably used in fluorescent lamps.
- Winding and pin electrodes are used in high pressure sodium lamps, high pressure mercury lamps and metal halide lamps. Embodiments of winding electrodes are shown, for example, in WO 97/16844 or in DE 297 22 612 U1. A typical one
- Formula electrodes are manufactured using metal-cutting manufacturing techniques from formed primary material.
- Powder-metallurgical process technologies which enable shaping to be free of final contours, such as, for example, die presses, isostatic pressing, powder extrusion, hot isostatic pressing or metal powder injection molding are known and are described, for example, in DE 44 42 161 or EP 0 917 179. These documents do not contain any further information on heat / sintering treatment and the carbon content.
- Process techniques in which the shaping is carried out using plasticized powder materials, such as, for example, metal powder injection molding or powder extrusion have hitherto not been used for lamp electrodes, inter alia, because the carbon content of the parts produced in this way is too high.
- Electrodes and the filling gas components changes in the light spectrum, insufficient arc stability, fluctuations in the burn-back behavior and blackening of the discharge vessel. This manifests itself, for example, in a decrease in the luminous flux during the period of use of the lamp.
- Japanese application JP 19950324664 19951213 describes a
- Tungsten electrode material for a discharge lamp with a content of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Si, Sn, Na, K, Mo, U, and Th each of ⁇ 0.001%.
- the low levels are reduced by an annealing treatment of the electrode Vacuum reached.
- the high annealing temperatures required for this cause pronounced grain coarsening, which has a disadvantageous effect on the stability of the arc.
- Japanese application 2001226735 20010821 describes a formed ingot made of tungsten or a tungsten alloy with a purity> 99.99%.
- This formed ingot contains 500 ⁇ g / g or less of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon.
- the average grain size is 20 - 600 ⁇ m, with a degree of deformation of at least 30% and a final annealing temperature of 2600 ° C.
- the values given in this application correspond to the standard specification for tungsten that has been common for years and do not improve the behavior of the electrode.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide an electrode with high arc stability for high-pressure discharge lamps, the use of which leads to no or the least possible contamination of the filling gas and to no or as little as possible blackening of the bulb.
- an electrode according to claim 1 The average carbon content includes both the carbon fractions dissolved or excreted in the matrix and the surface adsorbed or bound carbon fractions. It must be taken into account here that the state in which the samples are analyzed must correspond to the state of use of the electrodes in the lamp. The samples should therefore not be subjected to any etching or pickling treatment before chemical analysis, since otherwise the actual conditions in areas near the surface would not be taken into account.
- the matrix carbon content of tungsten components currently used is 5 to 15 ⁇ g / g. However, this matrix carbon content does not include the carbon content of areas near the edges.
- the mean carbon content is obtained by analyzing the sample in the non-etched state. The proportion of areas near the edge of the average carbon content depends on the sample diameter. The smaller the Sample diameter, the stronger the effect of the carbon enriched in areas near the edges.
- High pressure mercury lamps are 0.2 mm to 3 mm.
- the typical mean carbon content for electrodes in the electropolished state is 11 ⁇ g at 3 mm and 25 ⁇ g / g at 0.2 mm.
- the significantly higher average carbon content compared to the matrix content can be explained by the fact that microscopic elevations occur during the forming process, which are then leveled out in the following forming step.
- the C-containing lubricants or also C-containing impurities are enclosed in areas near the surface and can no longer be completely removed by the usual cleaning steps.
- mechanical processing is disadvantageous, since this, too, can lead to an increased edge carbon content due to a reaction with cooling lubricant. Adequate purity of areas near the surface cannot be achieved even by annealing.
- Discharge vessel as well as influenced by the electrode spacing. The latter in turn depends on the burn-back behavior of the electrode. If the electrode does not burn back, the electrode distance also remains constant. A blackening of the discharge vessel always leads to a reduction in the luminous flux. A high application is advantageous
- Luminous flux constancy during the longest possible service life of the lamp.
- the luminous flux constancy is usually given by the reduction of the luminous flux. This value reflects the percentage decrease in luminous flux in relation to the initial value.
- an average reduction of the was achieved in metal halide lamps with a filling gas volume of 150 mm 3 and a power consumption of 150 W during nominal operation Luminous flux after 24 h test time of 24% determined.
- electrodes according to the invention with an average carbon content of 3 ⁇ g / g and again a diameter of 0.8 mm, the average reduction in the luminous flux was 9%.
- An average carbon content of ⁇ 5 ⁇ g / g is achieved by the process steps set out in claim 1.
- Tungsten powder with the usual metallic purity of 99.95% can be used as a raw material, which ensures economical production. So-called UHP powders with a purity> 99.999% can also be used for particularly high requirements, the C, N, O, H and Mo contents not being taken into account in this value.
- Tungsten powders with the usual powder grain sizes of 0.3 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, each according to Fisher, can also be used. Effective carbon degradation during sintering takes place via open porosity, since the diffusion rate in the tungsten lattice is not sufficiently high. With increasing density, there is a transition from open to closed porosity during sintering.
- This transition is shifted towards higher temperatures by a low density in the green state.
- the correspondingly low green density is achieved by processing plasticized powder with a plasticizer content of 40 to 70 percent by volume.
- the corresponding outgassing paths are sufficiently short to achieve the carbon content according to the invention.
- the end-contour or end-contour shaping of the plasticized powder mass can be carried out by metal powder injection molding, by powder extrusion or similar process techniques.
- the sintering atmosphere has a decisive effect on the setting of a carbon content ⁇ 5 ⁇ g / g.
- the sintering treatment must include at least the following heat treatment steps, which can be carried out either in one process step or in separate process operations.
- the molded body is first subjected to a heat treatment in a first atmosphere of the composition 10 volume percent ⁇ (H 2 + H 2 0) ⁇ 100 volume percent, 0 volume percent ⁇ (N 2 and / or noble gas) ⁇ 90 volume percent, wherein the water vapor to hydrogen volume ratio is 0.003 ⁇ H 2 O / H 2 ⁇ 0.15.
- the temperature at which the electrode moldings are heat-treated in the first atmosphere ranges from at least 100 ° C. to 500 ° C., and at a heating rate from room temperature to at least 500 ° C. of less than 0.05 ° C./s.
- Tungsten alloys have proven their worth, the alloy components of which do not interact chemically with carbon during sintering. This is guaranteed for tungsten alloys that contain one or more components with a free standard enthalpy of formation of ⁇ -1000 kJ / mol each. These include, for example, oxides and mixed oxides from the group Hf0 2) Zr0 2 , Y2 ⁇ 3 and rare earth metal oxides.
- W-1% by weight HfO 2 -0.2% by weight Lu 2 O 3 electrodes with a C content of 12 ppm in the case of metal halide lamps with a filling gas volume of 150 mm 3 and a power consumption of 150 W during nominal operation lead to an average Luminous flux reduced by 29% after 4000 h of test time.
- W-1 wt.% HfO 2 -0.2 wt.% Lu 2 O 3 electrodes with an average carbon content of 1.8 ⁇ g / g the mean reduction in luminous flux was 15%.
- Electron emitting / absorbing area of the electrode This prevents temperature peaks caused by a localized arc, which can lead to evaporation. Local evaporation is also reduced to a minimum if the electron-emitting / absorbing area of the electrode has a roughness depth ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the average carbon content of the electrodes according to the invention which are usually used according to the prior art is compared.
- Tungsten powder with a grain size according to Fisher of 2.1 ⁇ m was mixed with a wax-based binder using a shear mixer and homogenized, the binder content being 52 percent by volume and the mixing time being 5 hours. This mixture was compressed in a screw extruder to form a raw material for powder injection molding.
- the average density for the electrodes with a diameter of 0.8 mm was 98.8% and the average grain number was 5700 K / mm 2 , for the electrodes with a diameter of 3.0 mm the average density was 98.2% and the average grain number 5900 K / mm 2 .
- the average carbon content of these samples and comparative samples, produced by rolling, drawing, electropolishing and cutting, was determined by means of combustion analysis, the samples not being subjected to any pickling treatment before the analysis. The values determined are shown in the table below.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Discharge Lamp (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT371022002 | 2002-06-12 | ||
| AT0037102U AT6240U1 (de) | 2002-06-12 | 2002-06-12 | Elektrode für hochdruckentladungslampe |
| PCT/AT2003/000153 WO2003107388A2 (de) | 2002-06-12 | 2003-05-27 | Elektrode für hochdruckentladungslampe |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1523752A2 true EP1523752A2 (de) | 2005-04-20 |
Family
ID=3488809
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03726994A Withdrawn EP1523752A2 (de) | 2002-06-12 | 2003-05-27 | Elektrode für hochdruckentladungslampe |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1523752A2 (de) |
| AT (1) | AT6240U1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2003232912A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2003107388A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4281661B2 (ja) * | 2004-10-14 | 2009-06-17 | ウシオ電機株式会社 | 超高圧水銀ランプ |
| AT9340U1 (de) * | 2005-12-23 | 2007-08-15 | Plansee Metall Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung eines hochdichten halbzeugs oder bauteils |
| DE102006061375B4 (de) | 2006-12-22 | 2019-01-03 | Osram Gmbh | Quecksilber-Hochdruckentladungslampe mit einer Wolfram und Kalium enthaltenden Anode, die eine Kornzahl größer 200 Körner pro mm2 und eine Dichte größer 19,05g/cm3 aufweist |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4859239A (en) * | 1988-12-20 | 1989-08-22 | Gte Products Corporation | Tungsten electrode and method of producing same |
| KR100364086B1 (ko) * | 1998-04-16 | 2002-12-11 | 도시바 라이텍쿠 가부시키가이샤 | 고압 방전등 및 조명 장치 |
-
2002
- 2002-06-12 AT AT0037102U patent/AT6240U1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2003
- 2003-05-27 AU AU2003232912A patent/AU2003232912A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-05-27 WO PCT/AT2003/000153 patent/WO2003107388A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2003-05-27 EP EP03726994A patent/EP1523752A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO03107388A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2003107388A2 (de) | 2003-12-24 |
| AU2003232912A1 (en) | 2003-12-31 |
| AT6240U1 (de) | 2003-06-25 |
| AU2003232912A8 (en) | 2003-12-31 |
| WO2003107388A3 (de) | 2004-11-25 |
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