EP1469893A1 - Prepolymeres en etoile pour la production de revetements ultraminces formant des hydrogels - Google Patents

Prepolymeres en etoile pour la production de revetements ultraminces formant des hydrogels

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Publication number
EP1469893A1
EP1469893A1 EP20030734689 EP03734689A EP1469893A1 EP 1469893 A1 EP1469893 A1 EP 1469893A1 EP 20030734689 EP20030734689 EP 20030734689 EP 03734689 A EP03734689 A EP 03734689A EP 1469893 A1 EP1469893 A1 EP 1469893A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
groups
star
reactive
prepolymer
coating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP20030734689
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Martin Möller
Claudia Mourran
Joachim Spatz
Haitao Rong
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Original Assignee
Sustech GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE2002103937 external-priority patent/DE10203937A1/de
Priority claimed from DE2002116639 external-priority patent/DE10216639A1/de
Application filed by Sustech GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Sustech GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1469893A1 publication Critical patent/EP1469893A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D201/00—Coating compositions based on unspecified macromolecular compounds
    • C09D201/02—Coating compositions based on unspecified macromolecular compounds characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. terminal or pendant functional groups
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/28—Materials for coating prostheses
    • A61L27/34—Macromolecular materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/08—Processes
    • C08G18/10—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/48—Polyethers
    • C08G18/4833—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units
    • C08G18/4837—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units
    • C08G18/485—Polyethers containing oxyethylene units and other oxyalkylene units containing mixed oxyethylene-oxypropylene or oxyethylene-higher oxyalkylene end groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/48—Polyethers
    • C08G18/50—Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen
    • C08G18/5021—Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen
    • C08G18/5024—Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen containing primary and/or secondary amino groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
    • C08G18/48—Polyethers
    • C08G18/50—Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen
    • C08G18/5072—Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen containing sulfur
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
    • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2210/00—Compositions for preparing hydrogels
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G2650/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G2650/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule characterized by the type of post-polymerisation functionalisation
    • C08G2650/20—Cross-linking
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2312/00—Crosslinking

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of star-shaped polymers with hydrophilic polymer arms, which carry a reactive functional group R at their free ends, for the production of ultra-thin, hydrogel-forming coatings.
  • the hydrogel-forming coatings obtained in this way effectively suppress non-specific protein absorption on surfaces provided with them.
  • the suppression of non-specific protein adsorption and cell colonization in the field of medical technology, e.g. B. with catheters, contact lenses or prostheses is also important.
  • the targeted suppression of non-specific adsorption processes is a prerequisite for specific coupling via the integration of ligands, signal substances and growth factors of molecules and cells, which enables the healing and ingrowth of biological tissue.
  • Hydrogel-forming coatings are coatings that are swollen by water.
  • adsorbate layers made from polyethylene glycol (PEG) reduce subsequent adsorption of proteins from biological media (see, for example: Merrill EW, in Poly (ethylene glycol) Chemistry, publisher JM Harris, p. 199-220, Plenum Press, New York: 1992; C.-G. Gölander, Jamea N. Herron, Cape Lim, P. Claesson, P. Stenius, JD Andrade, in Poly (ethylene glycol) Chemistry, editor JM Harris, Plenum Press, New York: 1992).
  • Polymer surfaces that have been modified with poly (ethylene oxide) to reduce protein adsorption on implant materials have also been intensively investigated in recent years (Paine et al. Macromolecules 1990, 23, p. 3104).
  • EP 272842 A2 describes coatings with low affinity for proteins, which by applying compositions of hydroxyl-containing polymers, for. B. cellulose derivatives and crosslinking agents, e.g. B. copolymers of acrylic acid and N-methylolacrylamide, on microporous substrates and subsequent crosslinking of the coating.
  • B. cellulose derivatives and crosslinking agents e.g. B. copolymers of acrylic acid and N-methylolacrylamide
  • EP 335308 A2 describes the use of prepolymers made from polyethylene oxide diols and triols, the terminal OH groups of which have been reacted with polyisocyanates, for the production of coatings with low non-specific protein adsorption.
  • No. 6,087,415 discloses antimicrobial coatings for biomedical articles such as contact lenses, which are produced by coupling polymers containing carboxyl groups to the OH or NH 2 groups on the surface of the biomedical article.
  • US Pat. No. 6,150,459 and 6,207,749 propose synthetic comb polymers for this purpose which have a hydrophobic polymer backbone, e.g. B. a polylactide or a polymer derived from methyl methacrylate, and grafted hydrophilic polymer chains, which are preferably derived from polyethylene glycols or polyacrylic acid.
  • a hydrophobic polymer backbone e.g. B. a polylactide or a polymer derived from methyl methacrylate
  • grafted hydrophilic polymer chains which are preferably derived from polyethylene glycols or polyacrylic acid.
  • a diffusion barrier for gluing or sealing of tissues, in vivo medication or use as a direct implant, eg. B. in the form of a hydrogel cell suspension, peptide hydrogel or a growth factor hydrogel.
  • hydrogel-forming coatings known from the prior art reduce the unspecific cell and protein adsorption, the long-term stability of the coatings is often unsatisfactory. In other cases, the barrier effect for proteins is insufficient. In many cases, complicated manufacturing processes for these coatings prevent their wide applicability, especially on irregularly shaped surfaces. There is therefore a need for suitable processes for the production of extremely thin, hydrogel-forming coatings which form reproducibly dense and controllable layers, show a sufficiently high long-term resistance to protein and cell adsorption and can be used universally, that is to say they can be widely used for material coatings. Furthermore, it should be possible to integrate specific, functional molecules into the layers in a defined manner or to anchor them on the surface.
  • the coatings in the application fields mentioned should be able to be applied as ultra-thin, molecularly smooth films. It is also desirable to incorporate defined functionalities into these coatings.
  • the coating process should advantageously also be able to be carried out from aqueous preparations. As far as possible, existing procedures should Ren for the production of the substrates and components by the use of hydrogel coatings are not impaired and the applicability in various fields of application.
  • the present invention relates to the use of star-shaped prepolymers which have on average at least four polymer arms A, which are in themselves soluble in water and carry a reactive functional group R at their free ends, with groups R 'complementary thereto or with them react themselves to form bonds to produce ultra-thin, hydrogel-forming coatings.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for producing ultra-thin, hydrogel-forming coatings, which is characterized in that
  • hydrogel-forming coating to be those coatings which are swollen by water as a result of the intercalation of water molecules in the coating.
  • Star-shaped polymers are understood to mean those polymers which have a plurality of polymer chains bonded to a low-molecular central unit, the low-molecular central unit generally having 4 to 100 skeletal atoms such as C atoms, N atoms or O atoms. Accordingly, the star-shaped polymers used in accordance with the invention can be described by the following general formula I:
  • n is an integer with a value of at least 4, e.g. B. 4 to 12, in particular 5 to 12 and especially 6 to 8;
  • Z stands for a low molecular weight n-valent organic radical as the central unit, which generally has 4 to 100, preferably 5 to 50 framework atoms, in particular 6 to 30 framework atoms.
  • the central unit can have both aliphatic and aromatic groups. It stands for example for one of at least 4-valent alcohol, e.g. B. a 4- to 12-valent, preferably an at least 5-valent, especially a 6- to 8-valent alcohol, e.g. B.
  • pentaerythritol dipentaerythritol, a sugar alcohol such as erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, isomaltulose, isomaltitol, trehalulose, or the like;
  • A is a hydrophilic polymer chain which as such is water soluble
  • B is a chemical bond or a divalent, low molecular weight organic radical preferably having from 1 to 20, preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms, for example, a C 2 0 -C ⁇ alkylene group, a phenylene or a naphthylene group or a C 5 -C ⁇ o-cycloalkylene group, wherein the phenylene, naphthylene and the cycloalkylene group additionally one or more, e.g. B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents, e.g. B. may have alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or halogen; and R is a reactive group which can react with a complementary reactive functional group R 'or with itself to form bonds.
  • Reactive groups R in this sense are those which react with nucleophiles in an addition or substitution reaction, e.g. B. isocyanate groups, (meth) acrylic groups, oxirane groups, oxazoline groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylic acid ester and carboxylic acid anhydride groups, carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid halide groups, but also the complementary, reacting as nucleophile groups such as alcoholic OH groups, primary and secondary amino groups, thiol groups and the like.
  • active ester groups of the formula - C (0) 0-X in which X is pentafluorophenyl, pyrrolidin-2,5-dion-1-yl, benzo-1, 2,3-triazol-1-yI, are particularly preferred as examples of carboxylic acid ester groups or a carboxamidine residue.
  • C C double bonds
  • R reactive groups
  • C C double bonds
  • acrylic groups also vinyl ether and vinyl ester groups
  • activated C C double bonds
  • N N double bonds
  • allyl groups in the sense of an en reaction or with conjugated diolefin groups react in the sense of a Diels-Alder reaction.
  • Examples of groups which can react with allyl groups in the sense of an en reaction or with dienes in the sense of a Diels-Alder reaction are maleic acid and fumaric acid groups, maleic acid esters and fumaric acid ester groups, cinnamic acid ester groups, propiolic acid (ester) groups, Maleic acid amide and fumaric acid amide groups, maleimide groups, azodicarboxylic acid ester groups and 1, 3,4-triazoline-2,5-dione groups.
  • the star-shaped prepolymer has functional groups which are amenable to an addition or substitution reaction by nucleophiles. This also includes groups that react in the sense of a Michael reaction. Examples are in particular isocyanate groups, (meth) acrylic groups (react in the sense of a Michael reaction), oxirane groups or carboxylic ester groups.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment relates to star-shaped prepolymers which have isocyanate groups as reactive groups R.
  • the prepolymer has ethylenically unsaturated, free-radically polymerizable double bonds as reactive groups R.
  • the star-shaped prepolymer has an average of at least 4, e.g. B. 4 to 12, preferably at least 5 and in particular 6 to 8 polymer arms.
  • the number average molecular weight of the polymer arms is preferably in the range from 300 to 3000 g / mol, and in particular in the range from 500 to 2000 g / mol.
  • the star-shaped prepolymer has a number average molecular weight in the range from 2000 to 20,000 g / mol, in particular 2500 to 15000 g / mol.
  • the molecular weight can be determined in a manner known per se by means of gel permeation chromatography, using commercially available columns, detectors and evaluation software. If the number of end groups per polymer molecule is known, the molecular weight can also be determined by titration of the end groups, in the case of isocyanate groups e.g. B. by reaction with a defined amount of a secondary amine such as dibutylamine and subsequent titration of the excess amine with acid.
  • isocyanate groups e.g. B. by reaction with a defined amount of a secondary amine such as dibutylamine and subsequent titration of the excess amine with acid.
  • Adequate swellability of the coating by water is ensured by the water solubility of the polymer arms A. Adequate swellability of the coating by water is generally guaranteed when the molecular structure, ie. H. at least the type of repeat units, preferably also the molecular weight of the polymer arm, corresponds to a polymer whose solubility in water is at least 1% by weight and preferably at least 5% by weight (at 25 ° C. and 1 bar).
  • polymers with sufficient water solubility examples include poly-C 2 -C 4 -alkylene oxides, polyoxazolines, polyvinyl alcohols, homo- and copolymers which contain at least 50% by weight of copolymerized N-vinylpyrrolidone, homo- and Copolymers which contain at least 30% by weight of hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid in copolymerized form, hydroxylated polydienes and the like.
  • the polymer arms A are derived from poly-C2-C 4 -alkylene oxides and are selected in particular from polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and polyethylene oxide / polypropylene oxide copolymers, which can have a block or a statistical arrangement of the repeating units.
  • Star-shaped prepolymers whose polymer arms A are derived from polyethylene oxides or from polyethylene oxide / polypropylene oxide copolymers with a propylene oxide content of not more than 50% are particularly preferred.
  • the prepolymers used according to the invention are e.g. T. known, e.g. B. from WO 98/20060, US 6,162,862 (polyether star polymers), Chujo Y. et al., Polym. J. 1992, 24 (11), 1301-1306 (star-shaped polyoxazolines), WO 01/55360 (star-shaped polyvinyl alcohols, copolymers containing star-shaped vinylpyrrolidone) or can be prepared by the methods described therein.
  • star-shaped prepolymers used in accordance with the invention are generally produced by functionalizing suitable star-shaped prepolymer precursors which already have the prepolymer structure described above, ie at least 4 water-soluble polymer arms, and which each have a functional group R "at the ends of the polymer arms, which can be converted into one of the aforementioned reactive groups R.
  • prepolymer precursors are known from the prior art, for. B. from US 3,865,806, US 5,872,086, US 6,162,862, Polym. J. 1992, 24 (11), 1301-1306, WO 01/55360 and commercially available, e.g. B.
  • Controlled / Living radical polymerization Progress in ATRP, NMP, and RAFT, Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000) or in particular in the case of ethylenically unsaturated monomers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) according to the processes described in WO 98/40415.
  • ATRP atom transfer radical polymerization
  • the star-shaped prepolymer precursors can in principle be functionalized in analogy to known functionalization processes of the prior art.
  • prepolymer precursors which have A OH groups at the ends of the polymer arms.
  • the conversion of OH groups to amino groups can e.g. B. in analogy to that of Skarzewski, J. et al. Monatsh. Chem. 1983, 114, 1071-1077 method described.
  • the OH groups in a conventional manner, (z. B. by Organikum, 15th ed., VEB, Berlin 1981 S. 241ff .; J. March, Advanced Organic Synthesis 3rd ed. S. 382 ff.
  • a halogenating agent such as thionyl chloride, sulfuryl chloride, thionyl bromide, phosphorus tribromide, phosphorus oxychloride, oxalyl chloride and the like, optionally in the presence of an auxiliary base such as pyridine or triethylamine, in the corresponding halide, or with methanesulfonyl chloride in the corresponding mesylate.
  • the halogen compound thus obtained, or the mesylate then with an alkali metal azide, preferably in an aprotic polar solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide or N-methylpyrrolidone, into which the corresponding azide is converted.
  • an alkali metal azide preferably in an aprotic polar solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide or N-methylpyrrolidone, into which the corresponding azide is converted.
  • the azide is then converted to the amino compound with hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst or with a complex hydride such as lithium aluminum hydride.
  • prepolymers which carry oxirane groups at the ends of the polymer arms A can be achieved, for example, by reacting prepolymer precursors which have OH groups at the ends of the polymer arms with glycidyl chloride.
  • Prepolymers which carry A (meth) acrylic groups at the ends of the polymer arms can be produced, for example, by esterifying prepolymer precursors which carry A OH groups at the ends of the polymer arms with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or by reacting the OH- Groups with acrylic chloride or with methacryl chloride in analogy to known processes.
  • prepolymer precursors which carry A NH 2 groups at the ends of the polymer arms the NH 2 groups can be reacted with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or with their acid chlorides.
  • the preparation of (meth) acrylate-terminated prepolymers can e.g. B. in analogy to that of Cruise et al. Biomaterials_1998, 19, 1287-1294 and Han et al. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 6077-6083 for the modification of polyether diols and triols described methods take place.
  • Prepolymers which carry thiol groups at the ends of polymer arms A can be prepared, for example, by reacting prepolymer precursors which carry halogen atoms at the ends of polymer arms A with thioacetic acid and subsequent hydrolysis in analogy to that in Houben-Weyl, Methods of Organic Chemistry, Ed. E. Müller, 4th ed., Vol. 9, p. 749, G. Thieme, Stuttgart 1955.
  • aromatic diisocyanates such as toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, toluene-2,6-diisocyanate, commercially available mixture of toluene-2,4- and -2,6-diisocyanate (TDI), m-phenylene diisocyanate, 3, 3 'diphenyl-4,4' - biphenylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-
  • diisocyanates whose isocyanate groups differ in their reactivity, such as toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, toluene-2,6-diisocyanate, and a mixture of toluene-2,4- and -2,6-diisocyanate and ice and trans-isophorone.
  • Star-shaped prepolymers with aliphatic diisocyanate end groups are particularly preferred, in particular those as obtained by adding IPDI to the chain ends of OH-group-terminated star-shaped prepolymer precursors.
  • the star polymers are naturally reacted with the diisocyanate in such a way that a diisocyanate unit is added to each chain end of the star molecules, the second isocyanate group of the diisocyanate remaining free.
  • each end group of the star molecules is provided with a free isocyanate group via a urethane linkage. Methods for this are described, for example, in US Pat. No. 5,808,131, WO 98/20060 and US 6,162,862 and Bartelink CF et al. J. Polymer Science 2000, 38, 2555-2565.
  • the prepolymer precursor to avoid the formation of multimeric adducts i. H.
  • Adducts in which two or more prepolymers are linked to one another via diisocyanate units give an excess of the diisocyanate.
  • the excess is at least 10 mol%, based on the stoichiometry of the reaction, i.e. H. at least 1.1 moles, preferably at least 2 moles and in particular at least 5 moles of diisocyanate and especially at least 10 moles of diisocyanate are used per mole of functional group in the prepolymer precursor.
  • the reaction is preferably carried out under controlled reaction conditions, i.e. H. the prepolymer precursor is added under reaction conditions so slowly that heating of the reactor contents by more than 20 K is avoided.
  • the prepolymer precursor is preferably reacted with the diisocyanate in the absence of a solvent or diluent.
  • the reaction can take place in the absence or in the presence of small amounts of conventional catalysts which promote the formation of urethanes.
  • Suitable catalysts are, for example, tertiary amines such as diazabicyclooctane (DABCO) and organotin compounds, e.g. B. DialkyIzinn (IV) salts of aliphatic carboxylic acids such as dibutyltin dilaurate and dibutyltin dioctoate.
  • the amount of catalyst is generally not more than 0.5% by weight, based on the prepolymer precursor, eg. B. 0.01 to 0.5 wt .-%, in particular 0.02 to 0.3 wt .-%.
  • no catalyst is used.
  • the required reaction temperatures naturally depend on the reactivity of the prepolymer precursor used, the diisocyanate, and if used on the type and amount of the catalyst used. It is generally in the range from 20 to 100 ° C. and in particular in the range from 35 to 80 ° C. It goes without saying that the reaction of the prepolymer precursor with the diisocyanate takes place in the absence of moisture ( ⁇ 2000 ppm, preferably ⁇ 500 ppm).
  • the reaction mixture thus obtained is generally worked up by distilling off the excess diisocyanate, preferably under reduced pressure.
  • the reaction products obtained predominantly contain the star-shaped prepolymer which has isocyanate groups at the ends of the polymer arms.
  • the proportion of the star-shaped prepolymer is generally at least 70% by weight, preferably at least 80% by weight, of the reaction product.
  • the remaining constituents of the reaction product are essentially dimers and, in small proportions, trimers, which in these quantities are also suitable for producing the coatings according to the invention.
  • the substrates to be coated with the star-shaped prepolymers according to the invention are in principle not subject to any restrictions.
  • the substrates can have regularly or irregularly shaped, smooth or porous surfaces.
  • suitable surface materials are oxidic surfaces, e.g. B.
  • silicates such as glass, quartz, silicon dioxide such as in silica gels, or ceramics, further semimetals such as silicon, semiconductor materials, metals and metal alloys such as steel, polymers such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polymethylpentene, polypropylene, polyester, fluoropolymers (eg Teflon ®), polyamides, polyurethanes, poly (meth) acrylates, blends and composites of the aforementioned materials surfaces, including cellulose and natural fibers such as cotton fibers and wool.
  • the polymers can be woven or non-woven material.
  • the ultrathin, hydrogel-forming coatings are produced by depositing the star-shaped prepolymers on the layered surface from a solution of the prepolymers by methods known per se and subsequent crosslinking of the reactive groups of the prepolymers.
  • the deposition and crosslinking steps can be repeated if desired. This leads to thicker layers.
  • Examples of deposition processes are the immersion of the surface to be coated in the solution of the prepolymer and the spin coating - the solution of the prepolymer is applied to the surface to be coated rotating at high speed. It goes without saying that the coating measures are usually carried out under dust-free conditions for the production of ultra-thin coatings.
  • the substrates are immersed in a solution of the star polymer in a suitable solvent and then the solution is run off, so that a thin liquid film with the most uniform thickness remains on the substrate. This is then dried. The resulting film thickness depends on the concentration of the star polymer solution. The networking is then triggered.
  • the substrate which is initially not rotating, is generally completely wetted with the solution of the star-shaped prepolymer. Subsequently, the substrate to be coated is rotated at high speeds, preferably above 1000 rpm, eg. B. 1000 to 10000 U / min in rotation, the solution is largely spun off and a thin coating film remains on the surface of the substrate. Then networking is also triggered here.
  • the concentration of the prepolymer in the solution will generally not exceed 100 mg / ml, preferably 50 mg / ml and in particular 20 mg / ml.
  • the concentration is usually at least 0.001 mg / ml, preferably at least 0.005 and in particular at least 0.01 mg / ml.
  • the thickness of the coating can of course be controlled via the concentration, whereby very low concentrations usually lead to monolayers of the star polymers on the coated surfaces.
  • the coating measures are chosen so that the coating thickness (measured by means of ellipsometry according to the method described in Guide to using WVASE 32 TM, JA Woollam Co. Ind., Lincoln NE USA 1998) has a value of 500 nm, preferably 200 nm and in particular does not exceed 100 nm.
  • the process also enables the production of monolayers with thicknesses below 2 nm, e.g. B. 0.5 to 2 nm.
  • layer thicknesses in the range from 1 to 100 nm, in particular in the range from 2 to 50 nm, are preferred.
  • solvents are suitable as solvents which have no or only a low reactivity towards the functional groups R of the prepolymer.
  • those are preferred which have a high vapor pressure and are therefore easy to remove.
  • Preferred solvents are therefore those which have a boiling point below 150 ° C. and preferably below 120 ° C. at normal pressure.
  • suitable solvents are aprotic solvents, e.g. B. ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylenes and toluene, acetonitrile, propionitrile and mixtures of these solvents.
  • protic solvents such as water or alcohols, e.g. B. methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and tert-butanol, and mixtures thereof with aprotic solvents.
  • water and mixtures of water with aprotic solvents are surprisingly suitable in addition to the abovementioned aprotic solvents, since the degradation of the isocyanate groups in the prepolymers presumably takes place comparatively slowly.
  • the type of networking can be done in different ways.
  • the article coated with the uncrosslinked prepolymer will generally be treated with a crosslinking agent.
  • one embodiment of the invention relates to a method in which the linking of the reactive groups R is initiated by adding a compound V1 which has at least two reactive groups R 'per molecule which reacts with the reactive groups R of the star-shaped prepolymer to form bonds.
  • the polyfunctional compounds V1 can be low molecular weight compounds, e.g. B. aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diols, triols and tetraols, e.g. B. ethylene glycol, butanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and the like, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamines, triamines or tetramines, for.
  • B. aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diols, triols and tetraols e.g. B. ethylene glycol, butanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and the like, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diamines, triamines or tetramines, for.
  • the low-molecular polyfunctional In contrast to the prepolymers, ionic compounds generally have a molecular weight of ⁇ 500 g / mol.
  • the polyfunctional compound V1 can already be contained in the solution of the prepolymer which is used for the coating. Then react in the initially formed coating of largely uncrosslinked prepolymers, e.g. B. when drying or when heating the coating, the reactive groups R 'of the crosslinking agent with the reactive groups R of the prepolymer and in this way form a layer of crosslinked prepolymers.
  • the compound V1 will accordingly have at least two denophilic groups and vice versa. If the prepolymers have reactive groups which undergo an en reaction, the compound V1 will have at least two allylic double bonds. As a rule, in such systems for the production of the coatings, solutions are used which contain both the prepolymer and the compounds V1. The crosslinking then takes place when the primarily obtained coating dries, if appropriate after heating.
  • prepolymers are also suitable as polyfunctional compounds V1 which have at least four polymer arms A, which are in themselves soluble in water and have a reactive functional group R 'at their free ends, which react with the reactive groups R of the prepolymer to form bonds.
  • solutions of at least two different prepolymers can also be used for the process according to the invention, in which one prepolymer has reactive groups R and the other has reactive groups R 'which are complementary thereto. In this way too, a layer of crosslinked prepolymers is obtained.
  • the linking of the reactive groups R is initiated by adding a sufficient amount of a compound V2 which reacts with a part of the reactive groups R to form ver groups R 'reacts, which reacts with the remaining reactive groups R to form bonds.
  • a compound V2 which reacts with a part of the reactive groups R to form ver groups R 'reacts, which reacts with the remaining reactive groups R to form bonds.
  • crosslinking can be triggered, for example, by treating the coated article with water, e.g. B. by storage in a damp atmosphere or under water.
  • some of the isocyanate groups react to form amino groups, which in turn react with the remaining isocyanate groups to form bonds, forming a layer of crosslinked prepolymers.
  • the crosslinking agent V2 is therefore water here.
  • the group R is selected from ethylenically unsaturated, free-radically polymerizable double bonds.
  • the crosslinking takes place in a thermal or photochemical manner, i. H. by irradiation with UV radiation or with electron radiation.
  • suitable photoinitiators will generally be added to the solution of the prepolymer. The type and amount of photoinitiator required to initiate photochemical crosslinking is known to the person skilled in the art from radiation-curing lacquer technology.
  • a star-shaped prepolymer preferably as a monolayer, is first applied to the surface to be coated in the manner described above, partial crosslinking of the reactive groups R is optionally carried out and then at least one further star-shaped prepolymer 2 is applied to the surface applied surface treated in this way, which has at least four polymer arms A, which are in themselves soluble in water and have at their free ends a reactive functional group R ', which have a complementary to the reactive groups R of the prepolymer 1 reactivity. If necessary, the remaining reactive groups R 'are then crosslinked again. This process can be repeated one or more times. In this way it is possible to produce multilayer coatings in a targeted manner.
  • the layer-by-layer process can be carried out in a particularly elegant manner with such prepolymers can be realized which have reactive groups R which react with compounds V2 to form reactive groups R 'which have a reactivity which is complementary to the groups R.
  • groups R are isocyanate groups.
  • the connection V2 is water.
  • NH 2 groups then form as complementarily reactive groups R '. If the crosslinking of the first layer with compound V2 is triggered, the coating obtained has free groups R '(for example amino groups) on its surface. These then react with the groups R (for example isocyanate groups) of the prepolymers applied in a second coating process to form bonds.
  • the second coating process is preferably also controlled such that a monolayer of prepolymers is deposited on the first coating.
  • Crosslinking of the second layer by means of compound V2 (for example water) and repetition of this procedure thus allows the production of highly crosslinked, highly ordered layers, in particular if the amount of coating in the individual coating stages has been chosen so that monolayers are obtained.
  • the coatings can also with mixtures of star-shaped prepolymers and water-soluble polysaccharides such as hyaluronates, heparins, alginates or z.
  • B. dextran When using prepolymers with functional groups reactive towards OH functions, e.g. B. isocyanate groups then the polysaccharide acts as a crosslinker.
  • the method according to the invention also allows the targeted incorporation of foreign materials, ie materials that do not form hydrogel-forming coatings, into the coating.
  • bioactive materials such as drugs, oligonucleotides, peptides, proteins, signaling substances, growth factors, cells, carbohydrates and lipids, inorganic components such as apatites and hydroxyapatides, quaternary ammonium salt compounds, compounds from bisguanidines, quaternary pyridinium salt compounds, compounds from phosphonium salts, thiazoylbenzimidazoles, sulfonyl compounds, Salicyl compounds or organometallic compounds.
  • the installation is preferably carried out by coadsorption from solutions which contain the prepolymer and the foreign component.
  • prepolymers with the bioactive materials mentioned before Sorption are implemented or reacted as a mixture with unmodified prepolymers on the surface.
  • biological components can also be introduced in the form of an intermediate layer that does not completely cover.
  • the top layer of the star-shaped prepolymers usually still carry reactive groups, which react specifically with frequently occurring chemical groups of biomolecules even under mild conditions (in aqueous solution, at room temperature).
  • reactive groups which react specifically with frequently occurring chemical groups of biomolecules even under mild conditions (in aqueous solution, at room temperature).
  • examples are the reaction of NCO groups on the surface of the polymer layer with alcohol, thiol or amino groups which are present in proteins and peptides, or which can be easily introduced into many biomolecules by methods of the prior art.
  • Another example is the Michael addition of thiol or amino groups to acrylates and acrylamides in the top layer of the coating.
  • suitable biological components which can be introduced into the hydrogel coatings produced by the process according to the invention are medicaments, e.g. B. heparins, antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentomycin, penicillin, neomycin, acriflavin, ampillicin, chitin, chitosan and their derivatives, as well as other bactericidal substances, further growth factors such as BMPs (bone morphogenic proteins), HGHs (human growth hormons), GMCSF (macrophages colony stimulating factors), heparin-binding factors such as FGFs, VGF, TGFs, communication and architecture-mediating signal substances such as BHL, HHL, OHL, DHLs, OHHL, OOHL, ODHL, OdDHL, HBHL, HtDHL and other, integrin-mediating signaling molecules, proteins such as Fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, collagen, thrombospondin and other adhesion-promoting proteins, me
  • cyclic peptide sequences amino acid sequences and oligonucleotides that enable molecular recognition such as sequences from RNA or DNA, carbohydrates and lipids, such as sugar and long-chain hydrocarbon compounds that allow interaction with the cell membrane, cells or cell assemblies of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and other cell types, but also pluripotent cell material.
  • the surfaces of inert materials will often be chemically activated before coating. This can be done, for example, by treating the surface to be coated with acid or alkali, by oxidation (flaming), by electron radiation or by plasma treatment with an oxygen-containing plasma, as described by P. Chevallier et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105 (50), 12490-12497; in JP 09302118 A2; in DE 10011275; or by D. Klee, et al. Adv. Polym. Be. 1999, 149, 1-57.
  • the surface to be coated can also be treated with compounds which are known to have good adhesion to the surface and which also have functional groups R 'which are complementary to the functional groups R of the star-shaped prepolymer.
  • Suitable groups R ' depending on the reactive group R of the prepolymer: isocyanate, amino, hydroxyl and epoxy groups, furthermore groups which react in the sense of Michael addition, dienophilic groups which enter into Diels-Alder addition reactions, are electron-poor double bonds which react in a Diels-Alder addition or en reaction with allylic double bonds; activated ester groups; oxazoline; as well as vinyl groups and thiols, which specifically undergo free radical addition.
  • the type of group that causes adhesion to the surface to be coated naturally depends on the chemical nature of the surface to be coated.
  • oxidic such as ceramic and glass-like surfaces
  • metallic surfaces compounds which have silane groups, in particular trialkoxysilane groups, have proven useful.
  • trialkoxyaminoalkylsilanes such as triethoxyaminopropylsilane and N [(3-triethoxysilyl) propyl] ethylenediamine
  • trialkoxyalkyl-3-glycidyl ether silanes such as triethoxypropyl-3-glycidyl ether silane
  • trialkoxy alkyl mercaptoxy tranhexane triloxiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxylalkylsiloxy
  • Polyoxidic polyammonium groups are also suitable as adhesion-promoting groups for oxidic materials and plastic materials.
  • Examples of such compounds are polyammonium compound with free primary amine groups such as z. B. by J. Scheerder, J.F.J Engbersen, and D.N. Reinhoudt, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1996, 115 (6), 307-320, and von Decher, Science 1997, 277, 1232-1237 for this purpose.
  • the aforementioned compounds are preferably applied as a monolayer to the surface to be coated.
  • Such monolayers can be achieved in a manner known per se by treating the surfaces to be coated with dilute solutions of the compounds, for. B. according to the immersion process described above or by means of spin coating. Solvents and concentrations correspond to the information given for the application of the prepolymers. It is often advisable to treat the surfaces with the abovementioned compounds, which are known to have good adhesion to the surface, following activation by flame, by electron radiation or by plasma treatment.
  • the surfaces coated according to this invention swell in direct contact with water, aqueous solutions and moist gases to form very stable hydrogels.
  • the coatings are stable even after prolonged contact with aqueous solutions, since the deposits can be removed by simply rinsing with water.
  • the coatings obtained according to the invention effectively prevent the non-specific adsorption of proteins and cells over a long period of time and are superior in this point to the hydrogel coatings of the prior art. Due to their chemical composition, the coatings are biocompatible and non-toxic.
  • star-shaped prepolymers with reactive end groups advantageously enables the use of simple coating processes such as immersion, spin coating (rotary spin processes) and in particular a layer-by-layer structure.
  • the peculiarity of the star-shaped prepolymers with reactive end groups also makes it possible, in a very simple and controlled manner, to produce thin to ultra-thin hydrogel coatings with a layer thickness below 100 nm, preferably below 50 nm and, if desired, below 10 nm.
  • the coatings prevent unspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion and can thus prevent bacterial colonization.
  • the low thickness of the coating is particularly advantageous since the macroscopic properties and the appearance of the underlying material remain practically unchanged.
  • star-shaped prepolymers with reactive end groups also makes it possible in a simple manner to produce ordered monolayers and multilayers whose structure and properties such as water absorption, penetrability and flexibility can be set very precisely for the respective application.
  • the method according to the invention also allows in a unique way, various functions such.
  • the suppression of non-specific bacterial colonization can be increased by incorporating bactericides, biological signaling substances and colloidal particles with a diameter preferably below 100 nm.
  • the method according to the invention also opens up the possibility of specifically promoting colonization with specific bacteria and cells by incorporating biological signaling molecules and ligands.
  • the method according to the invention can be used for the production of micro sensors and micro analysis systems, for coating micro cannulas for the introduction of genetic material into cells and of capillary systems in which the adsorption of biological compounds on the capillary surfaces is large Represents a problem and can significantly impair the analytical sensitivity.
  • the use of star-shaped prepolymers for the production of hydrogel coatings opens up areas of application in which conventional polymers and hydrogels cannot be used or have not been used due to their inadequate protein resistance.
  • the method according to the invention is also particularly suitable for coating objects which are in direct contact with living matter, such as implants.
  • the coatings can be applied to a wide range of laboratory utensils, medical products and instruments, but also in the semi-technical area to surfaces that must be kept extremely clean, i.e. as free of protein and cells as possible, or that are difficult to access for cleaning steps.
  • the coatings obtainable according to the invention are also particularly advantageous where only extremely thin coatings are possible.
  • the method according to the invention can be used to produce ultra-thin coatings on the inner walls of hose and tube systems. those who in turn only have a particularly small diameter, e.g. B. in the ⁇ m range, have (implantable pump systems, thin catheters, microbiological and genetic engineering laboratory equipment).
  • the method according to the invention is also suitable for coating extremely large areas (ship hulls, technical pipe systems, swimming pools, operating theaters, etc.).
  • FIG. 1 shows the ellipsometrically determined layer thickness of a coating according to the invention as a function of the number of coating processes.
  • FIG. 2 shows the increase in the thickness of a dried coating according to the invention which is exposed to atmospheric moisture (determined by ellipsometry).
  • FIG. 3 shows a light micrograph of a glass plate coated according to the invention (thickness of the coating about 50 nm) which had been incubated with a fibroblast suspension.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b show light microscopic images of glass platelets which have a coating according to the invention on one half and a polystyrene coating on the other half and which were incubated with a fibroblast suspension.
  • FIG. 5 shows an optical micrograph of a glass plate which was half coated with a mixture of star prepolymers and dextran (1: 1) and half uncoated and which was incubated with a fibroblast suspension.
  • the prepolymer precursors used are commercially available 6-armed polyalkylene ethers (hereinafter referred to as polyols) which have been prepared by anionic ring-opening polymerization from ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide using sorbitol as the initiator.
  • the polyol used was dried to a residual water content of less than 350 ppm before use. Residues of the alkali metal hydroxide used for the preparation of the polyols were bound by neutralization with phosphoric acid.
  • the polyol was slowly added via a pump (approx. 80 ml / h), so that the reaction temperature did not deviate from the specified temperature by more than 10 K.
  • the elution diagrams were adapted for evaluation on two Gaussian curves, the proportion of bi- / trimer being determined via the area ratios.
  • the polyol used is a 6-arm statistical poly (ethylene / propylene oxide) with an EO / PO ratio of 80/20 with a molecular weight of 3100 g / mol.
  • 0.05% by weight of phosphoric acid was added to the polyol and the mixture was heated to 80 ° C. in vacuo with stirring.
  • the polyol used corresponds to the polyol from Preparation Example 1.
  • the polyol used is a 6-arm statistical poly (ethylene / propylene oxide) with an EO / PO ratio of 80/20 with a molecular weight of 10,000 g / mol.
  • 0.05% by weight of phosphoric acid was added to the polyol and heated to 80 ° C. in vacuo with stirring.
  • IPDI (100 g, 0.45 mol) was placed in a reactor and heated to 50 ° C. in a protective gas atmosphere.
  • the dried and degassed polyol 50 g, 0.005 mol was slowly added with the aid of a peristaltic pump (approx. 80 ml / h).
  • the reaction mixture was stirred at 50 ° C for an additional 60 hours.
  • thin-film distillation 100 ° C., 0.025 mbar
  • the polyol used is a 6-arm polypropylene oxide with a molecular weight of 3000 g / mol. Before the reaction, 0.05% by weight of phosphoric acid was added to the polyol and heated in vacuo at 80 ° C. for 1 h.
  • a saturated solution of 100 g (32.3 mmol) of the predried polyether used in Preparation 1 in 400 ml of dichloromethane was cooled to 0 ° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • 580 mmol of pyridine were first added very slowly and then 580 mmol of methanesulfonyl chloride.
  • the precipitate was filtered off and the mesylate formed was precipitated by adding diethyl ether.
  • the mesylate obtained was dissolved in dimethylformamide and stirred with 1.16 mol of sodium azide at 60 ° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane.
  • a strong band at 1670 cm “1 can be seen in the IR spectrum, which can be assigned to the amide EO group.
  • the nitrogen value determined by elemental analysis corresponds to a degree of functionalization> 5.
  • Glass platelets floated glass, quartz glass, standard glass
  • hydrophilic silicon wafers were used as substrates (Si [100]).
  • the substrates were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath first in acetone, then in Millipore water and then in isopropanol. All substrates were kept in suitable protective containers under a layer of liquid in order to avoid contamination by dust and grease droplets from the air.
  • the water used was basically desalinated (18 M ⁇ -cm or better). All solutions were cleaned of dust and particulate contamination with a 0.05 ⁇ filter. Filtered deionized water is also referred to below as Millipore water.
  • Coatings with the exclusion of water were carried out in a glove box (brown) under an atmosphere with a water content of less than 1 ppm H 2 O / Q 2 .
  • the cleaned substrates were treated in a plasma system of the TePla 100-E type from Plasma Systeme for 10 minutes in oxygen plasma (pressure: 0.15 mbar). The substrates treated in this way were then stored in deionized water.
  • the substrate surface was first coated with an aminosilian monolayer as a promoter.
  • an aminosilian monolayer as a promoter.
  • the sample taken from the water and blown dry with nitrogen was transferred to a glove box.
  • the substrates were stored in a 0.4% (v / v) solution of N- (3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl) ethylenediamine in dry toluene for 16 h, then washed thoroughly with toluene and, before use, in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere a filtered nitrogen stream dried.
  • the substrates were treated with oxygen under a 40 W UV lamp for 10 min (distance between substrate surface and light source 2 mm) and then placed in Millipore water (MP-H 2 0).
  • the sample taken from the MP-H 2 O and blown dry with nitrogen was then treated as in 1.1 with (trimethoxysilyl) propyl) ethylenediamine.
  • the substrates functionalized according to the instructions under 1.1 are immersed in a solution of the respective prepolymer in dry THF (0.05 mg / ml to 5 mg / ml). The solution is allowed to drain carefully so that a thin liquid film of uniform thickness remains on the substrate. This is dried. The resulting film thickness depends on the concentration of the star polymer solution.
  • the samples are then removed from the glovebox, protected from dust, and reacted in a humid atmosphere. The samples are placed in MP-H2O until use / examination.
  • the substrates functionalized according to the instructions under 1.1 are immersed in a freshly prepared solution of the prepolymer (0.005 mg / ml to 20 mg / ml in 1: 1 THF: MP-H 2 O). The solution is allowed to drain carefully so that a thin liquid film of uniform thickness remains on the substrate, which is dried. After the film has reacted, the samples are placed in MP-H 2 0 until use. Table 3 lists tests and resulting layer thicknesses which were obtained by an immersion coating. The layer thicknesses were determined by ellipsometry ("Guide to using WVASE32 TM", JA Woollam Co., Ind., Lincoln, NE, USA, 1998).
  • the coating of 1 amine-functionalized substrates produced was carried out using a spin coater (model: WS-400A-6TFM / lite from the company: SPS).
  • a spin coater model: WS-400A-6TFM / lite from the company: SPS.
  • the non-rotating, dried substrate is completely wetted with the prepolymer solution (0.05 mg / ml to 5 mg / ml star polymer in THF) before the solution at acceleration level "5" and a final speed of 5000 rpm for 40 Is flung for seconds.
  • the sample is then dry.
  • the substrates coated in this way were stored in the absence of dust overnight at a humidity of 50 to 80%.
  • the samples treated in this way can then be used immediately for the desired application or placed in MP-H 2 0 until use.
  • the amine-functionalized substrate prepared according to 1 is rinsed on the spin coater with rotation (3000 rpm) with salt-free water before the coating is carried out with a freshly prepared water-containing star polymer solution in THF. In this way, better wetting of the substrate and a very thin polymer film are achieved.
  • the results are summarized in Table 4.
  • the layer thickness was determined ellipsometrically.
  • the surface of the still rotating substrate is washed several times by applying a drop of anhydrous dichloromethane in order to remove excess prepolymer. The procedure is repeated to achieve a dense monofilm.
  • the sample coated in this way is then crosslinked by placing it in MP-H 2 O. The procedure is repeated according to the number of monolayers to be applied.
  • the substrates pretreated according to point 1 are placed for one hour with exclusion of moisture in a solution of the prepolymer in anhydrous THF.
  • the samples are then washed several times with anhydrous THF to rinse off non-chemically bound prepolymer molecules.
  • the samples are then placed in MP-H 0 for one hour.
  • the sample is dried and then placed in a THF bath to remove water from the coating.
  • the samples are then dried in a dust-free atmosphere or in a filtered nitrogen stream. To apply a further monofilm, this procedure is repeated, starting with immersing the sample in the anhydrous solution of the prepolymer in THF.
  • the samples coated in this way can be used immediately for the desired application or placed in MP-H 2 0 until they are used.
  • the layer thickness of the hydrogel films obtained was determined by means of ellipsometry. The values are given in Table 5:
  • a monolayer was first prepared as described under 1., using a solution of the prepolymer from Preparation Example 1 in THF with a concentration of 1.0 mg / ml. The substrate coated in this way was then placed in a solution of the same prepolymer in anhydrous THF (concentration 1.0 mg / ml). The sample was then washed several times with anhydrous THF. After the subsequent one-hour soak in MP-H 2 0, they were removed and dried as described above. This procedure was repeated a total of five times, the layer thickness being determined by means of ellipsometry after each application of a further layer. The results are shown in Figure 1.
  • the layer thickness increases linearly with increasing number of layers, the slope of the compensating line is approximately 4.7 A / layer, which corresponds to the thickness of a monolayer.
  • the swelling behavior was examined by means of ellipsometry on a thin coating.
  • the change in layer thickness which directly reflects the swelling behavior of the hydrogel layer, was measured in situ.
  • the samples were pretreated as described under II.-1. After the sample had been dried in a filtered nitrogen stream, a solution of the polymer from Preparation Example 1 (5 mg / ml in dry THF) was spin-coated at a speed of 6000 rpm. (40 sec.) As described under II-2.2. The sample produced in this way was then stored in water for one hour and, after drying in the filtered nitrogen stream, was dried for 30 minutes at 90 ° C./0.1. The dried sample was then exposed to the laboratory atmosphere (20 ° C, 60% relative humidity) exposed and the change in layer thickness caused by water absorption was examined in-situ by means of ellipsometry. The results of the investigation are shown in FIG. 2.
  • the layer thickness of the dried sample initially increases continuously as a result of contact with the moist air. After approx. 10 h no further increase in layer thickness can be seen.
  • the total relative increase in layer thickness is approx. 2%, which corresponds to an absolute increase of a few angstroms.
  • the investigation was carried out by means of confocal laser microscopy and by means of confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) using the fluorescent dye MR 121.
  • the dye was in PBS buffer (140 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCI, 6.4 mM Na 2 HP0 4 x 2H 2 0, 2 mM KH 2 P0 4 ) diluted to a concentration of 10 "10 M. 120 .mu.l of the solution were pipetted into the approx. 100 .mu.l well of the above-mentioned slide and covered with the 170 .mu.m coated cover glass. For reference an uncoated glass slide and an uncoated cover slip were used.
  • the slide with the sample was positioned with the cover slip down over the microscope objective.
  • the laser focus was focused about 10 ⁇ m above the cover slip in the sample solution.
  • FCS Confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
  • the FCS curve for a sample of MR 121-IP (T30) on the surface coated according to the invention has a turning point at 238 ⁇ s, which almost corresponds to that of a freely diffusing MR 121-IP. If the detection volume is shifted 4 ⁇ m into the solution, no more surface influence can be determined in the case of the glass coated according to the invention. In the case of glass surfaces, it can be seen that the FCS curve (glass, focused on 4 ⁇ m) shows a turning point at 23.5 ms, which in turn indicates very clear interactions of the fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide with the surface. Only when the detection volume has been shifted by 40 ⁇ m into the solution do both curves approach the freely moving MR 121-IP.
  • Table 6 The diffusion times obtained for MR 121-IP (T30) are summarized in Table 6.
  • Table 6 Average diffusion times of MR 121 on and at different heights above a glass or hydrogel surface
  • the cell adhesion experiments were carried out with GFP-Actin 3T3 fibroblasts (chicken) and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts (chicken).
  • the cells were stored in 50 ml PMMA cell culture boxes at 37 ° C. and 5% CO 2 in a steam-saturated atmosphere in an incubator and replicated.
  • the cell media used are standard cell media.
  • the cell medium consisted of an aqueous solution of 88 vol% DMEM (Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium, Biochrom KG) with 10 vol% fetal calf serum (FCS, Invitrogen), 1 vol% penecillin solution (penstrep, Sigma), 1 vol% Glutamine (Invitrogen) and 0.5 mg / ml antibiotic, Geneticin (Sigma), while for the osteoblasts the cell medium from an aqueous solution of 94 vol% ⁇ -MEM ( ⁇ -modified eagle's medium) with 5 vol% calf serum (FCS, Invitrogen) and 1 vol% glutamine (Invitrogen) was produced. The cells were split regularly to guarantee maximum growth and to maintain GFP expression.
  • Adhesion experiments were carried out in sterile PS petri dishes (50 mm diameter). Before the cells were added to the petri dishes, they were removed from the cell culture boxes with 2 ml trypsin per petri dish and then deposited in a centrifuge (10 min. At 1000 rpm) as sediment. Diluted again with medium, the cell suspension was then applied to the substrates using pipettes and then incubated. If the cells adhere to the substrate, they form a uniform layer that can be clearly seen under the light microscope. If the cells cannot attach to the substrate, i.e. the adhesion of the cell to the substrate is suppressed, the cells die and can be recognized as small, round cell clusters on the surface.
  • experiment 1 a glass plate coated according to the invention was used as the substrate, which was spin-coated according to the instructions given in II-2.2 with a solution of the prepolymer from preparation example 3 (5.0 mg / ml), one according to 11-1. pretreated glass plate was produced. The thickness of the coating was approximately 50 nm.
  • the sample was then treated with the cell suspension in the manner described above and examined in a light microscope. The results of the investigation are shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 3 shows that the coating is cell-resistant, because the cells have died and can be recognized as small, round cell clusters on the surface. The surface shows no cell growth even after 120 h, which demonstrates the long-term effect and stability of the coating. Similar results can also be found with thinner coatings which have a thickness of approximately 5 nm.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b show that the cells colonize on the surface treated with polystyrene and die on the surface coated according to the invention.
  • the sample was then treated with the cell suspension in the manner described above and examined in a light microscope. The results of the investigation are shown in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 5 shows that the cells colonize on the untreated surface and die on the surface coated according to the invention.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne l'utilisation de polymères en étoile à bras polymériques hydrophiles portant, à leur extrémité libre, un groupe fonctionnel réactif R, pour la production de revêtements ultraminces formant des hydrogels. Les revêtements formant des hydrogels ainsi obtenus suppriment de manière efficace une absorption protéique non spécifique sur des surfaces qui en sont revêtues.
EP20030734689 2002-02-01 2003-01-24 Prepolymeres en etoile pour la production de revetements ultraminces formant des hydrogels Withdrawn EP1469893A1 (fr)

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DE2002103937 DE10203937A1 (de) 2002-02-01 2002-02-01 Sternförmige Präpolymere für die Herstellung ultradünner, Hydrogel-bildender Beschichtungen
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DE2002116639 DE10216639A1 (de) 2002-04-15 2002-04-15 Sternförmige Präpolymere für die Herstellung ultradünner, Hydrogelbildender Beschichtungen
PCT/EP2003/000726 WO2003063926A1 (fr) 2002-02-01 2003-01-24 Prepolymeres en etoile pour la production de revetements ultraminces formant des hydrogels

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