EP1354651A2 - Elément de construction allégé comprenant une mousse métallique ainsi que procédé et installation pour sa fabrication - Google Patents

Elément de construction allégé comprenant une mousse métallique ainsi que procédé et installation pour sa fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1354651A2
EP1354651A2 EP03450095A EP03450095A EP1354651A2 EP 1354651 A2 EP1354651 A2 EP 1354651A2 EP 03450095 A EP03450095 A EP 03450095A EP 03450095 A EP03450095 A EP 03450095A EP 1354651 A2 EP1354651 A2 EP 1354651A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core
wall body
mold
melt
metal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03450095A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1354651A3 (fr
EP1354651B1 (fr
Inventor
Franz Dobesberger
Herbert Frankl
Dietmar Leitlmeier
Alois Birgmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Huette Klein Reichenbach GmbH
Original Assignee
Huette Klein Reichenbach GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Huette Klein Reichenbach GmbH filed Critical Huette Klein Reichenbach GmbH
Priority to SI200331319T priority Critical patent/SI1354651T1/sl
Priority to AT03450095T priority patent/ATE402772T1/de
Publication of EP1354651A2 publication Critical patent/EP1354651A2/fr
Publication of EP1354651A3 publication Critical patent/EP1354651A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1354651B1 publication Critical patent/EP1354651B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/002—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature
    • B22F7/004—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature comprising at least one non-porous part
    • B22F7/006—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature comprising at least one non-porous part the porous part being obtained by foaming
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
    • B22D19/08—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for building-up linings or coverings, e.g. of anti-frictional metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D25/00—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product
    • B22D25/005—Casting metal foams
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/08—Alloys with open or closed pores
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/08—Alloys with open or closed pores
    • C22C1/083—Foaming process in molten metal other than by powder metallurgy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/08—Alloys with open or closed pores
    • C22C1/083—Foaming process in molten metal other than by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/086—Gas foaming process
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C2204/00—End product comprising different layers, coatings or parts of cermet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12479—Porous [e.g., foamed, spongy, cracked, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12486—Laterally noncoextensive components [e.g., embedded, etc.]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a lightweight component. Furthermore, the invention comprises a Method and an apparatus for producing a lightweight component.
  • a lightweight component is usually intended for an intended use, for Example of a support or hold function of design or Machine components, the mechanical and possibly required vibration damping properties meet and at the same time a low Own weight.
  • a lightweight component should have such a mass or material distribution have that at a load of the part in all As high as possible specific, mechanical material stresses to rule.
  • crash parts which in a deformation a high Energy absorption can show lightweight components, which mostly consist of a Alloy or a light metal alloy consist and advantageous by Casting are made, find use.
  • lightweight components are called hollow bodies with thin walls, which optionally against a slight and / or premature buckling or bulging have the same stiffeners executed.
  • Partial walls can be curved or wavy transversely to the main load direction be executed, however, require complicated inner shapes of cast-piece parts in their production sand cores, which after casting often in a complex manner must be removed from the hollow.
  • the invention is based on the object of specifying a lightweight component which has thin, supporting outer walls, a core supporting the wall and a having reduced weight.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method by means of which a Supporting agent, optionally as a damping and / or as Energy absorber can act in a deformation, within a load-bearing wall is einformbar to a lightweight component.
  • a Supporting agent optionally as a damping and / or as Energy absorber can act in a deformation, within a load-bearing wall is einformbar to a lightweight component.
  • the invention aims at a device for the production of the beginning from the named subject.
  • the invention solves this problem by a lightweight component consisting of a at least partially closed, metallic outer wall body and a Metal foam melt metallurgically formed interior, wherein the Interior as a core part at least in the contact area with the outer wall body with a dense core surface layer and a metallically bonded thereto, foamed core inner part is constructed and the core part as outer wall body a substantially non-porous cast metal layer with a positive and / or metallic compound surrounding the core surface layer.
  • the advantages achieved by the invention are essentially to be seen in that the lightweight component of two parts, which are connected to each other surface, is created and thereby the parts light and the core part independent of Outside wall body can be formed.
  • the metallurgically represented metal foam of the core part has a Metallic bond to the Kemoberfest für, which thereby high Stability possesses and is able to absorb large supporting forces.
  • it is advantageously possible to make the outer wall body of small thickness high To form resilient, resulting in low component weights.
  • the material of Outer body wall and that of the core part of different chemical Possess compositions and / or different metallic structure and preferably each of a light metal or a light metal alloy are formed.
  • the entire core part with the out Foam existing interior of a hard and / or brittle be formed particulate material and the outer wall body soft material or even particle-free matrix material, depending on desired properties or requirement of the lightweight component.
  • the outer wall body of a tough or tough alloy and the core part of a material with Ceramic particles formed in a metal matrix can be particularly high and also dynamic loads with good damping effect of the lightweight component be recorded or transmitted.
  • the supporting effect of the core surface layer, especially in a small area Strain or edge areas can be further increased if the gas bubbles of the foamed core inner part a largely monomodal size distribution in a narrow size range. It is highly beneficial if the core surface layer has an average thickness of at least 0.30 mm, at most, however, has 2.9 mm.
  • the outer wall body formations for at least one attachment and / or guiding the component to machines or supporting components has and optionally a substantially same or preferably a partial having different wall thickness, which thickness ofêtwandköprers locally is formed such that substantially the same mechanical stresses at Load of the component are given in this.
  • Such can easily the lightweight component as possibly complicated variously stressed machine or construction element with be created particularly low weight, in which element only more Holes for fasteners are to be introduced.
  • the further object of the invention is achieved with a method for the production a lightweight component with an at least partially closed, metallic Outside wall body and an existing metal foam interior, where in a first step, a core part with a fusion-metallurgically Core surface layer and one filling the same and metallic with this connected, foamed Keminnenteil is produced, after which in one second step, the core part positioned in a mold and in this with a Cast melt and solidify to form the outer wall body are left, with such a form-fitting and / or metallic Connection of the core surface layer is provided with the outer wall body.
  • the core part and the outer wall body are manufactured by means of separate process steps be and therefore can be dimensioned independently. Because now the core surface layer with the walls of the peripheral Foam bubbles is metallically bonded, can be a particularly lightweight, But also pressure-resistant core body or core part can be created, the from Exterior wall body separately creating one dimensionally substantially free formation of the same allowed. A subsequent pouring the Core part can be made with different wall thicknesses, so that in a simple way in places with high stress of the lightweight component whose Exterior wall is reinforced formable.
  • a particularly favorable ratio of the load capacity and the weight of Lightweight component is achievable if the core part of a foamable metal or a foamable metallic alloy, optionally with increased strength and the outer wall body of a different metallic Material, preferably formed of a tough or tough aluminum alloy becomes.
  • a mold with an entry port and with at least one small-sized opening in the highest vertical area on a Temperature below the liquidus temperature of a foamable alloy brought and / or left and with a melt of this alloy on the one hand protruding tubular or funnel-shaped, optionally heatable Pouring or filling piece on the other hand is connected liquid-metal sealing, after which displacing or expelling the air from the mold by means of an upward directed movement of the meniscus or liquid metal mirror of the melt through the entry opening into the highest small-sized openings of the Mold and a formation of a solid dense core surface layer with desired thickness of the entire G demforminnenober Structure done and the central liquid metal fraction by an introduction of gas bubbles, the Metal foam are merged, is displaced from this and by means of of targeted heat extraction from the system a solidification of the foamed Kerninnenmaschines carried out to form a composite core part.
  • the pouring or filling piece on which in a simple manner, for example By heating, a solidification of molten metal is preventable, only becomes melt introduced into the interior of the mold and thereby displaced the air.
  • a temperature below the Liquidus temperature of the foamable alloy possesses, on the inner wall and in the small-sized openings of the mold, liquid metal solidifies and forms it a dense surface layer.
  • the training course is from the Time as well as the mold and melt temperature and it can by a control of these parameters a desired thickness of the core surface layer easily controlled or adjusted.
  • Too high temperature of the mold For example, in the region of the solidus temperature of the alloy, can to a Leakage of the liquid metal from the columns and air outlets and / or to Collapse the foam bubbles at these points lead and at least the Surface quality of the core part, but in particular its capacity adversely affect.
  • the mold is formed of several parts with gas-permeable pass gaps and at the entry port is connected to the pouring or filling piece, wherein through the ascending into the column and the small-sized openings penetrating and thereby solidifying melt achieved a sealing effect and a continuous core surface layer are created.
  • liquid metal part in the Core surface layer displacing gas bubbles with a substantially same size in the melt, depending on the particle content in particular of SiC content thereof at a distance of at least 20 mm or more from the Entry opening of the mold are formed and allowed to rise.
  • Improved performance characteristics of the lightweight component with economic Manufacturing thereof can be achieved when the metallic outer wall body in Pressure casting method produced and the thickness of the core surface layer of the Core part depending on the foam bubble size of Keminnenteisl and of planned liquid metal pressure and planned pouring temperature in Die casting process are created.
  • Another object of the invention is an apparatus for producing a Lightweight components with an at least partially closed, metallic Exterior wall body and an existing metal foam interior Achieve is achieved by the fact that the device of a Core manufacturing facility and an outer wall pressure casting device consists.
  • the core manufacturing facility in Essentially from a mold with a bottom-side entry port and at least one outlet opening in the vertical uppermost mold area, if necessary from a closure means for the entry opening of the mold, from a Melt in a sealable and pressurizable melt vessel with a pouring into the melt on the one hand pouring or filling and off consists of a blowing agent for a metal foam-forming gas is so essential to the invention, the possibility of high quality and economically with cores to produce a small time series.
  • the wall thickness provided at all points of the wall is particularly accurate Outer wall body, when the outer wall pressure casting device for mounting and Positioning of the core part has a clamping means, which with further Wall moldings merged forms a pressure-casting mold, to which a nozzle can be applied for a Gellometallfzuschreib.
  • tensioning or positioning means can also be known per se Core brands be executed.
  • Thicknesses of the outer wall body are also known as high capacity parts for one Deformation energy absorption can be used very efficiently. These can be easy Parts are designed such that their start of deformation desired pressure and depending on the printing direction.
  • Core parts with a desired thickness Core surface layer can be produced, it is also possible according to the invention such as a high capacity item for one Use deformation energy absorption.
  • Fig. 1 is a lightweight component 1 with a Kemteil 10 and with a Outside wall body 12, which has a thickness D shown.
  • the core part 10 has toward the outer wall body 12, a dense, closed core surface layer 14 and has an inner region 13 with a metal foam formed Core inner part 15, and a clamping area 17.
  • the outer wall body 12 is with Moldings 16, 16 '., 16 ", 16'" provided, which to Operahalterung or Partial guide can serve.
  • FIGS. 2 to 5 show a schematic representation of a core part production.
  • FIG. 2 is an assembly of a mold 21 with an entry opening 211st shown, wherein mold parts 21 ', 21 "as side parts in the direction X or X' and a Casting head part 21 “'with a gas outlet opening 212 in the direction Y' can be brought together and braced with each other.
  • Fig. 3 shows a core production device 2 with a mold 21 and a with this connected melting vessel 23.
  • the melting vessel 23 has a on the one hand in a melt 22 einragendes, funnel-shaped filling piece 231, which can be heated.
  • the filler 231 is with a Closure 214 or a mold 21 in conjunction.
  • a gas introduction means 24 with introduced a nozzle part 241 for metal foam formation. It is, however possible to position a Gaseinleitstoff 24 directly in a melt 22.
  • a subsequent gas introduction By means of nozzle parts 241 created in the foamable melt stable in the Essentially equal-sized gas bubbles, which rise and within the Core surface layer 14 form a metal foam, due to cooling the mold 1 solidifies and forms a core part 10.
  • a Closure means 214 seal the entry opening 211.
  • FIG. 5 shows a shuttering of a core part 10
  • a core part 10 (FIG. 6) is shown as functionally illustrative in FIGS. 7 to 9 an outer wall body 12 in a die casting device 3.
  • a core part 10 for example by means of Core clamping means 31, 31 'held and wall moldings 32, 32' in the direction X, X 'and Y to a die 32 set against each other.
  • a remaining casting gap is after connecting, for example, a nozzle 33, as shown in Fig. 8, with a supplied metal 4 diecasting filled such a the core part 10th enclosing outer wall body 12 made and created the lightweight component 1.
  • Fig. 9 shows a shape of a lightweight component.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Porous Artificial Stone Or Porous Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
EP03450095A 2002-04-19 2003-04-17 Elément de construction allégé comprenant une mousse métallique ainsi que procédé et installation pour sa fabrication Expired - Lifetime EP1354651B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SI200331319T SI1354651T1 (sl) 2002-04-19 2003-04-17 Lahek konstrukcijski element iz kovinske pene terpostopek in naprava za izdelavo le-tega
AT03450095T ATE402772T1 (de) 2002-04-19 2003-04-17 Metallschaum enthaltender leichtbauteil, sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zu dessen herstellung

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT6102002 2002-04-19
AT0061002A AT411970B (de) 2002-04-19 2002-04-19 Leichtbauteil, sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zu dessen herstellung

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1354651A2 true EP1354651A2 (fr) 2003-10-22
EP1354651A3 EP1354651A3 (fr) 2004-08-18
EP1354651B1 EP1354651B1 (fr) 2008-07-30

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03450095A Expired - Lifetime EP1354651B1 (fr) 2002-04-19 2003-04-17 Elément de construction allégé comprenant une mousse métallique ainsi que procédé et installation pour sa fabrication

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (3) US7137433B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1354651B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2004025307A (fr)
AT (2) AT411970B (fr)
CA (1) CA2425826C (fr)
CZ (1) CZ20031104A3 (fr)
DE (1) DE50310221D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2307890T3 (fr)
NO (1) NO337269B1 (fr)
PT (1) PT1354651E (fr)
SI (1) SI1354651T1 (fr)

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EP1419835A1 (fr) * 2002-09-09 2004-05-19 Hütte Klein-Reichenbach Gesellschaft m.b.H. Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'une mousse métallique fluide
WO2008006122A1 (fr) * 2006-07-13 2008-01-17 Hütte Klein-Reichenbach Gesellschaft M.B.H. Corps de moule métallique et procédé de fabrication de celui-ci
WO2008034436A1 (fr) * 2006-09-22 2008-03-27 Kurtz Gmbh Dispositif de coulée pour la fabrication de structures de mousse à pores ouverts à partir de métal, d'alliages métalliques, de matière plastique ou de céramique avec ou sans enveloppe extérieure fermée

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DE102004055833A1 (de) * 2004-11-19 2006-05-24 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Walze mit einer Füllung aus einem geschäumten Werkstoff insbesondere für eine Druckmaschine
US7968144B2 (en) * 2007-04-10 2011-06-28 Siemens Energy, Inc. System for applying a continuous surface layer on porous substructures of turbine airfoils
HU227545B1 (en) * 2008-12-04 2011-08-29 Bay Zoltan Alkalmazott Kutatasi Koezalapitvany Method for producing metal foam
AU2010277203B2 (en) * 2009-07-30 2014-08-21 Electrotherm (Pty) Limited Process and mould assembly for aluminothermic welding of rails with mould having two side moulds, a base and receiving means
US20120051898A1 (en) * 2011-08-05 2012-03-01 General Electric Company Wind turbine component having a lightweight structure
WO2013144881A2 (fr) 2012-03-27 2013-10-03 Universidade Do Minho Structure métallique légère et procédé de production respectif
US9468118B1 (en) * 2013-12-20 2016-10-11 Amazon Technologies, Inc. Reinforced structural composite
US9789536B2 (en) 2015-01-20 2017-10-17 United Technologies Corporation Dual investment technique for solid mold casting of reticulated metal foams
US9737930B2 (en) 2015-01-20 2017-08-22 United Technologies Corporation Dual investment shelled solid mold casting of reticulated metal foams
US9789534B2 (en) 2015-01-20 2017-10-17 United Technologies Corporation Investment technique for solid mold casting of reticulated metal foams
CN112122587A (zh) * 2020-08-06 2020-12-25 大连理工大学 一种金属泡沫材料-金属复合结构件及其制备方法
JP7303240B2 (ja) * 2021-03-31 2023-07-04 本田技研工業株式会社 鋳造スイングアーム

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DE19650613A1 (de) 1996-12-06 1998-06-10 Daimler Benz Ag Bauteil mit einem Metallschaum-Kern
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Cited By (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1419835A1 (fr) * 2002-09-09 2004-05-19 Hütte Klein-Reichenbach Gesellschaft m.b.H. Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'une mousse métallique fluide
US7144636B2 (en) 2002-09-09 2006-12-05 Huette Klein-Reichenbach Gesellschaft M.B.H. Process and device for manufacturing free-flowing metal foam
US7959852B2 (en) 2002-09-09 2011-06-14 Hütte Klein-Reichenbach Gesellschaft M.B.H. Process and device for manufacturing free-flowing metal foam
WO2008006122A1 (fr) * 2006-07-13 2008-01-17 Hütte Klein-Reichenbach Gesellschaft M.B.H. Corps de moule métallique et procédé de fabrication de celui-ci
CN101583448B (zh) * 2006-07-13 2012-01-11 许特克莱因-赖兴巴赫有限公司 金属成型体及其制造方法
US8435644B2 (en) 2006-07-13 2013-05-07 Huette Klein-Reichenbach Gesellschaft M.B.H Metal moulding and method for producing it
WO2008034436A1 (fr) * 2006-09-22 2008-03-27 Kurtz Gmbh Dispositif de coulée pour la fabrication de structures de mousse à pores ouverts à partir de métal, d'alliages métalliques, de matière plastique ou de céramique avec ou sans enveloppe extérieure fermée

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PT1354651E (pt) 2008-10-17
DE50310221D1 (de) 2008-09-11
US20030198827A1 (en) 2003-10-23
NO20031652D0 (no) 2003-04-10
NO337269B1 (no) 2016-02-29
EP1354651A3 (fr) 2004-08-18
ES2307890T3 (es) 2008-12-01
SI1354651T1 (sl) 2008-10-31
US7137433B2 (en) 2006-11-21
NO20031652L (no) 2003-10-20
CZ20031104A3 (cs) 2003-12-17
ATE402772T1 (de) 2008-08-15
JP2004025307A (ja) 2004-01-29
US20060113056A1 (en) 2006-06-01
CA2425826A1 (fr) 2003-10-19
EP1354651B1 (fr) 2008-07-30
US7134477B2 (en) 2006-11-14
US7135236B2 (en) 2006-11-14
AT411970B (de) 2004-08-26
CA2425826C (fr) 2007-10-30
ATA6102002A (de) 2004-01-15
US20060029826A1 (en) 2006-02-09

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