Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/06—Antimigraine agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• EAA receptors excitatory amino acid receptors
• Excitatory amino acid receptors are classified into two general types. Receptors that are directly coupled to the opening of cation channels in the cell membrane of the neurons are termed "ionotropic.” This type of receptor has been subdivided into at least three subtypes, which are defined by the depolarizing actions of the selective agonists N- methyl-D-aspartate ( ⁇ MDA), ⁇ -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-pro ⁇ ionic acid (AMP A), and kainic acid (KA). Molecular biological studies have established that AMPA receptors are composed of subunits (GluRj - GIUR4), which can assemble to form functional ion channels.
• ⁇ MDA N- methyl-D-aspartate
• AMP A ⁇ -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-pro ⁇ ionic acid
• KA kainic acid
• kainate receptors Five kainate receptors have been identified which are classified as either High Affinity (KA1 and KA2) or Low Affinity (composed of GIUR5, GluRg, and/or GIUR7 subunits). Bleakman et al., Molecular Pharmacology, 49, ⁇ o.4, 581,(1996).
• the second general type of receptor is the G-protein coupled or second messenger-linked "metabotropic" excitatory amino acid receptor. This second type is coupled to multiple second messenger systems that lead to enhanced phosphoinositide hydrolysis, activation of phospholipase D, increases or decreases in cAMP formation, and changes in ion channel function. Schoepp and Conn, Trends in Pharmacol. Sci., 14, 13 (1993).
• excitatory amino acid receptor excitotoxicity has been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous neurological disorders, including the etiology of cerebral deficits subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafting, stroke, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord lesions resulting from trauma or inflammation, perinatal hypoxia, cardiac arrest, and hypoglycemic neuronal damage.
• excitotoxicity has been implicated in chronic neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Chorea, inherited ataxias, AIDS-induced dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, idiopathic and drug-induced Parkinson's Disease, as well as ocular damage and retinopathy.
• Other neurological disorders implicated with excitotoxicity and/or glutamate dysfunction include muscular spasticity including tremors, drug tolerance and withdrawal, brain edema, convulsive disorders including epilepsy, depression, anxiety and anxiety related disorders such as post-traumatic stress syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, , and psychosis related to depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, mania, and drug intoxication or addiction, (see generally United States Patent No.
• Excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists may also be useful as analgesic agents and for treating or preventing various forms of headache, including cluster headache, tension-type headache, and chronic daily headache.
• excitatory amino acid receptor excitotoxicity participates in the etiology of acute and chronic pain states including severe pain, intractable pain, neuropathic pain, post-traumatic pain.
• trigeminal ganglia and their associated nerve pathways, are associated with painful sensations of the head and face such as headache and, in particular, migraine.
• Moskowitz (Cephalalgia, 12, 5-7, (1992) proposed that unknown triggers stimulate the trigeminal ganglia which in turn innervate vasculature within cephalic tissue, giving rise to the release of vasoactive neuropeptides from axons innervating the vasculature.
• These neuropeptides initiate a series of events leading to neurogenic inflammation of the meninges, a consequence of which is pain. This neurogenic inflammation is blocked by sumatriptan at doses similar to those required to treat acute migraine in humans.
• migraine presents yet another neurological disorder which may be implicated with glutamate receptor excitotoxicity.
• a neuroprotective agent such as an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist
• an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist is believed to be useful in treating or preventing all of the aforementioned disorders and/or reducing the amount of neurological damage associated with these disorders.
• AMPA receptor antagonists are neuroprotective in focal and global ischemia models.
• the competitive AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo ]quinoxaline) has been reported effective in preventing global and focal ischemic damage. Sheardown et al, Science, 247, 571 (1900); Buchan et al, Neuroreport, 2, 473 (1991); LePeillet et al, Brain Research, 571, 115 (1992).
• the noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonists GKYI 52466 has been shown to be an effective neuroprotective agent in rat global ischemia models. LaPeillet et al, Brain Research, 571, 115 (1992). European Patent Application Publication No. 590789A1 and United States Patents No. 5,446,051 and 5,670,516 disclose that certain decahydroisoquinoline derivative compounds are AMPA receptor antagonists and, as such, are useful in the treatment of a multitude of disorders conditions, including pain and migraine headache. WO98/45270 discloses that certain decahydroisoquinoline derivative compounds are selective antagonists of the iGluR5 receptor and are useful for the treatment of various types of pain, including; severe, chronic, intractable, and neuropathic pain
• Applicants have discovered novel compounds that are selective antagonists of the iGluR5 receptor subtype and, thus, could be useful in treating the multitude of neurological disorders or neurodegenerative diseases, as discussed above. Such selective antagonists could address a long felt need for safe and effective treatments for neruological disorders, without attending side effects. The treatment of neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases is hereby furthered.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula I
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula la
• R! and R ⁇ each independently represent hydrogen, (C ⁇ -C 2 o)alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl(C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-N,N-C 1 -C 6 dialkylamine, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-pyrrolidine, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-piperidine, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- morpholine, with the proviso that at least one of R* and R2 are other than hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides the D- (-) -mandelic acid salt of Formula I or Formula la, wherein Formula I and Formula la are as defined hereinabove.
• the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a neurological disorder, or neurodegenerative condition, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula la, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• neurological disorders, or neurodegenerative conditions include: cerebral deficits subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafting; stroke; cerebral ischemia; spinal cord lesions resulting from trauma or inflammation; perinatal hypoxia; cardiac arrest; hypoglycemic neuronal damage; Alzheimer's Disease; Huntington's Chorea; inherited ataxias; AIDS-induced dementia; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; idiopathic and drug- induced Parkinson's Disease; ocular damage and retinopathy; muscular spasticity including tremors; drug tolerance and withdrawal; brain edema; convulsive disorders including epilepsy; depression; anxiety and anxiety related disorders such as post- traumatic stress syndrome; tardive dyskinesia; psychosis related to depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder,
• the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing migraine comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula la, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. More specifically, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing migraine comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of the D- (-) -mandelic acid salt of Formula I or Formula la.
• the present invention also provides a process for making a compound of Formula la, comprising combining a compound of structure (2)
• R ⁇ is as defined herein, Pg is a suitable nitrogen protecting group, and LgO is a suitable leaving group, with a suitable base in a suitable solvent, followed by addition of a compound of structure (3)
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions of compounds of Formula I and Formula la, including the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and hydrates thereof, useful for treating neurological disorders or neurodegenerative conditions, comprising, as an active ingredient, a compound of Formula I or Formula la in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
• This invention also encompasses novel intermediates, and processes for the synthesis of the compounds of Formula I and Formula la.
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating or preventing migraine comprising, as an active ingredient, the D- (-) - mandelic acid salt of Formula I or Formula la, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
• the present invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I or Formula la for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a neurological disorder, or neurodegenerative condition.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I or Formula la for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing migraine.
• the present invention provides compounds functional as selective iGluR5 receptor antagonists as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, and compositions thereof.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment of a neurological disorder, or neurodegenerative condition.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment of migraine which can be demonstrated by a particular mechanism of action, inhibition of neurogenic dural protein extravasation.
• prodrug refers to a compound of Formula I or which has been structurally modified such that in vivo the prodrug is converted, for example, by hydrolytic, oxidative, reductive, or enzymatic cleavage into the parent compound (e.g. the carboxylic acid (drug), or as the case may be the parent dicarboxylic acid ) as given by Formula I.
• parent compound e.g. the carboxylic acid (drug), or as the case may be the parent dicarboxylic acid
• prodrugs may be, for example, metabolically labile ester or diester derivatives of the parent compounds having a carboxylic acid group.
• the present invention includes any such prodrugs, such as metabolically labile ester or diester derivatives of compounds of the Formula I.
• prodrugs such as metabolically labile ester or diester derivatives of compounds of the Formula I.
• the use of the compounds described herein as prodrugs is contemplated, and often is preferred, and thus, the prodrugs of all of the compounds employed are encompassed in the names of the compounds herein.
• Preferred prodrugs include the diester derivatives of Formula I.
• R 1 and R 2 each independently represent hydrogen, (CrC 20 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (CrQ alkylaryl, (C C 6 )alkyl(C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkyl-N ⁇ -d-Ce dialkylamine, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-pyrrolidine, (CrC 6 )alkyl-piperidine, or (C ⁇ C 6 )alkyl- morpholine, with the proviso that at least one of Rl and R2 are other than hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the selective iGluR5 receptor antagonists of the present invention may exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts and, as such, salts are therefore included within the scope of the present invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts of the compounds provided by, or employed in the present invention which are substantially non-toxic to living organisms.
• Typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds of the present invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable mineral or organic acid or an organic or inorganic base. Such salts are known as acid addition and base addition salts.
• Acids commonly employed to form acid addition salts are inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, mandelic acid, 1,5- naphthalenedisulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, /?-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, and the like.
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like
• organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, mandelic acid, 1,5- naphthalenedisulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, /?-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid,
• salts examples include the sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne- 1,4-dioate, hexyne-l,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate,
• Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are those formed with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, and those formed with organic acids such as D- (-) - mandelic acid, 1,5- naphthalenedisulfonic acid , maleic acid, and methanesulfonic acid.
• Base addition salts include those derived from inorganic bases, such as ammonium or alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, and the like.
• bases useful in preparing the salts of this invention thus include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and the like.
• the potassium and sodium salt forms are particularly preferred. It should be recognized that the particular counterion forming a part of any salt of this invention is usually not of a critical nature, so long as the salt as a whole is pharmacologically acceptable and as long as the counterion does not contribute undesired qualities to the salt as a whole. It is further understood that such salts may exist as a hydrate.
• stereoisomer refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures which are not interchangeable. The three-dimensional structures are called configurations.
• enantiomer refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of one another.
• chiral center refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached.
• diastereomers refers to stereoisomers which are not enantiomers.
• two diastereomers which have a different configuration at only one chiral center are referred to herein as “epimers”.
• racemate racemic mixture
• racemic modification refer to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers. .
• enantiomeric enrichment refers to the increase in the amount of one enantiomer as compared to the other.
• E 1 is the amount of the first enantiomer and E 2 is the amount of the second enantiomer.
• the initial ratio of the two enantiomers is 50:50, such as is present in a racemic mixture, and an enantiomeric enrichment sufficient to produce a final ratio of 50:30 is achieved, the ee with respect to the first enantiomer is 25%.
• the final ratio is 90:10, the ee with respect to the first enantiomer is 80%.
• An ee of greater than 90% is preferred, an ee of greater than 95% is most preferred and an ee of greater than 99% is most especially preferred.
• Enantiomeric enrichment is readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using standard techniques and procedures, such as gas or high performance liquid chromatography with a chiral column. Choice of the appropriate chiral column, eluent and conditions necessary to effect separation of the enantiomeric pair is well within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the enantiomers of compounds of Formula I or Formula la can be resolved by one of ordinary skill in the art using standard techniques well known in the art, such as those described by J. Jacques, et al., "Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions", John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1981.
• the compounds of the present invention have one or more chiral centers and may exist in a variety of stereoisomeric configurations. As a consequence of these chiral centers, the compounds of the present invention occur as racemates, mixtures of enantiomers and as individual enantiomers, as well as diastereomers and mixtures of diastereomers. All such racemates, enantiomers, and diastereomers are within the scope of the present invention.
• the terms "R” and "S” are used herein as commonly used in organic chemistry to denote specific configuration of a chiral center.
• R rectus
• S sinister
• the priority of groups is based upon their atomic number (in order of decreasing atomic number). A partial list of priorities and a discussion of stereochemistry is contained in "Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: Principles and Practice", (J.H. Fletcher, et al, eds., 1974) at pages 103-120. The specific stereoisomers and enantiomers of compounds of Formula I and
• Formula la can be prepared by one of ordinary skill in the art utilizing well known techniques and processes, such as those disclosed by Eliel and Wilen, "Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994, Chapter 7, Separation of Stereoisomers. Resolution. Racemization, and by Collet and Wilen, "Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1981.
• the specific stereoisomers and enantiomers can be prepared by stereospecific syntheses using enantiomerically and geometrically pure, or enantiomerically or geometrically enriched starting materials.
• the specific stereoisomers and enantiomers can be resolved and recovered by techniques such as chromatography on chiral stationary phases, enzymatic resolution or fractional recrystallization of addition salts formed by reagents used for that purpose.
• Pg refers to a suitable nitrogen protecting group.
• a suitable nitrogen protecting group refers to those groups intended to protect or block the nitrogen group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Choice of the suitable nitrogen protecting group used will depend upon the conditions that will be employed in subsequent reaction steps wherein protection is required, and is well within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.
• nitrogen protecting groups are disclosed in Greene, "Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis," (John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981)).
• Suitable nitrogen protecting groups comprise acyl groups such as formyl, acetyl, propionyl, pivaloyl, t- butylacetyl, 2-chloroacetyl, 2-bromoacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, phthalyl, o- nitrophenoxyacetyl, .alpha.-chlorobutyryl, benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 4-bromobenzoyl, 4- nitrobenzoyl, and the like; sulfonyl groups such as benzenesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl and the like; carbamate forming groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl, p- chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-
• Preferred suitable nitrogen protecting groups are formyl, acetyl, methoxycarbonyl, benzoyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz).
• (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and includes, but is not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and the like.
• ( -C ⁇ alkyl) refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and includes, but is not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like.
• (C 1 -C ⁇ o)alkyl refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 10 carbon atoms and includes, but is not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, heptyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-hexyl, octyl, 4-methyl-3-heptyl and the like.
• (CrC 2 o)alkyl refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 20 carbon atoms and includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylbutyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n- dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-nonadecyl, n- eicosyl and the like.
• ( -G alkoxy) refers to an oxygen atom bearing a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and includes, but is not limited to methyoxy, ethyoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, and the like.
• (C ⁇ -C 6 )alkoxy refers to an oxygen atom bearing a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and includes, but is not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, n- pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and the like.
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms which has a (C ⁇ ⁇ C 6 )alkoxy group attached to the aliphatic chain.
• Halo As used herein, the terms "Halo”, “Halide” or “Hal” refer to a chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine atom, unless otherwise specified herein.
• (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, unsaturated aliphatic chain having from two to six carbon atoms. Typical C 2 -C 6 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (also known as vinyl), 1-methylethenyl, 1-methyl-l- propenyl, 1-butenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl,
• aryl refers to a monovalent carbocyclic group containing one or more fused or non-fused phenyl rings and includes, for example, phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.
• substituted aryl refers to an aryl group substituted with one or two moieties chosen from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, (C ⁇ -C6)alkyl, (Ci-
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryr' refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms which has an aryl group attached to the aliphatic chain. Included within the term “ -C ⁇ alkylaryl” are the following:
• aryl(CrC 6 )alkyl refers to an aryl group which has a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms attached to the aryl group. Included within the term “aryKC C ⁇ )alkyl” are the following:
• (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon ring structure composed of one or more fused or unfused rings containing from three to ten carbon atoms.
• Typical C 3 -C ⁇ 0 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantanyl, and the like.
• -C ⁇ alkyl(C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyr refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms which has a (C 3 - C 10 )cycloalkyl attached to the aliphatic chain.
• Q-C 6 alkyl(C 3 - C 10 )cycloalkyl are the following:
• ( - ) alkoxycarbonyl refers to a carbonyl group having a (C ⁇ -C6)alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon through an oxygen atom. Examples of this group include t-buoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, and the like.
• heterocycle refers to a five- or six-membered ring, which contains one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, and nitorgen. The remaining atoms of the ring are recognized as carbon by those of skill in the art. Rings may be saturated or unsaturated.
• heterocycle groups include thiophenyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrrazolyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridiazinyl, triazinyl, imidazolyl, dihydropyrimidyl, tetrahydropyrimdyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolidimyl, morpholinyl, pyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, and the like.
• substituted heterocycle represents a heterocycle group substituted with one or two moieties chosen from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, oxo, (Ci- C 6 )alkyl, (C ⁇ -C 4 )alkoxy, d-C 6 alkyl(C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C C 6 )alkylaryl, (Q- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, protected carboxy, carboxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, amino, aminomethyl, or trifluoromethyl.
• N,N-C -C 6 dialkylamine refers to a nitrogen atom substituted with two straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chains of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Included within the term “N,N-C -C 6 dialkylamine” are -N(CH 3 ) 2 , - N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , -N(CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , -N(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and the like.
• CrCealkyl-N ⁇ -Ci-Cedialkylamine refers to straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms which has an N,N- d-C 6 dialkylamine attached to the aliphatic chain. Included within the term “Q-C ⁇ alkyl-N ⁇ -Ci-C ⁇ dialkylamine” are the following:
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-pyrrolidine refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms which has a pyrrolidine attached to the aliphatic chain. Included within the scope of the term “(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- pyrrolidine” are the following:
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-piperidine refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms which has a piperidine attached to the aliphatic chain. Included within the scope of the term “(d-C 6 )alkyl- piperidine” are the following:
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-morpholine refers to a straight or branched, monovalent, saturated aliphatic chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms which has a morpholine attached to the aliphatic chain. Included within the scope of the term “d-C 6 alkyl-morpholine” are the following:
• ⁇ refers to a bond that protrudes forward out of the plane of the page.
• the designation " ' ' ' I " refers to a bond that protrudes backward out of the plane of the page.
• iGluR5 refers to the kainate ionotropic glutamate receptor, subtype 5, of the larger class of excitatory amino acid receptors.
• migraine refers a disorder of the nervous system characterized by recurrent attacks of head pain (which are not caused by a structural brain abnormalitiy such as those resulting from tumor or stroke), gasrointestinal disturbances, and possibly neurological symptoms such as visual distortion. Characteristic headaches of migraine usually last one day and are commonly accompanied by nausea, emesis, and photophobia.
• Migraine may represent a "chronic" condition, or an "acute” episode.
• chronic means a condition of slow progress and long continuance.
• a chronic condition is treated when it is diagnosed and treatment continued throughout the course of the disease.
• acute means an exacerbated event or attack, of short course, followed by a period of remission.
• the treatment of migraine contemplates both acute events and chronic conditions.
• compound is administered at the onset of symptoms and discontinued when the symptoms disappear.
• a chronic condition is treated throughout the course of the disease.
• the term "patient” refers to a mammal, such a mouse, gerbil, guinea pig, rat, dog or human. It is understood, however, that the preferred patient is a human. It is understood that the term "selective iGluR5 receptor antagonist” as used herein, includes those excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists which selectively bind to the iGluR5 kainate receptor subtype, relative to the iGluR2 AMPA receptor subtype.
• the selective iGluR5 antagonist for use according to the methods of the present invention has a binding affinity at least 10 fold greater for iGluR5 than for iGluR2, more preferably at least 100 fold greater.
• Selective iGluR5 receptor antagonists are readily available to, or are readily prepared by, one of ordinary skill in the art following recognized procedures. For example, WO 98/45270 provides examples of selective iGluR.5 receptor antagonists and discloses methods for synthesis.
• treating each mean to alleviate symptoms, eliminate the causation of resultant symptoms either on a temporary or permanent basis, and to prevent, slow the appearance, or reverse the progression or severity of resultant symptoms of the named disorder.
• the methods of this invention encompass both therapeutic and prophylactic administration.
• the term "effective amount” refers to the amount or dose of the compound, upon single or multiple dose administration to the patient, which provides the desired effect in the patient under diagnosis or treatment.
• An effective amount can be readily determined by the attending diagnostician, as one skilled in the art, by the use of known techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective amount or dose of compound administered, a number of factors are considered by the attending diagnostician, including, but not limited to: the species of mammal; its size, age, and general health; the degree of involvement or the severity of the migraine involved; the response of the individual patient; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant circumstances.
• a typical daily dose will contain from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of each compound used in the present method of treatment.
• daily doses will be about 0.05 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, more preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg.
• Oral administration is a preferred route of administering the compounds employed in the present invention whether administered alone, or as a combination of compounds capable of acting as a selective iGluR5 receptor antagonist. Oral administration, however, is not the only route, nor even the only preferred route. Other preferred routes of administration include transdermal, percutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, buccal, or intrarectal routes. Where the selective iGluR5 receptor antagonist is administered as a combination of compounds, one of the compounds may be administered by one route, such as oral, and the other may be administered by the transdermal, percutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, pulmonary, buccal, or intrarectal route, as particular circumstances require. The route of administration may be varied in any way, limited by the physical properties of the compounds and the convenience of the patient and the caregiver.
• compositions may take any physical form that is pharmaceutically acceptable, but orally administered pharmaceutical compositions are particularly preferred.
• Such pharmaceutical compositions contain, as an active ingredient, an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula la, including the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, and hydrates thereof, which effective amount is related to the daily dose of the compound to be administered.
• Each dosage unit may contain the daily dose of a given compound, or may contain a fraction of the daily dose, such as one-half or one-third of the dose.
• each dosage unit depends on the identity of the particular compound chosen for the therapy, and other factors such as the indication for which it is given.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained, or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing well known procedures.
• Compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 1 to about 500 mg of each compound individually or in a single unit dosage form, more preferably about 5 to about 300 mg (for example 25 mg).
• unit dosage form refers to a physically discrete unit suitable as unitary dosages for a patient, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier, diluent, or excipient.
• compositions contain from about 0.5% to about 50% of the compounds in total, depending on the desired doses and the type of composition to be used.
• the amount of the compound is best defined as the "effective amount", that is, the amount of each compound which provides the desired dose to the patient in need of such treatment.
• compositions are chosen and formulated solely for convenience and economy.
• Capsules are prepared by mixing the compound with a suitable diluent and filling the proper amount of the mixture in capsules.
• suitable diluents include inert powdered substances such as starches, powdered cellulose especially crystalline and macrocrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol and sucrose, grain flours, and similar edible powders.
• Tablets are prepared by direct compression, by wet granulation, or by dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate diluents, binders, lubricants and disintegrators as well as the compound. Typical diluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful. Typical tablet binders are substances such as starch, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, glucose and the like. Natural and synthetic gums are also convenient, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine and the like. Polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders.
• Tablets are often coated with sugar as a flavor and sealant.
• the compounds may also be formulated as chewable tablets, by using large amounts of pleasant-tasting substances such as mannitol in the formulation, as is now well-established practice.
• Instantly dissolving tablet-like formulations are also now frequently used to assure that the patient consumes the dosage form, and to avoid the difficulty in swallowing solid objects that bothers some patients.
• a lubricant is often necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die.
• the lubricant is chosen from such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
• Tablet disintegrators are substances which swell when wetted to break up the tablet and release the compound. They include starches, clays, celluloses, algins and gums. More particularly, corn and potato starches, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, wood cellulose, powdered natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp and carboxymethylcellulose, for example, may be used, as well as sodium lauryl sulfate.
• Enteric formulations are often used to protect an active ingredient from the strongly acid contents of the stomach. Such formulations are created by coating a solid dosage form with a film of a polymer which is insoluble in acid environments, and soluble in basic environments. Exemplary films are cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate.
• Cocoa butter is a traditional suppository base, which may be modified by addition of waxes to raise its melting point slightly.
• Water-miscible suppository bases comprising, particularly, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights are in wide use, also.
• Transdermal patches have become popular recently. Typically they comprise a resinous composition in which the drugs will dissolve, or partially dissolve, which is held in contact with the skin by a film which protects the composition. Many patents have appeared in the field recently. Other, more complicated patch compositions are also in use, particularly those having a membrane pierced with innumerable pores through which the drugs are pumped by osmotic action.
• the following table provides an illustrative list of formulations suitable for use with the compounds employed in the present invention. The following is provided only to illustrate the invention and should not be interpreted as limiting the present invention in any way.
• Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:
• a tablet is prepared using the ingredients below:
• Active Ingredient 250 Cellulose, microcrystalline 400
• An aerosol solution is prepared containing the following components:
• Propellant 22 70.00 (Chlorodifluoromethane)
• the active compound is mixed with ethanol and the mixture added to a portion of the Propellant 22, cooled to -30°C and transferred to a filling device. The required amount is then fed to a stainless steel container and diluted with the remainder of the propellant. The valve units are then fitted to the container.
• Tablets each containing 60 mg of active ingredient are made as follows:
• the active ingredient, starch, and cellulose are passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly.
• the solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders which are then passed through a No. 14 mesh U.S. sieve.
• the granules so produced are dried at 50°C and passed through a No. 18 mesh U.S. sieve.
• the sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate, and talc previously passed through a No. 60 esh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 150 mg.
• Formulation 5 apsules each containing 80 mg medicament are made as follows:
• Suppositories each containing 225 mg of active ingredient may be made as follows:
• the medicament is passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and syrup to form a smooth paste.
• the benzoic acid solution, flavor and color are diluted with some of the water and added, with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.
• An intravenous formulation may be prepared as follows:
• step A the 6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)- decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate of compound (1) (wherein Pg is a suitable nitrogen protecting group as defined hereinabove, with methoxycarbonyl being preferred) is treated under standard conditions with a compound of formula Lg-Hal, wherein Lg is a suitable leaving group and Hal represents a chloro, bromo or iodo atom, to provide the compound of structure (2).
• a solution of compound (1) dissolved in a suitable organic solvent such as dichloromethane and cooled to 0°C, is treated with an excess of a suitable organic base, such as triethylamine, followed by about 1 to 2 equivalents of a compound of formula Lg-Hal.
• a suitable organic solvent such as dichloromethane and cooled to 0°C
• a suitable organic base such as triethylamine
• Lg-Hal examples include m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, p- nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride, and the like.
• halo atom itself, such as chloro, bromo, or iodo may also be used as a suitable leaving group in place of LgO.
• the reaction mixture is warmed to room temperature and stirred for about 5 to 20 hours.
• the compound (2) is then isolated using standard procedures. For example, the reaction mixture is washed with water, the organic layer separated and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide crude compound (2). Column chromatography is then performed with on silica gel with a suitable eluent such as 10-50% ethyl acetate/hexane to provide the purified compound (2).
• Step B compound (2) is treated under standard conditions with a pyrrolidine of structure (3) to provide the compound of structure (4).
• compound (2) is mixed with about 1-1.5 equivalents of 4-hydroxy-L-proline ethyl ester (R 3 is ethyl) and 1-1.5 equivalents of potassium carbonate and heated at reflux in a suitable solvent such as acetonitrile for about 60-70 hours.
• a suitable solvent such as acetonitrile for about 60-70 hours.
• the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and solvents removed under vacuum.
• Compound (4) is then isolated using standard procedures such as extraction techniques. For example, the reaction mixture is partitioned between water and an organic solvent such as diethyl ether, and the aqueous layer extracted 2-6 times with diethyl ether.
• Step B a pyrrolidine of structure (3) may be combined with a suitable resin filter cake and the resulting mixture treated with the compound of structure (2) to provide the compound of structure (4).
• a suitable resin filter cake For example, Amberlite IRA 67 resin is treated with water, then stirred and filtered and the filter cake washed with a suitable solvent such as acetone until the water content of the wash is less than about 5% by weight.
• the filter cake is combined with 4-hydroxy-L-proline ethyl ester hydrochloride and acetone and the mixture stirred at RT for about 1-2 hrs. The mixture is then filtered and the filter cake washed again with acetone. This filtered solution of hydroxyproline ethyl ester may then be used directly. A slurry of Amberlite IRA 67 resin in water is stirred and the mixture filtered. The filter cake is washed with a suitable solvent such as acetone until the water content of the wash was less than about 5% by weight. This second filter cake may then be combined with the hydroxyproline ethyl ester solution from above and a solution of compound (2), and the mixture heated at reflux.
• reaction is cooled and filtered.
• the filter cake is washed with dichloromethane (about 300 mL) and the combined filtrates are concentrated in vacuo. The residue may then be concentrated from dichloromethane several times to provide compound (4) as an oil to be used directly in the next step.
• Step C compound (4) is oxidized under standard conditions to give the compound of structure (5).
• a solution of dichloromethane is treated with phosphorus pentoxide an the reaction allowed to cool to about -10 °C.
• Dimethyl sulfoxide is added with stirring and the reaction mixture is then treated with a solution of compound (4) dissolved in dichloromethane.
• the reaction is warmed to about 20-22 °C over a period of about 4-5 hours, stirred for about 8-20 hours, cooled to about 0 °C then treated with triethylamine at such a rate so as to maintain the reaction temperature below about 5°C.
• the reaction is allowed to warm to R.T., stirred for about one hour, and then added to a solution of 0.1M HC1 at such a rate so as to maintain the reaction temperature below about 10°C.
• the compound (5) is then isolated using standard procedures. For example, additional dichloromethane is added to partition the reaction mixture. The aqueous layer is then extracted 2-6 times with dichloromethane and the organics combined, ashed with 1M NaHCO 3 , dried over magnesium sulfate, then concentrated under vacuum to provide compound (5).
• the crude material may then be purified by chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent such as 10-50%ethyl acetate in toluene or methanol/dichoromethane.
• Step D compound (5) is flourinated to provide the compound of structure (6).
• a solution of compound (5) in ethanol is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent such as 1,2-dichloroethane, treated with Deoxofluor ([Bis-(2- methoxyethyl)amino]sulfur trifluoride) and stirred at R.T for about 20-25 hours.
• the reaction mixture is then treated with a concentrated solution of NaHCO 3 and stirred for about 15 minutes.
• the layers are separated and the aqueous layer extracted 2-6 times with toluene.
• the layers are separated and the organics combined, filtered, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and then concentrated under vacuum to provide the compound of structure (6).
• the crude material may then be purified by chromatography on silica gel with a sutiable eluent such as (50:50)toluene/heptane and or 10-50% ethyl acetate in toluene.
• a sutiable eluent such as (50:50)toluene/heptane and or 10-50% ethyl acetate in toluene.
• Step E the compound of structure (6) is deprotected under standard conditions well known in the art to provide the compound of Formula la.
• a suitable organic solvent such as dichloromethane under an atmosphere of nitrogen and treated with trimethylsilyl iodide.
• the reation mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 10-20 hours.
• the reaction is quenched by addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 .
• the aqueous layer is then extracted 2-6 times with dichloromethane.
• the organics are then combined, washed with a IN solution of sodium thiosulfate, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide the compound of Formula la.
• the material may then be purified by chromatography on silica gel with a suitable eluent such as methanol/dichoromethane, to provide the purified compound of Formula la.
• the compound of Formula la may be optionally hydrolyzed to the compound of Formula I under conditions well known in the art.
• the compound of Formula la is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent such as methanol, and treated with an excess of a suitable base.
• suitable bases include aqueous lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and the like with lithium hydroxide being preferred.
• the reaction is stirred for about 10-20 hours.
• the reaction mixture is then neutralized to pH 6 with IN HC1 and concentrated under vacuum to provide the crude compound of Formula I. This material may then be then purified by techniques well known in the art, such as chromatography with a suitable eluent .
• compound (6) optionally may be concomitantly deprotected and hydrolyzed to provide the compound of Formula I.
• a solution of compound (6) dissolved in 6.0N HC1 is heated at reflux for about 15-20 hours.
• the reaction mixture is then allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under vacuum to provide the compound of Formula I.
• the compound of Formula I may then purified by techniques well known in the art, such as cation exchange chromatography eluting with methanol/water followed by 2 N ammonia in methanol or ethanol to provide the purified compound of Formula I.
• the compound of Formula I can be esterified under standard conditions to provide the compound of Formula la.
• the compound of Formula I may be dissolved in a suitable organic solvent such as ethanol, and treated with an excess of a suitable acid.
• suitable acids include gaseous hydrochloric acid, aqueous sulfuric acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, and the like with gaseous hydrochloric acid being a preferred acid.
• the reaction mixture is heated to reflux for a suitable time.
• the reaction mixture may then be concentrated , for example, under vacuum to provide the crude compound, of Formula la.
• the Formula I and Formula la compounds of the present invention may be chemically synthesized from a common intermediate, 6-hydroxymethyl-2- methoxycarbonyl -decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate.
• This intermediate may be chemically synthesized from a 6-oxo-2-methoxycarbonyl - decahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid intermediate, the synthesis of which is described in United States Patents No. 4,902,695, No. 5,446,051, and No. 5,356,902 (the entire contents of which are all herein incorporated by reference.)
• Step A 6-oxo-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid is treated with methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide to provide the 6-methylidine- decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid of compound (i-a).
• a slurry of 1 equivalent of 6-oxo-2-methoxycarbonyl-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and about 1.4 equivalents of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide in THF and DMF is stirred mechanically under an atmosphere of nitrogen and cooled to -10 °C. Potassium tert-butoxide solution (2.4 equiv in THF) is added dropwise over a 10 minute period.
• the slurry is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred thus for 2.5 hours (complete by TLC at this time).
• the reaction is partitioned between water and EtOAc and the layers are separated.
• the organic phase is extracted 2 times with water and the aqueous portions are combined and washed 2-6 times with dichloromethane.
• the aqueous solution is made acidic by addition of 6 M HC1 solution and extracted 2-6 times with dichloromethane. These last three organic extracts are combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the compound of structure (i-a).
• Step B the intermediate 6-methylidine-decahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid (compound (i-a)) is esterified by reaction with a compound of formula R 2 - Br (where R 2 is as herein defined) to provide the 6-methylidine-decahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylate intermediate of compound (ii).
• a compound of formula R 2 - Br where R 2 is as herein defined
• 6-methylidine-2- methoxycarbonyl-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid is dissolved in acetonitrile and treated with triethylamine and bromoethane. The reaction is heated at 50°C for about 3 hours, cooled and partitioned between 50:50 ethyl acetate/heptane and IN HCL.
• the organic phase is isolated and washed 3 times with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide the compound of structure (ii).
• This crude material is dissolved in 10% ethyl acetate/heptane and applied to a plug of silica gel (10 g in 10% ethyl acetate/heptane). The plug is eluted with, 10% ethyl acetate/heptane, 15% ethyl acetate/heptane, and 25% ethyl acetate/heptane.
• the eluents are combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the purified compound of structure (ii).
• Step C the 6-methylidine-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate intermediate (compound (ii)) is subjected to hydroboration, followed by oxidation to provide the 6-hydroxymethyl-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate intermediate of compound (1).
• Ethyl-6-methylidine-2-methoxycarbonyl- decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate is dissolved in THF and cooled to about -15°C under an atmosphere of nitrogen with stirring.
• a 1M solution of BH 3 »THF is added dropwise over 5-7 minutes and the reaction mixture is stirred for about 2 hours at -10 to - 12°C.
• reaction is then slowly treated with a suitable base, such as lithium or sodium hydroxide, and then treated slowly with 30% H 2 O over 15 minutes.
• a suitable base such as lithium or sodium hydroxide
• the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and then partitioned between ethyl acetate and 50% saturated sodium chloride solution.
• the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organics are washed with sodium bisulfite solution, brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide the intermediate of compound (1).
• 6-hydroxymethyl-2-methoxycarbonyl-decahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylate intermediate may be made according to the synthetic route described in Scheme lib.
• Step A 6-oxo-decahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid is esterified by reaction with a compound of formula R -Br (where R is as herein defined) to provide the 6-oxo-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate intermediate of compound (i-b).
• R -Br where R is as herein defined
• 6-oxo-2-methoxycarbonyl-decahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid is dissolved in acetonitrile and treated with tiethylamine and bromoethane.
• the reaction is heated at 50°C for about 3 hours, cooled and partitioned between 50:50 ethyl acetate/heptane and IN HCL.
• the organic phase is isolated and washed 3 times with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide the compound of structure (i-b).
• This crude material is dissolved in 10% ethyl acetate/heptane and applied to a plug of silica gel (10 g in 10% ethyl acetate/heptane).
• the plug is eluted with, 10% ethyl acetate/heptane, 15% ethyl acetate/heptane, and 25% ethyl acetate/heptane.
• the eluents are combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the purified compound of structure (i-b).
• Step B the 6-oxo-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate intermediate of compound (i-b) is treated with methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide to provide the 6-methylidine-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate of compound (ii).
• the organic phase is extracted 2 times with water and the aqueous portions are combined and washed 2-6 times with dichloromethane.
• the aqueous solution is made acidic by addition of 6 M HC1 solution and extracted 2-6 times with dichloromethane. These last three organic extracts are combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the compound of structure (ii).
• a slurry of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (12.4 g, 34.6 mmol) in THF (25 mL) is cooled to -10 to -12°C under an atmosphere of nitrogen and treated with sodium hexamethyldisilazide (35 mL of a IM solution in THF) via syringe over 6 to 8 minutes with stirring.
• reaction mixture is then stirred for 20 minutes at -10 to -12°C and added via cannula over 3-4 minutes to [3S,4aR,6S,8aR]-6-oxo-2-(methoxycarbonyl)- l,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (10.0 g, 26.6 mmol), [which had previously been treated with sodium hexamethyldisilazide (27 mL of 1 M solution in THF) at 0-3 °C and stirred for 10 minutes] dissolved in DMF (20 mL) and cooled to 0-3°C under an atmosphere of nitrogen.
• aqueous solution is made acidic by addition of 6 M HC1 solution (50 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3 X 150 mL). These last three organic extracts are combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a yellow film (36.17 g).
• Estimated potency of the product by proton NMR is 89 wt% (remainder residual solvents) for a corrected yield of 32.2 g (95.6%).
• [3S,4aR,6S,8aR]-6-methylidine-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-l,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a- decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (6.59 g, 26.0 mmol, prepared in preparation 1) is dissolved in acetonitrile (26 mL) and treated with triethylamine (7.25 mL, 52 mmol) and bromoethane (5.82 mL, 78 mmol). The reaction is heated at 50°C for about 3 hours, cooled and partitioned between 50:50 ethyl acetate/heptane (100 ml) and IN HCL (75 mL).
• the organic phase is isolated and washed with water (3 X 30 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide the crude title compound as an amber oil.
• This crude material is dissolved in 10% ethyl acetate/heptane (15 mL) and applied to a plug of silica gel (10 g in 10% ethyl acetate/heptane). The plug is eluted with 10% ethyl acetate/heptane (10 mL), 15% ethyl acetate/heptane (15 mL), and 25% ethyl acetate/heptane (90 mL). The eluents are combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the purified titled compound (6.84 g, 91%) as a colorless oil.
• [3S,4aR,6S,8aR]-Ethyl-6-methylidine-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-l,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a- decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate (2.0 g, 7.11 mmol, prepared in preparation 2) is dissolved in THF (10 mL) and heptane (2 mL) and cooled to about -15°C under an atmosphere of nitrogen with stirring.
• a IM solution of BH 3 »THF in THF (3.91 mL, 3.91 mmol) is added dropwise over 5-7 minutes and the reaction is stirred for about 2-4 hours at -10 to -14°C.
• the reaction is treated with ethanol (1.25 mL) over 2 minutes then allowed to warm to 20°C.
• the reaction is then treated slowly with IM LiOH solution (3.91 mL), followed by slow addition of 30% H 2 O 2 (1.2 mL addition at such a rate that the reaction temperature remains below 30°C).
• the reaction mixture is allowed stir at room temperature for 30-45 minutes and then partitioned between ethyl acetate (12 mL) and 10% sodium bisulfite solution (14 mL).
• the organic layer is washed with 10% sodium bisulfite solution (16 mL), brine (8 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide the title compound (2.01 g) as a colorless oil.
• Amberlite IRA 67 resin (334.7 g) is treated with water (about 680 mL) and stirred. The mixture is filtered and the filter cake is washed with acetone until the water content of the wash is less than 5% by weight. This filter cake is combined with hydroxyproline ethyl ester HCl, 72.7 g, 0.372 mol) and acetone (700 mL) and the mixture stirred at RT for about 1-2 hrs. The mixture is filtered and the filter cake is washed with acetone (300 mL). This filtered solution of hydroxyproline ethyl ester is used directly.
• the reaction is allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 1 hour.
• the reaction is added to a 0.1M HCl solution (about 460 mL pre-cooled to about 0-5° C) at such a rate that the reaction temperature remains below 10° C.
• Additional dichloromethane about 460 mL is added and the mixture is stirred briefly and the layers separated.
• the aqueous portion is extracted with dichloromethane (about 460 mL) and the combined organic extracts are washed with IM NaHCO 3 (about 460 mL). The layers are separated and the organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
• the layers are separated and the toluene and 1,2-dicloroethane solutions combined and dried over Na 2 SO 4 .
• the drying agent is filtered and the filter cake is washed with toluene (about 30 mL).
• the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is dissolved in 50:50 toluene : heptane (about 17 mL) and the solution is then applied to a Silica Gel 60 column (43 g in 50:50 toluene : heptane).
• the residue is concentrated from MTBE (methyl t-butyl ether) several times then is dissolved in MTBE (about 70 mL) and toluene (about 30 mL) and is washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (about 100 mL), IN sodium thiosulfate (about 100 mL), and water (about 100 mL).
• the organic layer is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is concentrated from MTBE several times and then is dissolved in toluene (about 22 mL) and then is treated with a solution of D-(-)- mandelic acid (2.75 g, 0.181 mol) in MTBE (about 33 mL).
• This solid (8.61 g, 61% of the amount obtained) is concentrated from 2-propanol then is treated with 2-propanol (about 43 mL) and the mixture is heated at 50° C for 1 hour. The mixture is cooled to about 0° C and stirred for 30 min. Solid is collected by filtration, washed with cold 2-propanol (20 mL), and dried to a white powder (7.5 g), which is the dihydrochloride salt of the title compound. This powder (2.5 g, 33.3% of the amount obtained) is treated with IN NaOH solution (11.9 mL) and the solution is then concentrated in vacuo. The residue is concentrated from EtOH then is treated with 50:50 EtOH:EtOAc.
• the mixture is warmed to about 35°C, then is cooled to RT and stirred for 1 hour , then is filtered.
• the filter cake is washed with 50:50 EtOH:EtOAc (5 mL) and the combined filtrates are concentrated to a foam.
• the foam is concentrated from EtOAc then is treated with
• the binding affinity of the panel compounds to the iGluR5 receptor is first measured using standard methods.
• the activity of compounds acting at the iGluR.5 receptor antagonists can be determined by radiolabelled ligand binding studies at the cloned and expressed human iGluR5 receptor (Korczak et al., 1994, Recept. Channels 3; 41-49), and by whole cell voltage clamp electrophysiological recordings of currents in acutely isolated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (Bleakman et al, 1996, Mol. Pharmacol. 49; 581-585).
• the selectivity of compounds acting at the iGluR5 receptor subtype can then be determined by comparing antagonist activity at the iGluR5 receptor with antagonist activity at other AMPA and kainate receptors.
• Methods useful for such comparison studies include: receptor-ligand binding studies and whole-cell voltage clamp electrophysiological recordings of functional activity at human GluRj, GIUR2 . GIUR3 and GIUR4 receptors (Fletcher et al., 1995, Recept. Channels 3; 21-31); receptor-ligand binding studies and whole-cell voltage clamp electrophysiological recordings of functional activity at human GIUR receptors (Hoo et al., Recept.
• iGluR iGluR293 cells
• iGluR293 cells stably transfected with human iGluR receptors
• Displacement of 3[H] AMPA by increasing concentrations of antagonist is measured on iGluR] , iGluR2, iGluR3, and iGluR4 expressing cells
• displacement of 3 [H] kainate (KA) is measured on iGluR5, iGluRg, iGluR7, and KA2-expressing cells.
• Kj antagonist binding activity in ⁇ M, for example, is determined for Compounds of Formula I or Formula la.
• the ratio of binding affinity to the iGluR2 AMPA receptor subtype, versus the binding affinity to iGluR5 kainate receptor subtype is also determined.
• Compounds provided by the present invention display a greater binding affinity for iGluR5 (lower Kj) than that for iGluR2 , preferably at least 10 fold greater for iGluR.5 than that for iGluR2, and more preferably at least 100 fold.
• EXAMPLE 5 The following animal model may be employed to determine the ability of the compounds of Formula I or Formula la to inhibit protein extravasation, an exemplary functional assay of the neuronal mechanism of migraine.
• Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats (225-325 g) or guinea pigs from Charles River Laboratories (225-325 g) are anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital intraperitoneally (65 mg/kg or 45 mg/kg respectively) and are placed in a stereotaxic frame (David Kopf Instruments) with the incisor bar set at -3.5 mm for rats or -4.0 mm for guinea pigs.
• two pairs of bilateral holes are drilled through the skull (6 mm posterially, 2.0 and 4.0 mm laterally in rats; 4 mm posteriorly and 3.2 and 5.2 mm laterally in guinea pigs, all coordinates referenced to bregma).
• Pairs of stainless steel stimulating electrodes, insulated except at the tips are lowered through the holes in both hemispheres to a depth of 9 mm (rats) or 10.5 mm (guinea pigs) from dura.
• test compound is injected intravenously (i.v.) at a dosing volume of lml/Kg or, in the alternative, test compound is administered orally (p.o) via gavage at a volume of 2.0ml/Kg .
• a 50 mg/Kg dose of Evans Blue a fluorescent dye, is also injected intravenously.
• the Evans Blue complexes with proteins in the blood and functions as a marker for protein extravasation.
• the left trigeminal ganglion is stimulated for 3 minutes at a current intensity of 1.0 mA (5 Hz, 4 msec duration) with a Model 273 potentiostat/ galvanostat (EG&G Princeton Applied Research).
• the animals are euthanized by exsanguination with 20 mL of saline.
• the top of the skull is removed to facilitate the collection of the dural membranes.
• the membrane samples are removed from both hemispheres, rinsed with water, and spread flat on microscopic slides. Once dried, the tissues are coverslipped with a 70% glycerol/water solution.
• a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss) equipped with a grating monchromator and a spectrophotometer is used to quantify the amount of Evans Blue dye in each sample.
• An excitation wavelength of approximately 535 nm is utilized and the emission intensity at 600 nm is determined.
• the microscope is equipped with a motorized stage and also interfaced with a personal computer. This facilitates the computer-controlled movement of the stage with fluorescence measurements at 25 points (500 mm steps) on each dural sample. The mean and standard deviation of the measurements are determined by the computer.
• the extravasation induced by the electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion has an ipsilateral effect (i.e. occurs only on the side of the dura in which the trigeminal ganglion is stimulated). This allows the other (unstimulated) half of the dura to be used as a control.
• the ratio (“extravasation ratio") of the amount of extravasation in the dura from the stimulated side, over the amount of extravasation in the unstimulated side, is calculated.
• Control animals dosed with only with saline yield an extravasation ratio of approximately 2.0 in rats and apprximately 1.8 in guinea pigs.
• a compound which completely prevents the extravasation in the dura from the stimulated side yields an extravasation ratio of approximately 1.0.
• Dose-response curves may be generated for each of the compounds of Formula I and Formula la and the dose that inhibits the extravasation by 50% (ID50) or 100% (ID100) can then be approximated.
• the compound 3S, 4aR, 6S, 8aR Ethyl 6-(((2S)- 2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)-4,4-difluoropyrrolidinyl)methyl)-l, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a- decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate • dihydrochloride provides an ID ⁇ oO °f approximately 0.01 ng/Kg when administerd orally to rats.

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