EP1489199A1 - Corrosion resistant coating composition and process and coated magnesium - Google Patents

Corrosion resistant coating composition and process and coated magnesium Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1489199A1
EP1489199A1 EP04253681A EP04253681A EP1489199A1 EP 1489199 A1 EP1489199 A1 EP 1489199A1 EP 04253681 A EP04253681 A EP 04253681A EP 04253681 A EP04253681 A EP 04253681A EP 1489199 A1 EP1489199 A1 EP 1489199A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
magnesium
solution
phosphonic acids
corrosion
phosphate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04253681A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Xia Tang
Mark Jaworowski
Kenneth Hammerschmidt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RTX Corp
Original Assignee
United Technologies Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by United Technologies Corp filed Critical United Technologies Corp
Publication of EP1489199A1 publication Critical patent/EP1489199A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/34Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
    • C23C22/36Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/40Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing molybdates, tungstates or vanadates
    • C23C22/44Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing molybdates, tungstates or vanadates containing also fluorides or complex fluorides
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/68Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous solutions with pH between 6 and 8
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/73Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals characterised by the process
    • C23C22/77Controlling or regulating of the coating process

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a corrosion resistant, chromate-free, phosphate-fluoride conversion coating, with or without vanadate, for a product formed from magnesium or a magnesium alloy and to a coating solution for use in a coating process.
  • Magnesium alloys are light and strong, but very vulnerable to corrosion due to the reactive nature of magnesium. Magnesium alloys are protected from corrosion in all practical applications.
  • a commonly used, low cost, corrosion resistant treatment for magnesium alloys is a dichromate based conversion coating. While dichromate based conversion coatings provide good corrosion protection, they are based on a chemical compound (hexavalent chromium) that has many occupational exposure risks.
  • a non-chromate, corrosion resistant magnesium conversion coating is required to meet industry demands.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,683,522 to Joesten Another treatment for protecting magnesium or magnesium alloy products is shown in U.S. Patent No. 5,683,522 to Joesten.
  • a paint adherent and corrosion resistant coating of magnesium phosphate and magnesium fluoride is applied to a product formed from a magnesium alloy.
  • the process for applying the coating involves immersing the magnesium alloy product in a solution having phosphate and fluoride ions.
  • This treatment while providing a barrier film and very good paint adhesion, does not include electrochemically active ingredients to suppress corrosion.
  • U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0150525 discloses an improved phosphate-fluoride corrosion coating for magnesium and process for applying same.
  • a chromate-free, phosphate-fluoride conversion coating, with or without vanadate, formed on a magnesium or a magnesium alloy substrate includes an active corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of organo-phosphonic acids.
  • the phosphonic acid group reacts with the magnesium metal of the substrate to form an insoluble salt.
  • the preferred organo-phosphonic acids used as corrosion inhibitors in accordance with the present invention are selected from the group consisting of straight chain or branched amino alkyl phosphonic acids, straight chain or branched alkyl phoshonic acids, and triphosphonic acids, particularly, nitrilotris (methylene) triphosphonic acid (NTMP).
  • the corrosion inhibitor includes amino alkyl phosphonic acids, the amine group can interact with vanadate ions in the coating solution to increase the vanadate incorporation into the conversion coating.
  • a solution for forming a chromate-free, corrosion resistant coating on a magnesium or magnesium alloy substrate comprises a solution having phosphate and fluoride ions and, an active corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of organo-phosphonic acids.
  • the solution of the present invention may optionally include vanadate anions.
  • the active corrosion inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of straight chained or branched amino-alkyl phosphonic acids, straight chained or branched alkyl phosphonic acids, triphosphonic acids, and mixtures thereof.
  • a particular useful triphosphonic acid comprises nitrilotris (methylene) triphosphonic acid (NTMP).
  • the chromate-free solution include phosphate and fluoride ions.
  • Phosphate and fluoride ions are present in an amount of between about 1 g/L to 50 g/L and 1 g/L to 10 g/L, respectively, preferably between 10 g/L to 25 g/L and 3 g/L to 5 g/L, respectively. It is important in the present invention to control the pH of the solution and this is achieved by the amount of phosphate ions and fluoride ions in the solution.
  • the pH of the solution is preferably in the range of 5 to 7.
  • the particular phosphate and fluoride compounds employed in forming the solution having the appropriate pH is disclosed in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
  • suitable phosphate compounds include monobasic potassium phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ), dibasic potassium phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ), tribasic potassium phosphate (K 3 PO 4 ), or phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), or combinations of these alternatives.
  • a preferred embodiment is a combination of monobasic potassium phosphate and dibasic potassium phosphate.
  • Suitable fluoride compounds include sodium bifluoride (NaHF 2 ). In a preferred embodiment, the concentration is provided at about 0.3-0.5% by weight sodium bifluoride. Other fluoride compounds, such as potassium fluoride or hydrofluoric acid, may also be used.
  • the corrosion inhibitor is present in the solution in an amount of between about 1 ppm to 1 wt%, preferably 10 ppm to 0.5 wt%.
  • the corrosion inhibitor is in the form of an organo-phosphonic acid.
  • organo-phosphonic acids include straight chained and branched amino-alkyl phosphonic acids, straight chained or branched alkyl phosphonic acids and triphosphonic acids.
  • a particularly useful triphosphonic acid is nitrilotris (methylene) triphosphonic acid (NTMP).
  • the solution may optionally include vanadate anions.
  • Sodium vanadate is a suitable source of vanadate ions for the solution of the present invention.
  • the vanadate ions are present in an amount of between about 1.0 g/l to 5.0 g/l. It has been found that the vanadate anions interact with the amine group of the amino alkyl phosphonic acids increase incorporation of the vanadate into the conversion coating thereby improving the coating performance.
  • the phosphonic acid groups of the corrosion inhibitor react with the magnesium metal substrate to form insoluble salts which improve corrosion performance.
  • the preferred chromate-free solution comprises phosphate ions in an amount of between 10 to 25 g/L, fluoride ions in an amount of between 3 g/L to 5 g/L, vanadate anions in an amount of between 1 g/L to 5 g/L, and the corrosion inhibitor in an amount of between 10 ppm to 0.5 wt%.
  • a magnesium or magnesium alloy substrate having a conversion coating in accordance with the present invention comprises mostly magnesium phosphate and magnesium fluoride. It is believed that the amino alkyl phosphonic acid will form insoluble magnesium salt as part of the conversion coating. This component will increase the interaction of vanadium with conversion coating, therefore increase vanadium content in the coating, should vanadium is used as corrosion inhibitor as well.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
  • Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
EP04253681A 2003-06-20 2004-06-18 Corrosion resistant coating composition and process and coated magnesium Withdrawn EP1489199A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US601247 2003-06-20
US10/601,247 US20040256030A1 (en) 2003-06-20 2003-06-20 Corrosion resistant, chromate-free conversion coating for magnesium alloys

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1489199A1 true EP1489199A1 (en) 2004-12-22

Family

ID=33418585

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04253681A Withdrawn EP1489199A1 (en) 2003-06-20 2004-06-18 Corrosion resistant coating composition and process and coated magnesium

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20040256030A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP1489199A1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2005008985A (ja)
KR (1) KR100611288B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN100339507C (ja)
PL (1) PL368625A1 (ja)
SG (1) SG117497A1 (ja)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1950325A3 (en) * 2007-01-19 2010-02-03 Nihon Hyomen Kagaku Kabushiki Kaisha Chromium-free solution for treating metal surfaces
TWI394863B (zh) * 2007-12-27 2013-05-01 Kansai Paint Co Ltd 金屬表面處理用組成物及從該金屬表面處理用組成物獲得之具有金屬表面處理層的表面處理金屬材

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB0507887D0 (en) * 2005-04-20 2005-05-25 Rohm & Haas Elect Mat Immersion method
US20090004486A1 (en) * 2007-06-27 2009-01-01 Sarah Arsenault Corrosion inhibiting additive
WO2009072905A2 (en) * 2007-12-04 2009-06-11 Katja Products Limited Surface coating
JP4908456B2 (ja) 2008-06-02 2012-04-04 パンパシフィック・カッパー株式会社 銅の製錬方法
US20130014670A1 (en) * 2010-04-01 2013-01-17 Commissariat a I'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Altematives Use of anticorrosion agents for conditioning magnesium metal, conditioning material thus obtained and preparation process
JP5595874B2 (ja) * 2010-11-04 2014-09-24 三井金属鉱業株式会社 マグネシウム合金の表面処理方法
JP6089053B2 (ja) * 2015-03-16 2017-03-01 有限会社エスク 防食能を有する生分解性金属表面修飾ステント
KR102142783B1 (ko) * 2018-11-30 2020-08-07 주식회사 포스코 마그네슘 또는 마그네슘 합금 표면처리용 조성물 및 이를 이용하여 표면처리된 마그네슘 또는 마그네슘 합금

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US2312855A (en) * 1940-09-07 1943-03-02 Parker Rust Proof Co Method of coating aluminum
US3459600A (en) * 1966-11-07 1969-08-05 Todco Chem Co Inc Novel zinc coating composition and method
EP0084593A1 (en) * 1982-01-25 1983-08-03 Pennwalt Corporation Phosphate conversion coatings for metals with reduced weights and crystal sizes
US5143562A (en) * 1991-11-01 1992-09-01 Henkel Corporation Broadly applicable phosphate conversion coating composition and process
WO1995010641A1 (en) * 1993-10-15 1995-04-20 Circle-Prosco, Inc. Conversion coatings for metal surfaces
US5449415A (en) * 1993-07-30 1995-09-12 Henkel Corporation Composition and process for treating metals
US5683522A (en) * 1995-03-30 1997-11-04 Sundstrand Corporation Process for applying a coating to a magnesium alloy product
DE19754108A1 (de) * 1997-12-05 1999-06-10 Henkel Kgaa Chromfreies Korrosionsschutzmittel und Korrosionsschutzverfahren
DE19923084A1 (de) * 1999-05-20 2000-11-23 Henkel Kgaa Chromfreies Korrosionsschutzmittel und Korrosionsschutzverfahren
WO2001048264A1 (en) * 1999-12-27 2001-07-05 Henkel Corporation Composition and process for treating metal surface and resulting article
WO2001086016A2 (en) * 2000-05-11 2001-11-15 Henkel Corporation Metal surface treatment agent
WO2002024975A1 (en) * 2000-09-22 2002-03-28 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Composition and process for treating metals
US20030150525A1 (en) * 2002-02-11 2003-08-14 Briles Owen M. Corrosion resistant, chromate-free conversion coating for magnesium alloys

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US4017334A (en) * 1973-10-04 1977-04-12 Oxy Metal Industries Corporation Process for treating aluminum cans
DE2905535A1 (de) * 1979-02-14 1980-09-04 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zur oberflaechenbehandlung von metallen
US4308079A (en) * 1980-06-16 1981-12-29 Martin Marietta Corporation Durability of adhesively bonded aluminum structures and method for inhibiting the conversion of aluminum oxide to aluminum hydroxide
CN1386901A (zh) * 2001-05-01 2002-12-25 日本巴卡莱近估股份有限公司 金属表面处理剂、金属表面处理方法及表面处理金属材料
US6692583B2 (en) * 2002-02-14 2004-02-17 Jon Bengston Magnesium conversion coating composition and method of using same

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2312855A (en) * 1940-09-07 1943-03-02 Parker Rust Proof Co Method of coating aluminum
US3459600A (en) * 1966-11-07 1969-08-05 Todco Chem Co Inc Novel zinc coating composition and method
EP0084593A1 (en) * 1982-01-25 1983-08-03 Pennwalt Corporation Phosphate conversion coatings for metals with reduced weights and crystal sizes
US5143562A (en) * 1991-11-01 1992-09-01 Henkel Corporation Broadly applicable phosphate conversion coating composition and process
US5449415A (en) * 1993-07-30 1995-09-12 Henkel Corporation Composition and process for treating metals
WO1995010641A1 (en) * 1993-10-15 1995-04-20 Circle-Prosco, Inc. Conversion coatings for metal surfaces
US5683522A (en) * 1995-03-30 1997-11-04 Sundstrand Corporation Process for applying a coating to a magnesium alloy product
DE19754108A1 (de) * 1997-12-05 1999-06-10 Henkel Kgaa Chromfreies Korrosionsschutzmittel und Korrosionsschutzverfahren
DE19923084A1 (de) * 1999-05-20 2000-11-23 Henkel Kgaa Chromfreies Korrosionsschutzmittel und Korrosionsschutzverfahren
WO2001048264A1 (en) * 1999-12-27 2001-07-05 Henkel Corporation Composition and process for treating metal surface and resulting article
WO2001086016A2 (en) * 2000-05-11 2001-11-15 Henkel Corporation Metal surface treatment agent
WO2002024975A1 (en) * 2000-09-22 2002-03-28 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Composition and process for treating metals
US20030150525A1 (en) * 2002-02-11 2003-08-14 Briles Owen M. Corrosion resistant, chromate-free conversion coating for magnesium alloys
EP1338678A2 (en) * 2002-02-11 2003-08-27 United Technologies Corporation Corrosion resistant, chromate-free conversion coating for magnesium alloys

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1950325A3 (en) * 2007-01-19 2010-02-03 Nihon Hyomen Kagaku Kabushiki Kaisha Chromium-free solution for treating metal surfaces
US8980016B2 (en) 2007-01-19 2015-03-17 Nihon Hyomen Kagaku Kabushiki Kaisha Chromium-free solution for treating metal surfaces
TWI394863B (zh) * 2007-12-27 2013-05-01 Kansai Paint Co Ltd 金屬表面處理用組成物及從該金屬表面處理用組成物獲得之具有金屬表面處理層的表面處理金屬材

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20040110097A (ko) 2004-12-29
SG117497A1 (en) 2005-12-29
US20040256030A1 (en) 2004-12-23
KR100611288B1 (ko) 2006-08-10
PL368625A1 (en) 2004-12-27
JP2005008985A (ja) 2005-01-13
CN1572904A (zh) 2005-02-02
CN100339507C (zh) 2007-09-26

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