EP1452795A2 - KfZ-Scheinwerfer mit Leuchtdioden - Google Patents

KfZ-Scheinwerfer mit Leuchtdioden Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1452795A2
EP1452795A2 EP04290247A EP04290247A EP1452795A2 EP 1452795 A2 EP1452795 A2 EP 1452795A2 EP 04290247 A EP04290247 A EP 04290247A EP 04290247 A EP04290247 A EP 04290247A EP 1452795 A2 EP1452795 A2 EP 1452795A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
light
projector device
contribution
type
diodes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP04290247A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1452795A3 (de
EP1452795B1 (de
Inventor
Eric Blusseau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Vision SAS
Original Assignee
Valeo Vision SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=32731890&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP1452795(A2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Valeo Vision SAS filed Critical Valeo Vision SAS
Publication of EP1452795A2 publication Critical patent/EP1452795A2/de
Publication of EP1452795A3 publication Critical patent/EP1452795A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1452795B1 publication Critical patent/EP1452795B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/60—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by a variable light distribution
    • F21S41/65—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by a variable light distribution by acting on light sources
    • F21S41/663—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by a variable light distribution by acting on light sources by switching light sources
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/10—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source
    • F21S41/14—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source characterised by the type of light source
    • F21S41/141—Light emitting diodes [LED]
    • F21S41/147—Light emitting diodes [LED] the main emission direction of the LED being angled to the optical axis of the illuminating device
    • F21S41/148—Light emitting diodes [LED] the main emission direction of the LED being angled to the optical axis of the illuminating device the main emission direction of the LED being perpendicular to the optical axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/10—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source
    • F21S41/14—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source characterised by the type of light source
    • F21S41/141—Light emitting diodes [LED]
    • F21S41/151—Light emitting diodes [LED] arranged in one or more lines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/30—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by reflectors
    • F21S41/32—Optical layout thereof
    • F21S41/33—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature
    • F21S41/334—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature the reflector consisting of patch like sectors
    • F21S41/335—Multi-surface reflectors, e.g. reflectors with facets or reflectors with portions of different curvature the reflector consisting of patch like sectors with continuity at the junction between adjacent areas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • F21W2102/00—Exterior vehicle lighting devices for illuminating purposes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • F21W2102/00—Exterior vehicle lighting devices for illuminating purposes
    • F21W2102/30—Fog lights
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2113/00—Combination of light sources
    • F21Y2113/20—Combination of light sources of different form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a vehicle headlamp device automobile fitted with light-emitting diodes.
  • the invention has essentially to offer an alternative solution to the devices headlamps using halogen type or type light sources discharge lamps, which pose a number of problems in the production of projector devices.
  • DBL, FBL, AWL, Town Light, Motorway Light and Overhead Light are grouped under the name of AFS functions.
  • the projector device according to the invention will be essentially described in use as low beam. He could nevertheless be used in any other projector device mentioned, or intervene in a of the mentioned functions. Describing the invention in the context of dipped beam is therefore in no way limited to this single application.
  • the first family is that of so-called elliptical projectors.
  • a spot of light concentration is generated by a light source arranged in a mirror.
  • the source light is placed at the first focal point of an ellipsoid-shaped mirror, said spot forming at the second focus of the mirror.
  • the spot of concentration light is then projected onto the road by a converging lens, by example a plano-convex type lens.
  • the second family is that of so-called surface reflection projectors complex, or parabolic.
  • a beam light is generated by a small light source arranged in a reflector, or mirror.
  • the projection on the ray route light reflected by a suitable reflector allows direct a light beam obeying the various constraints imposed by the standards.
  • This family of projectors includes so-called surface projectors free, or complex surface, which allow a beam to be obtained directly bright with a desired cutoff line.
  • the device according to the invention relates more particularly to this family of projectors.
  • a parabolic projector device for example of the code fire type, of the state of the art is schematically represented in FIG. 1 by a section view.
  • a code light 100 comprises, conventionally, in a housing 105, essentially a reflector 101, a light source 102, emitting light rays 103, arranged in the vicinity of the focal point of the reflector 101, and an exit surface 104 of the light beam 106.
  • the light rays 103 are emitted either directly to the exit surface 104, or indirectly after have undergone any deviations and / or reflections.
  • Figure 2 shows the reflector 101 seen from the front.
  • the reflector 101 is virtually divided into several distinct zones, each of the zones making a rigorously defined contribution to the constitution of the light beam 106 emitted by the projector.
  • a projection 300, on a plane, of this light beam is shown in Figure 3. In the case of a low beam, the light projection 300 is delimited horizontally by a cut line 306.
  • the light projection 300 is artificially divided into regions distinct.
  • a first region 301 and a second region 302 constitute the so-called light beam range regions. It is in these regions that the beam intensity must be maximum. It must provide a satisfactory visibility in the axis at 70 meters.
  • a third region 303 and a fourth region 304 constitutes the so-called comfort regions. They provide satisfactory visibility at around 40 meters.
  • a fifth region 305 constitutes the so-called width region. She permits obtain visibility downwards, i.e. by lighting up the bitumen, satisfactory at about 30 meters.
  • the light source 102 of the projector device provides its contribution to each of the regions which have just been mentioned in reflecting on the reflector 101 differently depending on the reflection zones where the image of the light source 101 is formed.
  • the first region of range 301 and the second region of range 302 of the light beam are essentially constituted of images of the light source reflecting respectively in a first zone 201 and in a second zone 202 of the surface reflective of reflector 101. These two zones are approximately horizontal, i.e.
  • the source images light 102 in these areas must be substantially horizontal to stand just below the cut-off line 306 of the light projection 300; and, given the generally cylindrical shape of the sources halogen lamp type or discharge lamp type, the length, arranged along the projection axis of the projector, being significantly less than width, it's much easier to properly match these images below the cut line when they are horizontal, so less spread out in height as vertical images.
  • This constraint which imposes a type of shape for the reflectors of the state of the art, is therefore binding.
  • first comfort region 303 and the second comfort region 304 of the light beam are essentially made up of images of the light source reflecting respectively in a third zone 203 and in a fourth zone 204 of the reflective surface of the reflector 101.
  • region of width 305 of the light beam is essentially consisting of images of the reflecting light source in a fifth zone 205 of the reflecting surface of the reflector 101.
  • the complex surface defining the different reflection zones is the subject calculations known to those skilled in the art to obtain the light beam wish.
  • a first problem encountered with this type of projector of the state of the technique is that a significant part of the light radiated by the light source is lost: in fact, the light sources used have omnidirectional radiation, i.e. diffused in all directions from space. Due to the shape of the spotlights, more particularly the presence of cheeks which limit the height of the reflectors, part of the light rays emitted by the source is not operated in the beam.
  • a second problem encountered with the projectors of the state of the technique is their size: indeed, as we have seen previously, the shape of the complex surface is mathematically defined to create, from a single light source, the beam bright as a whole. The complex surface is therefore formed of a unique piece, and therefore bulky, because it cannot be divided into many elements.
  • a third problem encountered with these devices spotlights is that they consume a lot of energy.
  • a fourth problem is that these light sources are particularly exothermic, and that it is necessary to provide within different projectors heat dissipating devices.
  • a final problem is related to the uniqueness of the light source: when it no longer works, it is the entire light beam produced by the projector which is missing.
  • the invention therefore essentially relates to a projector device, intended to emit at least one type of light beam, comprising at least at least one light source and at least one reflecting surface for reflect light rays produced by the characterized light source in that the light source comprises at least one diode-type element emitting.
  • Another object of the invention is a motor vehicle fitted with at least one projector device having at least one of the characteristics which have just been specified.
  • FIG. 4 is a front view of a reflector 400, intended to be used in a projector according to the invention, the overall shape of which is very close to that of the state of the art reflectors.
  • Source light however consists of a plurality, eight in the example shown, light-emitting diodes 401 which are arranged in a star around a central position 402 of the reflector 400.
  • the eight diodes 400 are regularly spaced around the central part 402.
  • each diode participating in the constitution of a beam light is bijectively associated with a particular area of the reflecting surface used to obtain the desired light beam.
  • each of the eight diodes is dedicated to an area specific 403, which is reserved for it, of the reflecting surface, the different areas being symbolically delimited by a solid line.
  • diodes 401 whose radiation remains less intense than that of the light sources used in the state of the technique, implies on the one hand the multiplicity of these diodes to achieve a projector device producing light beams identical to those of the state of the art, and on the other hand an increase in the surface dedicated to regions of high intensity of the light beam. So, to obtain a light beam of the type shown in FIG. 3, it is necessary to multiply the zones dedicated to the diodes which bring more particularly their contribution to the beam range regions luminous. In the example considered, we reserve three specific zones, respectively 403-p1, 403-p2 and 403-p3, which are therefore associated with three separate diodes, to produce images of each diode which will contribute to the intensity of the range regions.
  • diode arrangement light emitting 400 is a so-called barrel arrangement.
  • this arrangement we always have a set of diodes light-emitting around the central part 402, but also as close as possible so that the total luminous flux produced is comparable to that of a halogen lamp or Xenon usually used, especially in terms of omnidirectionality of the light flux produced.
  • the reserved reflection zones for the beam range regions bright are not necessarily the horizontal areas, i.e. zones arranged in the vicinity of a horizontal and central plane of the device projector.
  • This absence of constraint leaves a great diversity of choices in the distribution, on the reflecting surface 400, of the role of the different reflection zones.
  • the emitting surface of the diodes may not be strictly square, it can have more varied geometric shapes (rectangle, triangle ...), its specificity being that it is generally a surface substantially flat.
  • the projector device according to the invention is no longer necessarily a part mono-block, but it consists of a set of compartments which can be distributed in different places on the front panel, for example, vehicle.
  • Each compartment has at least one diode and one specific reflection surface.
  • We can thus, for example, have on the in front of a vehicle a set of diodes which are not necessarily close to each other, but which, associated with suitable reflective surfaces, contribute to the production of the same light bleam.
  • the different compartments can however be adjacent to each other so as to give the impression of a mono-block projector device.
  • the diodes can thus be arranged differently from the arrangement approaching that of the state of the art;
  • Figure 5 thus shows a reflector 500 or a multiplicity of diodes 501 are arranged only along a central vertical axis 504 of the reflector, the different zones reflective 502 being arranged, possibly so compartmentalized, on either side of the vertical axis 504.
  • Another advantage of the devices according to the invention is that the diode malfunction does not stop the device completely associated projector; indeed, even if the light beam is significantly modified, the other diodes present in the device projector temporarily provide satisfactory lighting.
  • the diodes are oriented in such a way so that the light rays they emit in a cone of radiation, which belongs to half a space, reach in full or almost a specific area of the reflective surface of reflector 400 to which they are associated with.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that the lighting of each diode can be controlled independently. So if we get a first beam bright when a set of diodes are radiating, the extinction of one or several of the diodes belonging to this set makes it possible to obtain a second light beam different from the first.
  • the projector devices according to the invention can also be supplemented by light sources of the halogen lamp or lamp type discharge also called Xenon lamp. This supplement may prove interesting to reinforce the intensity of the areas of range.
  • the invention covers so also hybrid headlamps whose light source is a association of one or more light-emitting diodes and a halogen or discharge lamp. Halogen lamp or lamp discharge is then advantageously reserved for the regions of scope, and the diodes make their contribution, or are reserved, to the regions of comfort or width of a light beam.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)
EP04290247A 2003-02-07 2004-01-30 KfZ-Scheinwerfer mit Leuchtdioden Revoked EP1452795B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0301511 2003-02-07
FR0301511A FR2851029B1 (fr) 2003-02-07 2003-02-07 Dispositif projecteur de vehicule automobile equipe de diodes electroluminescentes

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1452795A2 true EP1452795A2 (de) 2004-09-01
EP1452795A3 EP1452795A3 (de) 2007-05-09
EP1452795B1 EP1452795B1 (de) 2009-11-18

Family

ID=32731890

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04290247A Revoked EP1452795B1 (de) 2003-02-07 2004-01-30 KfZ-Scheinwerfer mit Leuchtdioden

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20040156211A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1452795B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4651951B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE449285T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602004024149D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2334132T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2851029B1 (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2275734A1 (de) 2009-07-15 2011-01-19 Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. Beleuchtungseinheit für Fahrzeuge
EP2278217A1 (de) * 2009-07-21 2011-01-26 Valeo Vision Beleuchtungsmodul für Fahrzeugscheinwerfer, und mit wenigstens einem solchen Modul ausgerüsteter Scheinwerfer
WO2023285339A1 (de) * 2021-07-12 2023-01-19 HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA Scheinwerfer für fahrzeuge
FR3139881A1 (fr) * 2022-09-20 2024-03-22 Valeo Vision Module lumineux

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4018016B2 (ja) * 2003-03-31 2007-12-05 株式会社小糸製作所 車両用前照灯
FR2857921B1 (fr) * 2003-07-24 2006-11-24 Valeo Vision Projecteur lumineux fixe de virage pour vehicule automobile
FR2872257B1 (fr) * 2004-06-24 2006-08-18 Valeo Vision Sa Module d'eclairage pour vehicule automobile et projecteur comportant un tel module
US7261451B2 (en) * 2005-02-23 2007-08-28 Osram Sylvania Inc. Colored headlamp
US7416324B1 (en) 2005-06-22 2008-08-26 Osram Sylvania Inc. Multi-color or multi-function LED vehicle light assembly
JP2008226707A (ja) 2007-03-14 2008-09-25 Koito Mfg Co Ltd 車両用灯具
JP4745272B2 (ja) * 2007-03-14 2011-08-10 株式会社小糸製作所 車両用灯具
JP5607634B2 (ja) 2008-09-18 2014-10-15 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェ 照明ユニット及び車両ヘッドランプ
DE102012221385A1 (de) * 2012-11-22 2014-05-22 Automotive Lighting Reutlingen Gmbh Beleuchtungseinrichtung für ein Kraftfahrzeug
JP2014183008A (ja) * 2013-03-21 2014-09-29 Koito Mfg Co Ltd 車両用灯具

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5704709A (en) * 1995-08-25 1998-01-06 Reitter & Schefenacker Gmbh & Co. Kg Optical receiving body for at least one LED
US20010019486A1 (en) * 2000-03-01 2001-09-06 Vincent Thominet Illumination device for vehicle
US6493096B1 (en) * 1999-10-01 2002-12-10 Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Method of determining reflective surface of reflector in vehicle lamp
US6504477B1 (en) * 2001-09-26 2003-01-07 Yu-Chu Lin Secondary alert light for motor vehicles
EP1371901A2 (de) * 2002-06-10 2003-12-17 Lumileds Lighting US, LLC Lampe mit axial befestigten Leuchtdioden

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US5984494A (en) * 1995-09-08 1999-11-16 Jimmy G. Cook Light shield for an illumination system
US6053623A (en) * 1998-03-03 2000-04-25 New Option Lighting, Llc Waterproof light with multi-faceted reflector in a flexible enclosure
JP4168357B2 (ja) * 1999-03-24 2008-10-22 スタンレー電気株式会社 灯具
JP2002083507A (ja) * 2000-09-06 2002-03-22 Stanley Electric Co Ltd 副光源を備えた灯具
US6404132B1 (en) * 2001-03-27 2002-06-11 Liteglow Industries, Inc. Neon cruising lights for use with motor vehicle headlights
US6682211B2 (en) * 2001-09-28 2004-01-27 Osram Sylvania Inc. Replaceable LED lamp capsule
US6890086B2 (en) * 2001-12-20 2005-05-10 Gold Coral International Limited Electronically controlled multi-light flashlight
US6756893B1 (en) * 2002-01-14 2004-06-29 Robert Fernandez Light emitting diodes surrounding a vehicle lamp

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5704709A (en) * 1995-08-25 1998-01-06 Reitter & Schefenacker Gmbh & Co. Kg Optical receiving body for at least one LED
US6493096B1 (en) * 1999-10-01 2002-12-10 Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Method of determining reflective surface of reflector in vehicle lamp
US20010019486A1 (en) * 2000-03-01 2001-09-06 Vincent Thominet Illumination device for vehicle
US6504477B1 (en) * 2001-09-26 2003-01-07 Yu-Chu Lin Secondary alert light for motor vehicles
EP1371901A2 (de) * 2002-06-10 2003-12-17 Lumileds Lighting US, LLC Lampe mit axial befestigten Leuchtdioden

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2275734A1 (de) 2009-07-15 2011-01-19 Hella KGaA Hueck & Co. Beleuchtungseinheit für Fahrzeuge
EP2278217A1 (de) * 2009-07-21 2011-01-26 Valeo Vision Beleuchtungsmodul für Fahrzeugscheinwerfer, und mit wenigstens einem solchen Modul ausgerüsteter Scheinwerfer
FR2948439A1 (fr) * 2009-07-21 2011-01-28 Valeo Vision Module d'eclairage pour projecteur de vehicule automobile, et projecteur equipe d'au moins un tel module.
EP3073185A1 (de) * 2009-07-21 2016-09-28 Valeo Vision Beleuchtungsmodul für scheinwerfer von kraftfahrzeugen, sowie scheinwerfer, der mit mindestens einem solchen modul ausgestattet ist
WO2023285339A1 (de) * 2021-07-12 2023-01-19 HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA Scheinwerfer für fahrzeuge
FR3139881A1 (fr) * 2022-09-20 2024-03-22 Valeo Vision Module lumineux
WO2024061970A1 (fr) * 2022-09-20 2024-03-28 Valeo Vision Module lumineux

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2004241388A (ja) 2004-08-26
FR2851029A1 (fr) 2004-08-13
DE602004024149D1 (de) 2009-12-31
EP1452795A3 (de) 2007-05-09
JP4651951B2 (ja) 2011-03-16
EP1452795B1 (de) 2009-11-18
FR2851029B1 (fr) 2006-01-13
US20040156211A1 (en) 2004-08-12
ES2334132T3 (es) 2010-03-05
ATE449285T1 (de) 2009-12-15

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