EP1432874A1 - Fahrbahn-markierungsleuchte in led-technik - Google Patents
Fahrbahn-markierungsleuchte in led-technikInfo
- Publication number
- EP1432874A1 EP1432874A1 EP02774150A EP02774150A EP1432874A1 EP 1432874 A1 EP1432874 A1 EP 1432874A1 EP 02774150 A EP02774150 A EP 02774150A EP 02774150 A EP02774150 A EP 02774150A EP 1432874 A1 EP1432874 A1 EP 1432874A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- light
- glass body
- exit surface
- entry
- marker
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
- E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
- E01F9/553—Low discrete bodies, e.g. marking blocks, studs or flexible vehicle-striking members
- E01F9/559—Low discrete bodies, e.g. marking blocks, studs or flexible vehicle-striking members illuminated
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
- E01F9/20—Use of light guides, e.g. fibre-optic devices
Definitions
- Such lights have been known for a long time.
- the use of commercially available LEDs in such luminaires led to fillings and performance parameters which have hitherto only permitted limited use.
- the brightness values achieved are so insufficient that these luminaires have so far only proven themselves in tunnels or at night and in fog.
- these lights are only suitable for supporting signaling of the lane boundaries or lanes, since they do not survive long rolling over by vehicles.
- the effect of such marker lights is often supported by built-in reflective tape or reflectors.
- Some versions are powered by built-in solar cells and rechargeable batteries, which saves a cable feed, but means a severe reduction in brightness.
- Purely passive marker lights are also known which light up according to the reflector principle when they are illuminated by vehicle headlights.
- Versions with reflective support or with self-sufficient power supply are predetermined in their function, there is no possibility for active control, for example by switching on or off.
- Luminaires are also known which have the necessary stability for continuous rolling over by vehicles and a very high brightness for daytime visibility. They are therefore preferred for use on airstrips and are correspondingly large and expensive, they also have a conventional lamp that has to be replaced regularly and either have a relatively large protrusion above the level of the road or the light exit is in a recess, which preferably has its own drainage having.
- Such lights are not particularly suitable for general use in road traffic because they can endanger some road users such as pedestrians or cyclists and also require special maintenance.
- the installation in common road surfaces is also associated with considerable effort, since very large and deep recesses and slots for connecting cables affect the road structure quite strongly. Attempts have recently been made to create a standard for marking lights in road traffic.
- a certain mechanical Stability and a certain light distribution set A very high light value is required in the longitudinal direction of the carriageway in a narrow angular range directly above the road surface, which may gradually decrease to a small value laterally up to a certain angle.
- the brightness should decrease faster upwards and above a defined angle the light intensity must not exceed a certain absolute light value.
- a maintenance-free marker light in LED technology is therefore required, which has a very high axial light intensity and light distribution according to current specifications, but at the same time is as small and inexpensive as possible and protrudes as little as possible from the road surface.
- the luminaire must be designed with maximum wear protection and snow plow-proof. Incoming extraneous light should not lead to annoying lighting, but the luminaire should be able to have retroreflective properties for use in hazardous areas. Installation should be possible with little effort and without significant intervention in the pavement. The smallest possible, low light emission window meets almost all optical-geometric requirements.
- the size and shape of the LED lens domes are made so small that the prescribed light distribution is essentially solely due to the relative size ratio to the LED chip resulting divergence of the entire light bundle and scattered light components of the LED light source is generated.
- the lens domes direct the divergent light passing through at every point of their surface against a vitreous body in such a way that after refraction at the entrance surface and passage through the vitreous body it hits the exit surface completely or with the greatest possible proportion of light.
- Entry and exit surfaces of the vitreous body and the cross-section located between them are essentially of such a height as the optically effective diameter of the lens domes, the entrance surface directly adjoins the lens domes and the ratio of the height of the entrance or exit surface to the length of the beam path in the vitreous body is less than or equal to the radian of the divergence angle of the light beam that prevails in the vitreous.
- a special design of the LED lens dome and glass body allows, compared to a simple flat glass pane, a substantial reduction in the height of the exit surface with undiminished light transmission, as well as a structurally and weather-favorable arrangement of the light sources inside the marker lamp.
- LEDs with lenses have no design options for the optics and are relatively large. They are therefore generally not suitable. So-called high-performance chip LEDs without optics are therefore provided, which are then provided with specially matched lens domes. As the smallest LED designs, chip LEDs can also be arranged very closely together, so that by adding the lighting effect, a higher light density can be achieved than with conventional designs. The lens caps placed in front should therefore also allow an arrangement with maximum packing density.
- chip-on-board is also suitable, where LED chips are glued, wired and encapsulated directly on printed circuit boards and are provided with the special lens tips in the casting mold.
- FIG. 1 shows a vertical section through the invention
- FIG. 2 shows the schematic beam path in vertical section
- FIG. 2a shows a poorer version in comparison
- FIGS. 5a, 5b and 5c 6 the invention in vertical section with exposure to extraneous light
- FIG. 7, a variant of the invention as a reflector in vertical section
- FIG. 8, a further variant of the invention in vertical section.
- Fig. 1 shows a vertical section through the invention.
- On a somewhat inclined circuit board 1 which contains the power supply, at least one chip LED 2 with a built-in LED chip 3 is attached. This emits light in all directions, but mainly in the axial direction.
- a lens dome 4 is attached to the chip LED 2 and directs the light onto the immediately adjacent entry surface 5 of an obliquely arranged glass body 6.
- the light is passed on obliquely upwards and emerges from the glass body 6 at the exit surface 7.
- the exit surface 7 essentially forms an angle W with the roadway 8, which is approximately 45 degrees on average and has a slight convex curvature.
- the inclination of the glass body 6 is chosen such that the beam path is deflected just above the roadway 8 when it passes through the exit surface 7, where it produces the desired light distribution.
- the arrangement is surrounded by a housing 9 which is built into the carriageway 8 to such an extent that the lower edge of the exit surface 7 is flush with the carriageway 8.
- the housing 9 has, in a known manner, ramps 13 projecting directly next to the exit surface 7 to protect the exit surface from damage by snow plows.
- the glass body is positioned by means of an adhesive 10 and cast in a weatherproof manner.
- the lamp is powered by a cable 11.
- the LED chip 3 In the case of a very small lens dome 4, the LED chip 3 must not be regarded as a punctiform light source; a correspondingly large divergence of the light rays already arises here. If the lens dome 4 were designed as imaging optics, a projection image of the LED chip 3 of the appropriate size would result in accordance with known optical laws. With the most complete use possible of all the light rays emitted by the LED chip 3 via the solid angle and the scattered light produced by the surrounding LED surfaces, and slight deviations from the imaging geometry, however, only a blurred light spot with a bright center of a similar size is produced.
- This blurred representation is particularly interesting here. It can be matched quite well with the required light distribution of a marker lamp, which can be viewed as a horizontally oriented section of a rotationally symmetrical light distribution in the form of a bell curve, if the size the lens dome 4 is in the appropriate ratio to the size of the LED chip. Then no additional scattering or collecting effect has to be provided and a very small lens tip 4 with high effectiveness is obtained. Subsequently, one only needs an essentially uninfluenced passage of light through an exit window without any particular optical effect. However, in order to further minimize the height of the exit window and to achieve lighting properties described later, it is advisable to provide a certain optic which also has an effect on the design of the lens tip 4. Fig.
- the LED chip 3 has the width B and emits light in all directions.
- An arbitrary point P of the attached lens dome 4 receives rays from the entire area B of the chip 3, which include a divergence angle D1. Border light rays form the angle D2 in the space between the lens tip 4 and the entry surface 5 of the glass body 6 according to optical laws and in the glass body 6 the angle D3.
- the design of the lens dome 4 and the entry surface 5 is now carried out in such a way that all light rays within the angle D3 reach the exit surface 7.
- the entry surface 5 is initially expediently assumed to be a plane and the lens dome inclination is suitably defined in each point P.
- the thickness and length of the glass body 6, the divergence angle D3 and the size of the lens tip 4 are in a geometrical relationship.
- the thickness of the glass body 6 is approximately the diameter of the lens tip 4, the length of the glass body 6 is dimensioned such that the divergence D3 does not become greater than the height of the exit surface 7. If the same design considerations are made for all points P 2, a bundle of rays results which, in spite of diverging light rays, can pass completely through the exit window 7, even if the glass body 6 is not thicker than the lens tip 4 itself.
- a suitable curvature of the exit surface 7 can therefore align the emerging divergent light beams in a coherent manner and a very good overall bundling can be obtained in this way.
- the curvature is determined according to known optical laws, in that the focal point F comes to lie in the middle of the entry surface 5. In other words: a bundle of light rays passing through any point of the entry surface 5, such as F, is directed parallel to the exit surface 7.
- FIG. 2a shows, for comparison, the conditions in a glass body 6a with a flat entry and exit surface 5a and 7a, such as, for example, in known marker lights with a glass prism inserted.
- the lens dome 4a must align the light bundles passing through any points on the surface in parallel. This task corresponds to that of an imaging optic and produces an unfavorable, sharper image of the LED chip 3. It can also be seen that the glass body 6a at the exit surface 7a is about twice as high as before in order to let the light pass through undiminished essentially only the same divergence angle D4 can be achieved. This also shows that the curvature of the exit surface 7 and the low height of the glass body 6 in FIG. 2 have hardly any influence on the light distribution that can be achieved; there are only slight differences in the way in which the lens tips 4 are bundled.
- Fig. 3 shows in vertical section that the glass body 6 have any shape while maintaining the entry and exit surfaces 5 and 7 and over the entire Arrangement can extend so that glass body 6 and housing 9 together form a single, transparent, tight, extremely scratch and wear-resistant component 6 + 9.
- the lateral surfaces 15 can be made mirror-like. This can be done by mirroring, but it can also reflect an exposed glass body 6 by total reflection on the lateral surfaces 15.
- the lateral surfaces 15 can be made light-absorbing. In this way, scattered light, but also external light incident from outside, can be destroyed. This is advantageous if certain areas of the light distribution are to be kept as dark as possible, so as not to impair the surroundings by stray light, but also to achieve the lowest possible retroreflective behavior of the luminaire. Such behavior can be achieved in practice if the glass body 6 is fastened in the housing 9 with a black adhesive 10. Here, the outer surfaces of the glass body 6 can also be rough, which promotes the adhesion of the adhesive 10.
- Fig. 4 shows an embodiment in vertical section.
- the lateral surfaces are then either partially mirrored, or a protective cover 12 prevents adhesive 10 from reaching this area of the lateral surface and also into the air space around the lens tips 4.
- the other areas are wetted by the adhesive 10 and absorb any light incident thereon.
- 5a shows a horizontal section through the arrangement.
- the glass body 6 is preferably arranged exactly in the direction of radiation and therefore there is no bending of the beam path at the exit surface 7.
- any number of units can be used side by side in the horizontal direction until the lamp reaches its maximum width or the amount of light emitted is sufficient.
- These may well be individually arranged, similar glass bodies 6i, each with a chip LED 2 behind it with lens dome 4, which guides the light onto the exit surfaces 7i. For manufacturing and cost reasons, however, the question arises whether it is not possible to find sufficiency with a single glass body 6.
- Fig. 5b shows a Glaskö ⁇ er in horizontal section, which has been created by moving the individual arrangements together.
- significantly more chip LED 2 can be accommodated in the same space, which means that more light is possible with the same space requirement.
- the difficulty lies in the production of the optical structure at least on the exit surface 7. This can be compression-molded and flame-polished, for example. In this way, however, no sharp edges can be produced, which is why the exit surface 7 would have to be enlarged by the edge radii.
- 5c shows an alternative embodiment in horizontal section.
- the glass body 6 now only has a cylindrical or flat entry and exit surface 5, 7. These surfaces can be mechanically polished with simple tools, the edges of the glass body 6 being retained.
- a broad, shared light channel is formed horizontally, which makes the horizontal focusing of the light on a narrow light outlet superfluous, the light can pass straight through like a flat pane.
- the required horizontal light distribution can therefore be designed directly through the geometry of the lens domes 4, the light passes through the area of the neighboring units when passing through the glass body 6.
- Such an embodiment therefore usually has lens domes 4 with a non-round, elliptical shape or so-called free-form surfaces.
- the Glasgro ⁇ er 6 is a bit wider than the lens top arrangement to use edge rays.
- a parallel arrangement of the same optical components leads to an addition of the brightness values with unchanged light distribution.
- any other arrangement in particular a circular or circular arc, is also possible. This allows, for example, warning lights to be designed with all-round light, but also lights with multiple radiation directions, in particular 180 degrees opposite.
- a switchable marker light An important design criterion for a switchable marker light is the retroreflective behavior. It should be as unrecognizable as possible in the switched-off state, so as not to provoke any incorrect information by the road user.
- the sun must not generate reflections or even false signal light during the day, which is generally referred to as phantom light, and on the other hand, the headlights of the motor vehicles must also not cause any reflected light in the marker lamp at night.
- the direction of observation is mainly in the longitudinal axis of the lights, from 0 degrees to a few degrees diagonally from above, i.e. the area from which the majority of the lights and the course of the road are seen by the vehicle driver.
- FIG. 6 shows the facts again in vertical section.
- incident sunlight S can only be reflected as Sa in the direction of observation if the sun is perpendicular to the marker lamp. This is not possible at all in most highly developed countries, in the area of the equator only for a short period of noon.
- the curvature of the exit surface 7 prevents extreme lighting up by scattering the reflected portion of the sunlight, so that the reflection still shows the switching state of the lights.
- Sunlight Sb penetrating into the lamp falls directly on the lateral surfaces 15 and is absorbed.
- the entrance surface 5 is not reached and cannot generate any reflections, as are all the optically active parts behind it. Even sunlight during the day can only penetrate a little into the glass body 6 and then falls onto the outer surface 15, where it is absorbed.
- the majority of the incident light enters the lens domes 4 from the entry surface 5 and partially falls on the LED chips 3 as Ld. Depending on their properties or the internal structure of the chip LED 2, the light then becomes a proportion accurate thrown back in the direction of observation.
- Lenticular dome 4 or glass body 6 can be transparently colored to match the emitted light color, so that only the useful light color is largely let through unhindered. Incident light from the outside is largely absorbed, only the color components corresponding to the filter color are let through. A further improvement can be achieved by filtering the useful light color itself. The useful light only has to overcome this obstacle once, but penetrating extraneous light twice when reflected and is therefore weakened more. An anti-reflective coating that is evaporated onto the entry surface also reduces its reflections. Of course, an additional filter disk can also be provided in the beam path instead of the coloring. For luminaire versions with one-piece glass cover 6 + 9, there are no immediate outer surfaces. The light is therefore transmitted through total reflection on the walls inside the glass cover until it emerges or is absorbed undifferentiated at suitable other locations. In any case, it cannot leave the lamp directly in the direction of observation.
- the retro reflection can be improved for certain lights, which should always be recognizable, for example, for the identification of danger spots.
- the incident light rays have to be reflected in such a way that they can exit the exit surface 7 as completely as possible.
- a known principle can be used for this.
- the exit surface 7 again has a curvature, the focal point F of which lies in the middle of the entry surface 5, the entry surface a radius R, the center M of which lies in the middle of the exit surface.
- Fig. 7 shows the principle in vertical section.
- this design can also be used horizontally according to FIG. 5a or 5b and in any other direction.
- the effect of the surface reflection of the entrance surface 5 is increased according to optical laws by using a glass with a high refractive index.
- a significant reinforcement can be achieved by mirroring. With complete mirroring, fluoroscopy is no longer possible and you get a pure reflector in the same design as a lamp.
- the non-mirrored part of the entrance surface 5 can be illuminated.
- a semi-transparent mirroring of the entire entrance surface 5 is also possible.
- a selective mirror layer can also be evaporated, a luminaire with a retroreflective effect in the complementary color is obtained. There is a wide range of possible combinations here.
- the glass body 6 can be made thinner than the diameter of the lens tips 4 in order to achieve an even closer vertical light bundling or a smaller overall height.
- the light from the upper and lower edge areas of the lens tips is lost and the vertical light distribution becomes lower, but the horizontal light distribution is retained.
- a similar effect with an undiminished overall height can be achieved if the glass body is extended.
- the most divergent portion of the useful light already reaches the lateral surfaces 15 and is absorbed.
- the exit surface 7 then acts together with the surrounding absorbent jacket surfaces like a light-limiting diaphragm.
- An essential embodiment of the invention relates to the installation of a deflecting mirror in the form of a generally known deflecting prism in the glass body.
- the light channel and the luminous flux can be bent at any point at any angle without changing the functional principle, the design of entry and exit surfaces or the lighting behavior.
- a preferred embodiment is shown in FIG. 8.
- the mirrored deflection surface 14 is located directly behind the exit surface 7, which is essentially vertical here and is preferably slightly inclined, the chip LED 2 and lens domes 4 radiate upwards.
- the deflection angle is selected such that a lateral surface 15 of the glass body 6 connects tangentially to the exit surface 7, so that the glass body can be made of plane glass again despite the deflection surface 14.
- the chip LED 2 and lens domes 4 are in a favorable position in terms of assembly, the housing 9 is much more solid and can be manufactured with almost all non-cutting manufacturing methods, because the recess for the glass body 6 is easy to demold.
- the glass body 6 can also be glued in easily.
- the housing forms a solid canopy for the pointed upper glass body edge.
- the slightly inclined position means that any light beam arriving and reflected from any angle is directed towards the road and is absorbed there.
- the version is therefore particularly suitable for equatorial countries. Because no snow removal is required there, the slightly downward inclined position of the exit surface 7 does not cause any problems in this regard either.
- the invention can in principle be scaled up or down. Of particular interest is the use of large, high-performance LED chips using chip-on-board technology. The glass body dimensions, the luminaire diameter and the protrusion above the roadway level are increased to scale, however the brightness increases with the square of the underlying scale. Instead of large high-performance chips, two or more rows of small chip LEDs with lens domes can also be arranged one above the other. The same rules as explained above apply to the design of the individual lens tips as well as the entry and exit surfaces.
- Such lights can already generate considerable brightness with a relatively small projection, which is why it can be used in special danger spots on the carriageway or on runways.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT02774150T ATE288970T1 (de) | 2001-09-26 | 2002-09-26 | Fahrbahn-markierungsleuchte in led-technik |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT15222001 | 2001-09-26 | ||
AT0152201A AT413560B (de) | 2001-09-26 | 2001-09-26 | Fahrbahn-markierungsleuchte |
PCT/AT2002/000282 WO2003027397A1 (de) | 2001-09-26 | 2002-09-26 | Fahrbahn-markierungsleuchte in led-technik |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1432874A1 true EP1432874A1 (de) | 2004-06-30 |
EP1432874B1 EP1432874B1 (de) | 2005-02-09 |
Family
ID=3688309
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02774150A Expired - Lifetime EP1432874B1 (de) | 2001-09-26 | 2002-09-26 | Fahrbahn-markierungsleuchte in led-technik |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1432874B1 (de) |
AT (1) | AT413560B (de) |
DE (1) | DE50202251D1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003027397A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11869358B2 (en) | 2021-10-29 | 2024-01-09 | Nortak Software Ltd. | System and method for warning of a presence of a mobile target |
US11940593B2 (en) | 2020-07-09 | 2024-03-26 | Corning Incorporated | Display articles with diffractive, antiglare surfaces and methods of making the same |
US12019209B2 (en) | 2018-01-09 | 2024-06-25 | Corning Incorporated | Coated articles with light-altering features and methods for the production thereof |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT7117U1 (de) * | 2003-05-19 | 2004-10-25 | Swarovski & Co | Strassennagel |
US7429919B2 (en) | 2003-09-18 | 2008-09-30 | Silicon Constellations, Inc. | Multi-purpose wireless communication device |
DE102006057071B3 (de) | 2006-11-29 | 2008-04-10 | Sven Quitschau | Mineralisches Bauelement mit integriertem Leuchtmittel, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung und Leuchtmittel |
EP2143990A1 (de) | 2008-07-09 | 2010-01-13 | Safegate International AB | Lichtführungselement, Lichtanordnung und Verfahren zur Herstellung besagten Lichtführungselements |
GB2528841B (en) | 2014-07-28 | 2017-03-29 | Cyclops Road Studs Ltd | Ground level illumination system |
DE102016002839A1 (de) * | 2016-03-10 | 2017-09-14 | Christian Huckschlag | Verkehrsfläche |
KR102354817B1 (ko) * | 2021-10-05 | 2022-01-24 | 김지영 | 도로표지병 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH672830A5 (de) * | 1987-03-16 | 1989-12-29 | Meta Fer Ag | |
US5703719A (en) * | 1997-01-17 | 1997-12-30 | Chen; Judy | Reflector road sign with self-provided light means |
DE19809253A1 (de) * | 1998-03-05 | 1999-09-09 | Aqua Signal Ag | Unterflurleuchte und Gruppe von Unterflurleuchten |
DE20202407U1 (de) * | 2002-02-15 | 2002-05-16 | Garufo GmbH, 85368 Wang | Unterflurleuchte |
-
2001
- 2001-09-26 AT AT0152201A patent/AT413560B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-09-26 WO PCT/AT2002/000282 patent/WO2003027397A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-09-26 DE DE50202251T patent/DE50202251D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-26 EP EP02774150A patent/EP1432874B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO03027397A1 * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US12019209B2 (en) | 2018-01-09 | 2024-06-25 | Corning Incorporated | Coated articles with light-altering features and methods for the production thereof |
US11940593B2 (en) | 2020-07-09 | 2024-03-26 | Corning Incorporated | Display articles with diffractive, antiglare surfaces and methods of making the same |
US11971519B2 (en) | 2020-07-09 | 2024-04-30 | Corning Incorporated | Display articles with antiglare surfaces and thin, durable antireflection coatings |
US11977206B2 (en) | 2020-07-09 | 2024-05-07 | Corning Incorporated | Display articles with diffractive, antiglare surfaces and thin, durable antireflection coatings |
US11869358B2 (en) | 2021-10-29 | 2024-01-09 | Nortak Software Ltd. | System and method for warning of a presence of a mobile target |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2003027397A1 (de) | 2003-04-03 |
ATA15222001A (de) | 2005-08-15 |
DE50202251D1 (de) | 2005-03-17 |
EP1432874B1 (de) | 2005-02-09 |
AT413560B (de) | 2006-03-15 |
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