Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/24—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing alkyl, ammonium or metal silicates; containing silica sols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
  • C09K3/12—Materials for stopping leaks, e.g. in radiators, in tanks
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
  • C04B2111/00724—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 in mining operations, e.g. for backfilling; in making tunnels or galleries
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
  • C04B2111/00732—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for soil stabilisation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/70—Grouts, e.g. injection mixtures for cables for prestressed concrete

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of a composition for sealing rock and soil.
• the invention also relates to a method for cutting off the flow of liquid in a leaking part or cavity.
• the invention also relates to a method for preparing the sealing composition and a sealing composition obtainable from said method.
• US 5,396,749 describes a method for cutting off water flow by grouting whereby troubles due to water leakage and collapse of ground is prevented.
• the cut-off agent is prepared by mixing e.g. colloidal silica, inorganic salt, and a water-soluble urethane polymer.
• the present invention relates to the use of a sealing composition for sealing rock or soil, which sealing composition is obtainable by mixing a silica sol having an S-value higher than about 72% and at least one gelling agent.
• a silica sol having a high S-value i.e. an S- value higher than about 72%
• gel strength is a measure of the shear and compressive strength of the gelled sealing composition that develops with time.
• a high long term strength provides a durable sealing.
• the sealing composition according to the present invention has a low permeability, which indicates good sealing characteristics.
• the "S-value” characterises the extent of aggregation of the silica particles in the silica sol, i.e. the degree of aggregate or microgel formation.
• the S-value of the silica sol has been measured and calculated according to the formulas given in Her, R.K. & Dalton, R.L. in J. Phys. Chem. 60(1956), 955-957.
• the S-value is dependent on the silica content, the viscosity, and the density of the silica sol.
• a high S-value indicates a low microgel content.
• the S-value represents the amount of Si ⁇ 2 in percent by weight present in the disperse phase of the silica sol.
• the degree of microgel can be controlled during the production process of silica sols as further described in e.g. US 5368833.
• the S-value is higher than about 73%, preferably higher than about 74%, even more preferably higher than about 75%.
• the S-value is lower than about 90%, and most preferably lower than about 85%.
• the silica sol comprises silica particles suitably having an average particle diameter ranging from about 3 to about 150 nm, preferably from about 12 to about 50 nm, and most preferably from about 12 to about 40 nm.
• the silica particles have a specific surface area of from about 20 to about 900, preferably from about 40 to about 230, and most preferably from about 60 to about 220 m 2 /g.
• the density of the silica sol suitably is from about 1 to about 1.6, preferably from about 1.1 to about 1.5, and most preferably from about 1.2 to about 1.4 kg/m 3 .
• the silica sol is suitably substantially monodisperse, i.e. having as narrow particle size distribution as possible.
• the silica particles have a relative standard deviation of the particle size distribution lower than about 15% by numbers, preferably lower than 10% by numbers, and most preferably lower than about 8% by numbers.
• the relative standard deviation of the particle size distribution is the ratio between the mean particle size by numbers and the standard deviation of the particle size distribution.
• the silica particles of the silica sol are suitably dispersed in water in presence of stabilising cations such as K + , Na + , Li + , NH + or the like or mixtures thereof.
• stabilising cations such as K + , Na + , Li + , NH + or the like or mixtures thereof.
• organic solvents e.g. lower alcohols, acetone or mixtures thereof may be used.
• the pH of the dispersion suitably is from about 1 to about 12, preferably from about 7 to about 11.
• a high silica content is preferred in the silica sol. This is beneficial in view of the superior technical performance of a highly concentrated silica sol and the reduced transportation cost thereof.
• the ingredients, i.e. the silica sol and the gelling agent are separately added to the applied point to be sealed. This may be performed e.g. by means of so called jet grouting, wherein the ingredients are mixed in situ, e.g. in the soil.
• silica sol and sica particle are herein also meant to comprise e.g. aluminium-modified silica particles and sols, and boron-modified silica particles and sols. Boron-modified silica sols are described in e.g. US 2,630,410. Aluminium modified silica sols, sometimes also referred to as aluminate modified silica sols, can be prepared by adding an appropriate amount of aluminate ions, AI(OH) 4 " , to a conventional non- modified silica sol under agitation and heating.
• aluminate modified silica sols can be prepared by adding an appropriate amount of aluminate ions, AI(OH) 4 " , to a conventional non- modified silica sol under agitation and heating.
• a diluted sodium or potassium aluminate solution corresponding to an aluminium modification of from about 0.05 to about 2, preferably from about 0.1 to about 2 Al atoms/nm 2 surface area of the silica particle is used.
• the aluminium-modified silica particles comprise inserted or exchanged aluminate ions, creating aluminosilicate sites having a fixed negative surface charge.
• the pH of the aluminium-modified silica sol can be adjusted, preferably by means of an ion exchange resin, suitably to a pH ranging from about 3 to about 11 , preferably from about 4 to about 10.
• the aluminium modified silica particles suitably have an AI 2 O 3 content of from about 0.05 to about 3 wt%, preferably from about 0.1 to about 2 wt%.
• AI 2 O 3 content of from about 0.05 to about 3 wt%, preferably from about 0.1 to about 2 wt%.
• the gelling agent suitably is an inorganic salt or acid, an organic salt such as sodium acetate, or acid such as acetic acid, but preferably an inorganic salt such as potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, potassium iodide magnesium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and sodium silicate or mixtures thereof, preferably calcium chloride, sodium chloride or potassium chloride, and most preferably sodium chloride, sodium aluminate.
• an inorganic salt such as potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, potassium iodide magnesium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and sodium silicate or mixtures thereof, preferably calcium chloride, sodium chloride or potassium chloride, and most preferably sodium chloride, sodium aluminate.
• a gel time regulator such as an acidic triacetine (glycerine triacetate), diacetine,
• Glauber's salt NaSO *10H 2 O
• sulphuric acid phosphoric acid or mixtures thereof
• gel time means the amount of time elapsed from the moment of mixing the ingredients making up the sealing composition until the time when the sealing composition becomes too viscous to move or insert to a leaking point.
• the viscosity is suitably controlled in such way that a homogeneous moving front of the composition is formed moving in the direction of the point to be sealed.
• the initial viscosity of the sealing composition is from about 3 to about 100, preferably from about 4 to about 30 mPas.
• the gel time may easily be controlled by adjustment of the amount of gelling agent.
• the gel time ranges from about 1 to about 120, preferably from about 2 to about 60, more preferably from about 5 to about 40, and most preferably from about 5 to about 20 minutes in rock sealing. In soil sealing, the gel time usually ranges from about 5 minutes to about 24 hours, preferably from about 10 minutes to about 6 hours, and most preferably from about 15 minutes to about 3 hours.
• the ingredients may be mixed at ambient temperature.
• the gelling agent is suitably added to the silica sol in an aqueous solution in a concentration from about 1 to about 30 wt%, preferably from about 2 to about 15 wt%.
• the silica sol, to which the gelling agent suitably is added suitably has a silica content of from about 1 to about 70, preferably from about 20 to about 60, and most preferably from about 35 to about 50 wt%.
• a high silica content in the silica sol may in many instances be favourable due to reduced transportation costs of silica sol.
• the silica content in the sealing composition suitably is from about 1 to about 60, preferably from about 15 to about 50, and most preferably from about 30 to about 45 wt%.
• a high silica content minimises shrinkage and maximises long term strength.
• the weight ratio of silica to gelling agent depends on the application and may vary depending on the application. Suitably, the weight ratio of silica particles: gelling agent is from about
• the gelling agent content in the sealing composition may vary depending on the type of gelling agent used. However, the gelling agent content suitably is from about 0.1 to about 10, preferably from about 0.2 to about 5 wt% of the composition. If sodium chloride is used as gelling agent, the content suitably is from about 0.2 to about 5, preferably from about 1 to about 3, and most preferably from about 1.5 to about 2 wt% of the composition. If calcium chloride is used as gelling agent, the content suitably is from about 0.1 to about 2, preferably from about 0.2 to about 1 , and most preferably from about 0.25 to about 0.5 wt% of the composition.
• the silica sol and the gelling agent are mixed immediately before injection.
• the wording "immediate" means from about 0 to about 30 seconds, preferably from about 0 to about 15 seconds. This way of mixing the ingredients of a composition is often referred to as in-line mixing.
• the sealing composition may also be prepared in a batch process in advance and used suitably within 60 minutes, and preferably within 30 minutes before insertion of the composition. This way of preparing the sealing composition, however, necessitates a sufficiently stable sealing composition that can be stored without substantial gelling until the moment of insertion.
• the injection time of the sealing composition is suitably from about 1 minute to about 1 hour, preferably from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes.
• the injection /penetration depth varies of course with the leak to be sealed. However, the method of the present invention is particularly beneficial for depths from about 0.5 to about 50 metres, preferably from about
• the injection pressure suitably is from about 1 to about 50 bar, preferably from about 2 to about 25 bar.
• the sealing composition is principally adapted to provide barriers in the subsurface for preventing leakage of water.
• the sealing of rock involves insertion of the sealing composition into e.g. a cavity such as a microcrack, especially to control groundwater leakage, e.g. in tunnels.
• microcrack is usually meant a cavity having a diameter lower than 20 ⁇ m.
• the diameter of the silica particles in the silica sol is from about 10 to about 100 nm
• sealing compositions containing such silica particles are of course suitable for injection into microcracks.
• Example 1 Sealing compositions were prepared from a salt solution of 1.7 M sodium chloride which was added under agitation to 200 g of different silica sol products as defined in the tables below. The amount of salt solution added was 40 g solution in all compositions. The compositions were aged up to 672 hours to evaluate the long term shear strength. In table 1 , one set of the compositions was exposed to an increased temperature of 55 °C and another set was exposed to a pH of 12 to accelerate the ageing of the sealing composition. The calculation of the particle diameter of the silica particles was made by Sear's method for calculating the specific surface area. The shear strength test was performed with the fall cone test according to the Swedish Standard SS 02 71 25.
• the compressive strength was determined for the sealing compositions. This was made by compression tests in which a load-frame, a pressure-head with the same diameter as the sample, a load cell with a plane surface where the sample is placed between the load-cell and the pressure-head, a displacement transducer, a battery powered data-logger, a signal processing software were used.
• the load frame forces the pressure-head to move in vertical direction.
• the frame is of same type as used in machine shops for controlled vertical drilling.
• the load is controlled by weights, which loads the load-head without any transmission (dead weight).
• the pressure-head consists of a rigid steel cylinder with 50 mm diameter.
• the load-cell has a capacity for 300 kg.
• the load-cell forms a plane surface.
• the sample is situated between the load-cell and the pressure-head.
• the accuracy for the load-cell is within 0.1 kg.
• the displacement transducer has a stroke capacity of 5 mm.
• the error of the actual transducer was tested by the factory to max 0,4%.
• the data-logger used for the tests is developed to monitor vibrations and deformations during field conditions. The logger monitors continuously during the test.
• the compression tests were performed only for samples cured during 28 days.
• the mould-cylinders size was 50 mm diameter and 25 mm height.
• the mould cylinders were positioned in a pot with a plane bottom.
• the sealing composition was then poured up to the upper end of the cylinders. All samples were cured in 20° C water bath at pH 10. Only the cross sections where exposed to water. Before testing, the samples were separated from the mould-cylinders.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
• Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
• Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)

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• 2002
  • 2002-09-23 NZ NZ532133A patent/NZ532133A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-09-23 WO PCT/SE2002/001723 patent/WO2003033618A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 2002-09-23 CA CA002463638A patent/CA2463638C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-09-23 EP EP02773089A patent/EP1436357A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2002-09-23 AU AU2002337551A patent/AU2002337551B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2002-09-23 BR BRPI0213278-8A patent/BR0213278B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-09-23 JP JP2003536349A patent/JP4243337B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-09-23 CN CNB028204824A patent/CN1264950C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-10-10 KR KR1020020061614A patent/KR100543613B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-10-14 MY MYPI20023826A patent/MY131479A/en unknown
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• 2005
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