EP1391365A1 - Dispositif de couplage électronique - Google Patents

Dispositif de couplage électronique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1391365A1
EP1391365A1 EP02360240A EP02360240A EP1391365A1 EP 1391365 A1 EP1391365 A1 EP 1391365A1 EP 02360240 A EP02360240 A EP 02360240A EP 02360240 A EP02360240 A EP 02360240A EP 1391365 A1 EP1391365 A1 EP 1391365A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rail vehicle
control unit
control
distance
telegram
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02360240A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1391365B1 (fr
Inventor
Klaus Dr. Mindel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alcatel CIT SA
Alcatel Lucent SAS
Original Assignee
Alcatel CIT SA
Alcatel SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcatel CIT SA, Alcatel SA filed Critical Alcatel CIT SA
Priority to AT02360240T priority Critical patent/ATE322417T1/de
Priority to DE50206314T priority patent/DE50206314D1/de
Priority to EP02360240A priority patent/EP1391365B1/fr
Priority to US10/635,618 priority patent/US7027899B2/en
Publication of EP1391365A1 publication Critical patent/EP1391365A1/fr
Priority to US11/341,609 priority patent/US7263415B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1391365B1 publication Critical patent/EP1391365B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L23/00—Control, warning, or like safety means along the route or between vehicles or vehicle trains
    • B61L23/34—Control, warnings or like safety means indicating the distance between vehicles or vehicle trains by the transmission of signals therebetween

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for electronically coupling Rail vehicles in the area of stops in the rail-bound Transport.
  • the object of the invention is to change train times at stops in to minimize rail-bound local transport.
  • the electronic drawbar saves around 10 Seconds compared to driving in absolute braking distance.
  • the train following time is shortened significantly e.g. from 1 minute to 50 Seconds, which corresponds to a time saving of approx. 17%.
  • the reduction of the train follow-up time especially accelerates the dissolution one, e.g. traffic jams caused by a malfunction.
  • the electronic drawbar can be retrofitted Implementation in an existing infrastructure is simple and Way possible. Depending on the level of equipment in the trains, a Implementation possible using a computer program that the special functions for activating and deactivating the electronic drawbar. This is particularly the case with increased Passenger numbers advantageous because of the longer stopping times thanks to the time saved by means of an electronic drawbar can be compensated.
  • the electronic drawbar is implemented in the trains and is therefore a decentralized system.
  • the decentralized system has compared to a central system, considerably shorter reaction times.
  • the Trains communicate directly with each other without interposing one Central and are therefore closely linked in time.
  • the inventive method for electronically coupling Rail vehicles in the area of stops in the rail-bound Local transport and thus for the implementation of an electronic drawbar is particularly characterized in that a rail vehicle with zero speed or less than one speed sends a telegram at the specified minimum speed Control information about driving and braking distance control or Ready signals to activate the electronic drawbar for a following rail vehicle contains that following Rail vehicle after receiving the telegram from the vehicle in front Rail vehicle up to the preceding rail vehicle approaches a predetermined distance.
  • a rail vehicle e.g. an S-Bru or U-Bru
  • a subsequent one can save a few Drive up to the stop.
  • the one ahead Rail vehicle detects a stop of the train, e.g. through evaluation of the speedometer, a telegram is generated automatically and sent out.
  • the transmission takes place e.g. over line conductors, which are also in the Area of a subsequent rail vehicle.
  • the the following rail vehicle detects the telegram via the Line conductor, throttles its speed down to a few km / h and approaches the leading rail vehicle up to a few meters.
  • the Telegram contains e.g. Ready signals to activate the electronic drawbar.
  • the following rail vehicle communicates e.g.
  • the train ahead holds and sends ready signals to activate the electronic Drawbar.
  • the following train detects the ready signals and sends signals to the train ahead that indicates its readiness to Express activation.
  • the train ahead receives these signals and sends request signals to the next train. By means of this Signals the following train should be asked to tell when he has reached the specified distance.
  • the next train sends Confirmation signals indicating that the distance has been reached.
  • the train ahead sends after receiving the confirmation signals Control information about driving and braking distance control.
  • the following train receives the control information and controls by means of of himself.
  • communication is running e.g. as follows:
  • the train ahead holds and sends control information about driving and Stopping distance control.
  • the following train detects the Tax information and then drives up to the specified Distance to the preceding train and switches when the Distance automatically switches to the remote control of the next train by the vehicle in front. As soon as the distance is reached, take over the preceding train thus propels the following train. at the alternative is no bidirectional communication between following and preceding train necessary.
  • Telegrams are e.g. sent out as soon as the speed of the preceding train is below a predetermined minimum speed. In advantageous The telegrams are only sent out when an entry signal for the stop was received and the area where the line manager were relocated.
  • the area laid in the line conductor extends, for example, from the Entry signal point to exit signal point. Alternatively, it extends to an area in front of the entry signal point. In a further variant extends he also refers to an area after the exit signal point. The order The area also depends on the location on the trains where the Facilities for carrying out the method are attached.
  • Radio can also be used instead of line conductors.
  • this is in particular characterized in that after the approximation to the preceding rail vehicle up to the specified distance following rail vehicle by means of the one in front Rail vehicle received control information about the driving and Braking distance control is operated.
  • the facility will be on the preceding rail vehicle implemented.
  • the device is, for example, in the front or in the direction of travel arranged at the back.
  • the facility can also be part of one existing device for controlling the train.
  • the control unit is for example a processor with a memory and a special one Software program.
  • a processor e.g. Microprocessor, digital signal processor, controller
  • a memory e.g. RAM
  • One software Program can also consist of several software packages based on different hardware is stored and by means of different Hardware is called.
  • the transmitting / receiving unit is, for example a unit for sending and receiving signals for one Line conductors or radio signals.
  • this is in particular characterized in that a distance sensor is provided which is connected to the control unit in such a way that the distance sensor is arranged and designed, the distance to a subsequent one Rail vehicle to measure and the measurement result of the control unit too transmit that the control unit is designed in such a way, the measurement result to compare with a maximum value and if the Maximum value to stop sending the telegram.
  • the distance sensor is on the train ahead in the direction of travel arranged. It determines the distance to the next train. If the train in front leaves the stop, the next train automatically disconnect from the train in front, as soon as the next train has arrived in the area of the platform and must initiate a braking process in order to come to a standstill. Thereupon the distance to the preceding train will increase, whereupon the preceding train sends the telegrams can stop because they are no longer needed.
  • this is in particular characterized in that a distance sensor is provided, which is connected to the control unit, that the Distance sensor is arranged and configured in such a way that the distance to measure a following rail vehicle and the measurement result to transmit to the control unit that the control unit is configured in this way is the measurement result with a minimum value or a predetermined value or transmitted distance to compare and if the Minimum value or if the distance does not match Stop sending the telegram.
  • the distance sensor is on the train in front arranged in the rear in the direction of travel. He determines the Distance to the next train. If the following move the the transmission of the telegrams is not maintained stopped, which has the consequence that the electronic drawbar is released and the following train runs independently again. Before stopping the following train warned and asked to brake. The use of the distance sensor increases the safety of the electronic drawbar.
  • this is in particular characterized in that the transmitting / receiving unit is configured in such a way when a platform output signal is received or to transmit the information about it to the control unit and that the Control unit is designed in such a way after receipt of the platform output signal or the information about sending the Stop telegram.
  • the transmitting / receiving unit is configured in such a way when a platform output signal is received or to transmit the information about it to the control unit and that the Control unit is designed in such a way after receipt of the platform output signal or the information about sending the Stop telegram.
  • this is in particular characterized in that the transmitting / receiving unit is configured in such a way when a platform input signal is received or to transmit the information about it to the control unit and that the Control unit is designed in such a way after receipt of the platform input signal or the information about it and in the case of a determined speed from zero to the transmitting / receiving unit control send a telegram, which control information about the Driving and braking distance control or ready signals for activation contains an electronic drawbar for the other rail vehicle.
  • the time of sending the telegrams can be combined with the speed of the preceding train and the reception of the Platform input signal. After receiving the input signal he knows train in front that it is and can be in the stop area Send telegrams early to a subsequent train activate the electronic drawbar as early as possible enable.
  • this is in particular characterized in that the transmitting / receiving unit is configured in such a way when a telegram from a subsequent one is received Rail vehicle this or the information about it to the control unit to transmit, and that the control unit is designed in such a way Receipt of the telegram from the following rail vehicle or the Information about this and in the case of a determined speed of Zero or a speed below a predetermined Minimum speed to control the transceiver unit in this way Send telegram, which control information about the driving and Contains braking distance control for the other rail vehicle.
  • the transmitting / receiving unit is configured in such a way when a telegram from a subsequent one is received Rail vehicle this or the information about it to the control unit to transmit
  • the control unit is designed in such a way Receipt of the telegram from the following rail vehicle or the Information about this and in the case of a determined speed of Zero or a speed below a predetermined Minimum speed to control the transceiver unit in this way
  • Send telegram which
  • Another inventive device for the electronic coupling of Rail vehicles in the area of stops in the rail-bound Local transport is characterized in that a control unit and a Transceiver unit are provided, which are connected to each other, that the transmitting / receiving unit is designed in such a way when receiving a Telegram of a preceding rail vehicle this or that To transmit information about it to the control unit and that the Control unit is configured in such a way after receipt of the telegram from ahead of the rail vehicle or the information about it to control the following rail vehicle in such a way that the preceding rail vehicle up to a predetermined distance approaches.
  • This facility will be on the following rail vehicle implemented and is for example in the direction of travel front or rear arranged. This facility can also be part of an existing one Device to control the train.
  • the control unit is for example a processor with a memory and a special one Software program.
  • a processor e.g. Microprocessor, digital signal processor, controller
  • a memory e.g. RAM
  • One software Program can also consist of several software packages based on different hardware is stored and by means of different Hardware is called.
  • the transmitting / receiving unit is, for example a unit for sending and receiving signals for one Line conductors or radio signals.
  • control unit is such is configured after receipt of the telegram from the person driving ahead Rail vehicle or the information about it the transmitting / receiving unit to send a telegram in such a way Ready signals to activate an electronic drawbar for the contains the preceding rail vehicle.
  • the control unit is such is configured after receipt of the telegram from the person driving ahead Rail vehicle or the information about it the transmitting / receiving unit to send a telegram in such a way Ready signals to activate an electronic drawbar for the contains the preceding rail vehicle.
  • the rail vehicles Exchange of data necessary for activation e.g. communication is carried out between the rail vehicles Exchange of data necessary for activation.
  • the following rail vehicle transmits the vehicle in front Data about his current speed, his train number, his current location or the like. After evaluation, this transmits rail vehicle in front of the following e.g. a Permission to activate the electronic drawbar.
  • a distance sensor is provided, which is connected to the control unit, that the Distance sensor is arranged and designed in such a way, the distance to measure the leading rail vehicle and the measurement result to transmit to the control unit that the control unit is configured in this way is the measurement result with a minimum value or a predetermined value Compare the distance and control the rail vehicle in such a way that it the rail vehicle in front at most except the Minimum value or approaches the specified distance.
  • the Distance sensor can easily measure the distance to the leading rail vehicle can be determined. Instead of one can Two distance sensors are also used to increase safety become.
  • the transmitting / receiving unit is configured in this way when a telegram is received of the preceding rail vehicle including control information via the driving and braking distance control to the control unit transmit, and that the control unit is designed in such a way Receiving the telegram from the rail vehicle in front and after approaching the rail vehicle in front up to to control the rail vehicle at the specified distance in such a way that it is received by the rail vehicle in front Control information operated via the driving and braking distance control becomes. Both rail vehicles are then synchronized by the Control unit of the preceding rail vehicle operated.
  • An inventive computer program for a control unit electronic coupling of rail vehicles in the area of Stops in local rail transport and for use in this is a leading vehicle in particular characterized that at a speed of zero or one Speed below a predetermined minimum speed Telegram is generated, which control information about the driving and Braking distance control or ready signals to activate a contains electronic drawbar for a subsequent rail vehicle.
  • the computer program is on the preceding rail vehicle implemented.
  • Another inventive computer program for a control unit electronic coupling of rail vehicles in the area of Stops in local rail transport and for use in a following rail vehicle is particularly characterized by this characterized in that when a telegram is received a preceding rail vehicle containing control information about the driving and braking distance control or ready signals for activation an electronic tiller control signals are generated to the to control the following rail vehicle in such a way that the preceding rail vehicle up to a predetermined distance approaches.
  • the computer program is shown on the following Rail vehicle implemented.
  • Both computer programs can run on the same Rail vehicle to be implemented.
  • This Control unit can be used or two or more Control units are used.
  • the rail vehicle is now in the Location as both ahead and behind To operate rail vehicle. It is also inexpensive to have only one transmitter / receiver unit to be provided per train, which then e.g. for both Reception at a subsequent rail vehicle as well as at Sending to be used with a preceding rail vehicle can.
  • Fig. 1 shows the operational flow of an electronic Coupling of two trains in the breakpoint area.
  • train Z1 In a first period a) train Z1 is already in the stop retracted, stops at the platform and sends telegrams. Train Z2 approaches the stop and brakes on the basis of the entry signal Esig, which is on hold, red or prohibited from continuing.
  • train Z2 receives the telegrams from Train Z1 and then activates the electronic drawbar.
  • the onward journey from move Z2 with slow pace is now allowed.
  • the distance sensor on train Z2 and a special computer program are activated, the monitor the determined distance to train Z1.
  • a distance sensor on train Z2 can continue up to a second entry signal is allowed directly in front of the platform, if, for example, one in the telegram sent by train Z1 Information is included that says the train Z1 already stands correctly on the platform and therefore not in the entry area protrudes.
  • the train Z2 runs at reduced speed up to second entry signal knowing that train Z1 is already on the platform stands and the route to the platform is free.
  • the second Entry signal then gives a minimum value of the approach to train Z1 in front.
  • train Z2 moves closer to train Z1.
  • train Z2 has the predetermined distance S, which can also be called the minimum distance, or the Minimum value reached. Now the electronic drawbar is locked. In order to the train Z2 is virtually connected to train Z1; a mechanical coupling does not take place. This means that from now on train Z2 is controlled by train Z1. Both trains behave like one train. she are connected by a virtual drawbar. As soon as train Z1 moves, moves train Z2 due to the same control signals. The The distance between the two trains is kept constant.
  • train Z1 begins to depart.
  • Train Z2 follows Train Z1 at a distance S.
  • train Z1 continues to run.
  • Train Z2 follows train Z1 further at a distance S.
  • Switzerland Z2 is already in the platform area.
  • train Z2 reaches the braking point the breakpoint.
  • Train Z2 receives information about the brake application point for example via the line conductor.
  • the train's transceiver Z2 is able to work in multicast mode, i.e. on the one hand Receiving driving signals from train Z1 and simultaneously or in the frame of the time division multiplex to receive brake application point signals.
  • the braking point signals in train Z2 becomes the electronic drawbar released and braking is initiated.
  • the solution of the electronic Drawbar can also be called deactivation.
  • Train Z2 has back in control of his driving.
  • Train Z1 runs unaffected further. Even during the operation of the electronic drawbar and after the locking is advantageous to increase security provided that train Z2 independently in its own driving can intervene.
  • the distance to the preceding train Z1 is also determined and is at Falling below the distance S independently and automatically Braking initiated. Switching to manual is also optional Operation possible.
  • the operational flow is through the Periods a) to h) are specified. Train Z2 then becomes train ahead. If train Z2 has already left the platform before the next train approaches the stop, the train goes subsequent train as normal and without an electronic drawbar. The electronic drawbar is therefore only activated when required.
  • the timetable can also be designed, e.g. at peak times that the Train sequence time is chosen so short that the electronic drawbar in the Usually activated and locked for each incoming train.
  • FIG. 2 shows technical facilities for performing the electronic coupling according to FIG. 1.
  • a control unit E1 In a preceding train Z1 there are a control unit E1, a Distance sensor S1 and a transmitting / receiving unit A1 in Direction of travel arranged at the rear. In a subsequent move Z2 are one Control unit E2, a distance sensor S2 and a transmitting / receiving unit A2 arranged in the rear in the direction of travel.
  • a validity range is defined in the area of the stop, in which Line conductors are laid and in which a trip with an electronic drawbar allowed is.
  • the transmitting / receiving units A1 and A2 communicate via the line conductors with each other.
  • Control unit E2 determines the speed of train Z2. falls below they have a predetermined limit speed, e.g. 5 to 20 km / h, is the Activation of the electronic drawbar allowed. Control unit E2 initiated the activation and controls the train Z2 for the purpose of moving up Train Z1. When moving up, the control unit E2 removes the distance sensor S2 activates Z1 to determine the distance to the train. Train Z2 moves up Train Z1 with maximum limit speed on train Z1 up to one predefined distance S. Then the electronic drawbar is locked. To increase the signaling security can be before locking Distance sensor S1 can be used to take measurements of Verify distance sensor S2.
  • a predetermined limit speed e.g. 5 to 20 km / h
  • train Z1 After a stopping time, train Z1 leaves the platform and exits. The At this point, the electronic drawbar is locked and the control unit E1 has via the transmitter / receiver unit A1, the line conductors and the transmitter / receiver unit A2 Access to Switzerland's driving and braking controls Z2. By means of this access, control unit E1 leaves train Z1 and train Z2 drive synchronously, i.e. Train Z2 runs almost simultaneously and with the same Acceleration on like train Z1 and follows it at distance S.
  • a device for an electronic drawbar can both Control unit E1, a distance sensor S1 and a transmitting / receiving unit A1 and a control unit E2, one Include distance sensor S2 and a transmitter / receiver unit A2.
  • the Functionalities of the control units E1 and E2 can also be in one Control unit can be integrated.
  • the functionalities of the transmitter / receiver units A1 and A2 can also be used in a transceiver be integrated.
  • two distance sensors S1 and S2 e.g. at the same time for determining the distance to train in front can also be used, only one Distance sensor can be used; two increase the Safety.
  • Such a device for an electronic drawbar is in the Able to control the activation and deactivation of electronic Drawbar for both a driver in front and one subsequent train.
  • the facility is e.g. in the direction of travel arranged at the front. Ideally, the facility is already part of one existing locomotive installation. Upgrading existing ones This facilitates locomotives and is also inexpensive. Usually a train is at the train head as well as at the end of the train a locomotive equipped to drive in both directions enable. Are now both driving vehicles of a train with one Device for an electronic drawbar or with its functionality equipped, the train can also be used in both directions electronic drawbar operated.
EP02360240A 2002-08-12 2002-08-12 Dispositif de couplage électronique Expired - Lifetime EP1391365B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT02360240T ATE322417T1 (de) 2002-08-12 2002-08-12 Elektronische deichsel
DE50206314T DE50206314D1 (de) 2002-08-12 2002-08-12 Elektronische Deichsel
EP02360240A EP1391365B1 (fr) 2002-08-12 2002-08-12 Dispositif de couplage électronique
US10/635,618 US7027899B2 (en) 2002-08-12 2003-08-07 Electronic drawbar
US11/341,609 US7263415B2 (en) 2002-08-12 2006-01-30 Electronic drawbar

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02360240A EP1391365B1 (fr) 2002-08-12 2002-08-12 Dispositif de couplage électronique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1391365A1 true EP1391365A1 (fr) 2004-02-25
EP1391365B1 EP1391365B1 (fr) 2006-04-05

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ID=30775901

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02360240A Expired - Lifetime EP1391365B1 (fr) 2002-08-12 2002-08-12 Dispositif de couplage électronique

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (2) US7027899B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1391365B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE322417T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE50206314D1 (fr)

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DE102004061545B3 (de) * 2004-09-07 2006-03-09 Hyundai Motor Co. Automatisch schaltbares Sechsgang-Planetengetriebe
WO2015110670A1 (fr) * 2014-10-03 2015-07-30 Metrolab Véhicule ferroviaire, véhicules ferroviaires amont et aval, procédé de régulation de distance entre un véhicule ferroviaire aval et un véhicule ferroviaire amont
WO2016053200A1 (fr) 2014-10-03 2016-04-07 In-Wheel Motors Pte Ltd Ensembles, procédés et système améliorés de train monorail
DE102015205608A1 (de) * 2015-03-27 2016-09-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Betreiben von Fahrzeugen sowie Vorrichtung für ein Fahrzeug
WO2019110293A1 (fr) * 2017-12-04 2019-06-13 Siemens Mobility GmbH Procédé pour faire fonctionner des véhicules ferroviaires avec une distance de freinage absolue

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US8428798B2 (en) * 2010-01-08 2013-04-23 Wabtec Holding Corp. Short headway communications based train control system
CN103260994A (zh) * 2010-12-09 2013-08-21 西门子公司 车载控制单元与公共交通网之间的信息通讯方法
US11318842B2 (en) * 2016-12-27 2022-05-03 Nec Corporation First train-installed device, method, and recording medium
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DE102018202079A1 (de) * 2018-02-09 2019-08-14 Knorr-Bremse Systeme für Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Sender für ein Schienenfahrzeug, Schienenfahrzeug mit einem solchen Sender und Verfahren zum Warnen vor Schienenfahrzeugen, von denen eine Gefährdung ausgeht
CN111776018B (zh) * 2020-06-29 2022-12-20 交控科技股份有限公司 一种列车编队跟踪控制方法及装置
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102004061545B3 (de) * 2004-09-07 2006-03-09 Hyundai Motor Co. Automatisch schaltbares Sechsgang-Planetengetriebe
WO2015110670A1 (fr) * 2014-10-03 2015-07-30 Metrolab Véhicule ferroviaire, véhicules ferroviaires amont et aval, procédé de régulation de distance entre un véhicule ferroviaire aval et un véhicule ferroviaire amont
WO2016053200A1 (fr) 2014-10-03 2016-04-07 In-Wheel Motors Pte Ltd Ensembles, procédés et système améliorés de train monorail
FR3026710A1 (fr) * 2014-10-03 2016-04-08 Metrolab Vehicule ferroviaire, vehicules ferroviaires amont et aval, procede de regulation de distance entre un vehicule ferroviaire aval et un vehicule ferroviaire amont
EP3201064A4 (fr) * 2014-10-03 2018-09-12 In-wheel Motors Pte Ltd Ensembles, procédés et système améliorés de train monorail
DE102015205608A1 (de) * 2015-03-27 2016-09-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Betreiben von Fahrzeugen sowie Vorrichtung für ein Fahrzeug
WO2016156215A1 (fr) * 2015-03-27 2016-10-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé et dispositif pour des véhicules, qui détectent la collision avec un autre véhicule
CN107428350A (zh) * 2015-03-27 2017-12-01 西门子公司 用于探测另外车辆碰靠的车辆的方法和设备
US10737708B2 (en) 2015-03-27 2020-08-11 Siemens Mobility GmbH Method and device for vehicles, which detect the collision of a further vehicle
WO2019110293A1 (fr) * 2017-12-04 2019-06-13 Siemens Mobility GmbH Procédé pour faire fonctionner des véhicules ferroviaires avec une distance de freinage absolue

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US20040026575A1 (en) 2004-02-12
EP1391365B1 (fr) 2006-04-05
US20060129287A1 (en) 2006-06-15
ATE322417T1 (de) 2006-04-15
DE50206314D1 (de) 2006-05-18
US7263415B2 (en) 2007-08-28
US7027899B2 (en) 2006-04-11

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