Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y25/00—Nanomagnetism, e.g. magnetoimpedance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
  • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
  • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
  • B03C1/005—Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation
  • B03C1/01—Pretreatment specially adapted for magnetic separation by addition of magnetic adjuvants
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
  • G01N33/54313—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being characterised by its particulate form
  • G01N33/54326—Magnetic particles
  • G01N33/5434—Magnetic particles using magnetic particle immunoreagent carriers which constitute new materials per se
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
  • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
  • H01F1/0036—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity
  • H01F1/0045—Zero dimensional, e.g. nanoparticles, soft nanoparticles for medical/biological use
  • H01F1/0063—Zero dimensional, e.g. nanoparticles, soft nanoparticles for medical/biological use in a non-magnetic matrix, e.g. granular solids
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
  • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
  • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
  • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
  • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
  • H01F1/34—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials non-metallic substances, e.g. ferrites
  • H01F1/36—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials non-metallic substances, e.g. ferrites in the form of particles

Definitions

• the present invention relates to composite particles comprising superparamagnetic iron oxide particles with a particle diameter of less than 30 nm, which are embedded in a functional group-containing polysiloxane matrix, and a method for their production.
• the composite particles are suitable for magnetic separation processes.
• Composite particles are used for this purpose, in which ferromagnetic particles are built into an organic polymer matrix with amino, carboxyl or chelate functions or in a silicate matrix, or the composite particles have a non-magnetic core, such as glass or plastic, which is coated with various shells such as FeO x is coated.
• a process for the production of composite particles which comprise superparamagnetic iron oxide particles with a particle diameter of less than 30 nm, which are embedded in a functional group-containing polysiloxane matrix, in particular polyorganosiloxane matrix, is provided, in which one of one or more hydrolyzable Pre-condensate obtained from SHan compounds in an aqueous-organic emulsion, which comprises the iron oxide particles and the pre-condensate, is condensed to form the polysiloxane matrix and the resulting composite particles are separated off, where appropriate, at least one hydrolyzable silane compound used has at least one functional group and / or in one later reaction step, a reaction with at least one organic compound, preferably a hydrolyzable silane compound which has at least one functional group, takes place.
• the composite particles according to the invention can be obtained which comprise superparamagnetic iron oxide particles with a particle diameter of less than 30 nm, which are embedded in a polysiloxane matrix having functional groups.
• the superparamagnetic composite particles obtainable by the process according to the invention offer the advantage that different functionalizations can be introduced during particle synthesis using the same synthesis principle.
• the result is a highly flexible, superparamagnetic particulate separation system made of organic-inorganic nanocomposite materials, whereby the functionalization can be selected flexibly for special areas of application.
• the organically modified silane matrix of the superparamagnetic composite particles according to the invention can be assembled by the choice of the functionalized compounds functioning as precursor components, preferably functionalized alkoxysilanes, according to the modular principle.
• the functionalized superparamagnetic composite particles according to the invention consist of a functionalized silane matrix in which superparamagnetic iron oxide single-domain particles are embedded.
• the iron oxide particles are mixed with the matrix precursors (hydrolyzable silanes, in particular alkoxysilanes) in a w / o emulsion and the condensation of the matrix components is preferably carried out by evaporation of the aqueous phase, in particular by dropping the emulsion into a hot solvent (emulsion evaporation ).
• superparamagnetic composite particles with average diameters of preferably 100 nm - 2 ⁇ m are produced.
• the specific magnetization can be varied via the content of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles in the composite.
• various functionalized alkoxysilanes composite particles with covalently linked functionalities are obtained which are suitable for the adsorption / complexation of different substance groups or to which further compounds with specific affinity for certain substances / substance groups can be coupled.
• Biomolecules such as proteins, enzymes (catalytic properties) or antibodies are coupled so that they can also be used in the biochemical field.
• Superparamagnetic, amino-functionalized FeO ⁇ single-domain particles which are flocculation-stable in the acidic pH range are preferably used and preferably introduced into the aqueous phase of a w / o emulsion and then an acid-pretreated sol of the matrix precursors (for example tetra (m) ethoxysilane and a functionalized trialkoxysilane) is added.
• the matrix precursors are condensed into a solid matrix by emulsion evaporation and the FeO x - single-domain particles are fixed in the functionalized matrix.
• the amino-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide particles are particularly preferably used.
• the particulate magnetic separation systems have a wide range of applications, e.g. for the separation of heavy metal ions from aqueous phases or for the extraction of precious metals.
• Magnetic separation systems must be flexible with different specific functionalities, e.g. equipped with different complex ligands that selectively detect certain ions.
• the agglomeration of the individual composite particles resulting from permanent magnetization due to magnetic dipole interactions leads to a reduction in the active surface and to rapid sedimentation in the gravitational field.
• the composite particles according to the invention act as carrier components for active components which can be moved, directed and separated via magnetic fields in liquid media.
• the superparamagnetic composite particles are coupled with an application-specific functionalization or active component and can be used in a liquid medium as non-agglomerated individual particles, for example for the adsorption of pollutants, cells or for catalysis or in the carrier-bound synthesis of organic compounds and separated after use in the magnetic field.
• the composite particles are said to be a good one Have responsiveness to magnetic fields (high specific magnetization) in order to achieve rapid separation.
• Superparamagnetic particles are derived from ferro- and ferrimagnetic particles, whereby the size of superparamagnetic particles is below the size of the magnetic domains (W disclose's areas, ⁇ 30 nm).
• the functionalized superparamagnetic composite particles according to the invention consisting of a functionalized SiO 2 matrix in which iron oxide nanoparticles (preferably magnetite, maghemite) are embedded, can be produced with medium sizes in the nanometer and micrometer range, preferably from 100 nm to 2 ⁇ m.
• the superparamagnetic components used in the synthesis are iron oxide particles with average particle diameters below 30 nm, preferably with average diameters of 5-20 nm. Both unmodified iron oxide nanoparticles and those which are surface-modified, preferably with alkoxysilanes, in particular ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane, can be used.
• the Responsiveness of the particles to magnetic fields can be varied by the content of superparamagnetic iron oxide single-domain particles in the composite particle. With a FeO x content of approx. 15% by weight, a specific magnetization of 11.2 EMU / g was achieved.
• the density of these composite particles is 1.7 g / cm 3 , so that even composite particles with sizes in the micrometer range sediment only slowly in the gravitational field.
• Composite particles with a specific magnetization of 21.4 EMU / g were produced by increasing the FeO x content.
• the BET surface area was 11.9 m 2 / g.
• the particles can be isolated and stored as a dry powder. They are redispersible and reusable.
• the superparamagnetic nanoparticles used are ferrites and in particular magnetite or maghemite particles which have no surface modification or which are surface-modified, in particular with functionalized alkoxysilanes, preferably ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) or N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.
• functionalized alkoxysilanes preferably ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) or N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.
• the matrix of the superparamagnetic composite particles is formed using a sol-gel process, preferably from a framework-forming tetraalkoxysilane, preferably tetraethoxysilane TEOS, as the matrix precursor, for example by acid hydrolysis and subsequent condensation.
• a sol-gel process preferably from a framework-forming tetraalkoxysilane, preferably tetraethoxysilane TEOS, as the matrix precursor, for example by acid hydrolysis and subsequent condensation.
• the surface of composite particles, the matrix of which was formed solely by a framework-forming tetraalkoxysilane can optionally also be used in a separate synthesis step, e.g. can be provided with the desired functionalization via known sol-gel processes.
• Examples of functional groups which are present on the hydrolyzable silanes or the organic compound which carries a functional group are amino, alkyl-substituted amino, carboxyl or carboxylate, epoxy, mercapto or mercaptide, cyano, Hydroxy or ammonium groups.
• Other examples are listed below for the silanes.
• the functional groups in the silanes are usually bonded to Si via a hydrocarbon group and represent the non-hydrolyzable radical with a functional group, as explained below, but the hydroxyl group can, for example, also be bonded directly to Si.
• hydrolyzable silanes of the general formula (I) can be used:
• radicals R are identical or different and represent non-hydrolyzable groups
• radicals X are identical or different and represent hydrolyzable groups or hydroxyl groups and a is 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 0 or 1.
• the hydrolyzable groups X are, for example, hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy (preferably C 6 alkoxy, such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy and butoxy), aryloxy (eg phenoxy), acyloxy (. preferably C ⁇ 6 acyloxy such as acetoxy or propionyloxy), alkylcarbonyl (preferably C 2 - 7 - alkylcarbonyl, such as acetyl), amino, monoalkylamino or dialkylamino having preferably 1 to 12, especially 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Alkoxy is preferred, in particular methoxy and ethoxy.
• the non-hydrolyzable radicals R which can be the same or different, can be non-hydrolyzable radicals R with a functional group or without a functional group.
• the non-hydrolyzable radical R is, for example, alkyl (preferably Ci- ⁇ -alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl and t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl or cyclohexyl), alkenyl (preferably C 2 - 6 alkenyl, such as vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl and butenyl), alkynyl (preferably C 2 - 6 alkynyl such as acetylenyl and propargyl) and aryl (preferably C ⁇ -io-aryl, such as eg phenyl and Naphthyl).
• the radicals R and X can optionally have one or more customary substituents, such as halogen or alkoxy.
• the functional groups of the radical R are the epoxy, hydroxyl, ether, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, amide, carboxy, vinyl, acryloxy, methacryloxy, cyano, halogen, Aldehyde, alkylcarbonyl, and phosphoric acid groups.
• the functional groups are bonded to the silicon atom via alkylene, alkenylene or arylene bridge groups, which can be interrupted by oxygen or -NH groups.
• the bridge groups mentioned derive e.g. from the above-mentioned alkyl, alkenyl or aryl radicals.
• a tetraalkoxysilane preferably tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) is preferably used to build up the matrix, or a tetraalkoxysilane is preferably used as a scaffolding agent, preferably tetraethoxysilane, and in a separate synthesis step, further alkoxysilanes, in particular functionalized trialkoxysilanes, are used using sol-gel processes. fused.
• TEOS tetraethoxysilane
• a tetraalkoxysilane preferably tetraethoxysilane
• the superparamagnetic composite particles can be produced directly with certain functionalities by using application-specific, functionalized alkoxysilanes as matrix precursors.
• the various functionalities are introduced by co-condensation of the functionalized alkoxysilane with a framework-forming alkoxysilane, in particular tetraalkoxysilane.
• Suitable functionalized matrix precursors are, for example, ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AEAPS) (aminofunctionalization), the sodium salt of N- (trimethoxysilylpropyl) ethylenediamine tri-siliconic acid (complexedionic acid) (metal , 2-cyanoethyltrimethoxysilane (nitrile functionalization) or N- (trimethoxysilylpropyl) -N, NN-trimethylammonium chloride (trimethylammonium functionalization).
• APS ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane
• AEAPS -3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
• alcoholic sols of the hydrolyzable silanes are pretreated by adding acid, preferably by formic acid, in an acidic medium at temperatures above 30 ° C., preferably at 60 ° C.
• Water can optionally be added during the pretreatment, preferably ⁇ 50 mol% of the alkoxy groups present in the system.
• the size of the composite particles can e.g. can be varied over the duration of the pretreatment of the matrix precursors with formic acid at 60 ° C.
• the superparamagnetic iron oxide single domain particles are hydrolyzed with silanes (alkoxysilanes), e.g.
• the precursors were pretreated with formic acid, mixed in the aqueous phase of a w / o emulsion. In the emulsion, the precursors continue to react under acidic hydrolysis.
• the precursors can be pretreated separately or as a mixture.
• non-pretreated precursors can also be added to the emulsion.
• the aqueous-organic emulsion is a customary emulsion known to those skilled in the art, as described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, for example in the 4th edition in volume 10, under the heading emulsions. It can be an oil-in-water (o / w) or, preferably, a water-in-oil (w / o) emulsion. It is preferably a microemulsion. Usually, at least four components are included: water, an oily substance, an emulsifier or an emulsifier mixture and a solubilizer. Specific examples can be found in the above-mentioned literature reference, to which reference is hereby made.
• the water droplets of the w / o emulsion determine the shape of the later composite particles.
• the condensation of the matrix is preferably achieved by evaporation of the aqueous phase. This is achieved, for example, by dropping the emulsion into a hot solvent at temperatures above 100 ° C., preferably at 160-170 ° C., the aqueous phase of the emulsion being evaporated suddenly and distilled off.
• the functionalization of the hydrolyzable silanes is retained at these temperatures.
• the hydrolyzable silanes condense and form a solid, functionalized matrix in which the superparamagnetic iron oxides are fixed.
• the evaporation of the aqueous phase can in principle also be carried out using other methods, such as spray drying, rotary evaporation or evaporation in a downcomer.
• the superparamagnetic nanoparticles and the hydrolyzable silanes functioning as matrix precursors are mixed in the aqueous phase of a w / o emulsion or before addition to the emulsion, and the superparamagnetic nanoparticles are preferably fixed in the matrix by evaporation of the aqueous phase the emulsion, preferably by dropping the emulsion into a hot solvent at temperatures above 100 ° C.
• non-pretreated hydrolyzable silanes are additionally added to the emulsion as precursors and the superparamagnetic nanoparticles are fixed in the matrix by co-condensation of the precursors by evaporation of the aqueous ones Phase of the emulsion, preferably by dropping the emulsion in a hot solvent at temperatures> 100 ° C.
• the superparamagnetic composite particles obtained according to the invention are notable for the fact that the specific magnetization can be changed by the content of iron oxide single-domain particles in the total particle.
• the surface-specific properties of the particles can be varied by using hydrolyzable silanes with different functionalizations and the average size of the composite particles can be narrow Grain size distribution varies over the duration of the pretreatment of the matrix precursors or over the loading of the aqueous phase of the emulsion with FeO x and matrix precursors and over different emulsion parameters.
• functionalized composite particles preferably with amino functionalization
• the alcoholic phase is distilled off from iron oxide nanoparticles and hydrolyzable silanes after alkaline pre-hydrolysis of the silanes in the alcoholic phase and mixing of the sol with an aqueous suspension of the nanoparticles the aqueous sol thus obtained is stirred into a w / o emulsion which is then, for example is subjected to the emulsion evaporation.
• the composite particles are therefore prepared in such a way that an alcoholic sol of the alkoxysilanes, preferably an equimolar mixture of tetraethoxysilane and N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, is alkaline pre-hydrolyzed and after the addition of an aqueous one Suspension of the iron oxide particles and removal of the alcohol is stirred into a w / o emulsion and the composite particles are obtained by emulsion evaporation.
• an alcoholic sol of the alkoxysilanes preferably an equimolar mixture of tetraethoxysilane and N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
• the functionalized composite particles do not agglomerate and have a low density (for example 1.7 g / cm 3 at 15% by weight FeO x ) and even particles with diameters in the micrometer range sediment slowly in aqueous suspensions and can be used without mechanical stirring.
• the composite particles can be designed very flexibly with regard to their surface-specific properties (functionalization, zeta potential), their size and their specific magnetization.
• Amino groups or carboxyl groups on the particle surface offer the possibility of coupling further natural or syn thetic monomers or polymers with application-specific functionalizations or properties.
• Magnetic separation processes are used in the medical, biochemical and environmental fields. Heavy metal ions are usually separated using ion exchangers that are incorporated into magnetic filling components.
• Biomolecules enzymes or antibodies
• Biochemical applications are cell separation or the separation of DNA as well as the possibility of allowing enzymes (catalytic properties) to act in a medium and to recover them after use by magnetic separation or to regulate the enzymatic reaction via metering and magnetic separation.
• the composite particles can also be used in the field of combinatorial chemistry in syntheses on solid supports, the carrier-bound products being able to be separated using magnetic fields.
• the functionalized superparamagnetic composite particles according to the invention can be used in carrier-bound synthesis (e.g. peptides, proteins, heterocycles) according to combinatorial principles. The filtration during the purification is replaced by a magnetic separation after each synthesis step, which means that the problem of clogged filters can be avoided.
• the composite particles according to the invention can be used as magnetic carriers in the separation of cations, for example noble metals or heavy metals, anions or pollutants. Functionalization is required for the desired reusability, which can reversibly bind substances or groups of substances to be isolated to the magnetic composite particle.
• the superparamagnetic composite particles with covalently attached chelate complex ligands, preferably N- (trimethoxysilylpropyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid, are suitable for separating heavy metal cations from contaminated water.
• the control of Complex formation and remobilization of the complexed heavy metal ions can be achieved by varying the pH.
• Another application is the use as a carrier for substances with catalytic properties.
• Enzymes are an option.
• Superparamagnetic composite particles coated with enzymes could be used for the enzymatic degradation of pollutants and the enzymes can be recovered after their use by magnetic separation.
• Emulsogen ® OG an oleic acid polyglycerol ester, HLB value 3
• Tween ® 80 polyoxyethylene "20) sorbitan monooleate, HLB value 15
• the Fe 3 0 4 nanoparticles used are particles which are stabilized with a layer of condensed ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane. After 8 minutes, 8 g are added After a further 10 minutes, the ultrasound treatment is stopped and the emulsion is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours, 800 ml of PSP are heated to 170 ° C. to evaporation of the aqueous phase of the emulsion and condensation of the matrix components, and the emulsion is added dropwise using a pump the watery Phase evaporates and is distilled off and the iron oxide particles are fixed in the condensing matrix. After magnetic separation, the composite particles are washed several times with isopropanol and then with water.
• the composite particles are rotated into a dry powder on a rotary evaporator in vacuo at 60 ° C.
• the composite particles have an FeO x content of 15% by weight.
• a specific magnetization of 11.2 EMU / g is achieved.
• the density of the particles at this iron oxide content is 1.7 g / cm 3 .
• Example 2 Analogous to Example 1, composite particles (content of FeO x nanoparticles of 15% by weight) with silanol functionalization ⁇ SiOH were produced.
• the matrix component is tetraethoxysilane.
• water corresponding to 50 mol% of the alkoxy groups present in the system was added to the sol and the sol was kept at 60 ° C. for 5 hours.
• the average diameter of the composite particles is 193 nm (80% of the composite particles are in the size range of 125 nm - 340 nm) and the isoelectric point is pH 2.64.
• Example 2 Analogous to Example 1, composite particles (content of FeO ⁇ nanoparticles of 15% by weight) with complex ligand functionalization were produced.
• the framework-forming matrix component is tetraethoxysilane.
• the TEOS-Sol became an example
• Example 3 composite particles were produced under varied reaction conditions.
• the TEOS-Sol was pretreated at 60 ° C for 16 h.
• the composite particles from Examples 3 and 4 are suitable for separating heavy metal cations from the aqueous phase by magnetic separation.
• the complexation and separation of Co 2+ ions (at pH 8.0) and their remobilization (at pH 2.3) were carried out.
• the complexation was monitored using the color change of murexid.
• the complexation capacity of the superparamagnetic composite particles was determined after the separation by determining the remobilized amount of Co 2+ in the composite particles from example 3 to 0.2 mmol heavy metal ions per gram composite particles and in the composite particles from example 4 to 0.4 mmol heavy metal ions per gram composite particles ,
• composite particles were produced using 21.32 g of an Fe 3 ⁇ suspension with a solids content of 6.6% by weight and the addition of 4 g of prehydrolyzed sol (265 h at 60 ° C.). The result is composite particles with an average particle size of 235 nm (80% of the composite particles in the size range 185 nm - 425 nm) and a specific magnetization of 21.4 EMU / g.
• composite particles were produced using 21.15 g of a suspension of unmodified Fe 3 O having a solids content of 5.75% by weight and the addition of 7.5 g of prehydrolyzed sol (> 3 months at 60 ° C.).
• the result is an average size of the composite particles of 1.58 ⁇ m (80% of the particles in the range 1.33 ⁇ m - 1.90 ⁇ m).
• the specific magnetization is 20.2 EMU / g and the isoelectric point of the composite particles is pH 8.6.
• Example 2 Composite particles with nitrile functionalization -C ⁇ N were produced.
• Matrix components are tetraethoxysilane and 2-cyanoethyltrimethoxysilane in a molar ratio of 1: 1.
• the sol was pre-hydrolyzed at 60 ° C for 24 h.
• the synthesis yields superparamagnetic composite particles with an FeO ⁇ nanoparticle content of 15% by weight.
• the mean size of the composite particles is 145 nm (80% of the composite particles in the size range 115 nm - 260 nm) and the isoelectric point is pH 7.9.
• the composite particles obtained were used in aqueous suspension at pH 7 to decompose urea.
• the resulting carbon dioxide was introduced into Ba (OH) 2 solution and detected by precipitation of BaC0 3 .

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