Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
  • H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
  • H01J49/02—Details
  • H01J49/04—Arrangements for introducing or extracting samples to be analysed, e.g. vacuum locks; Arrangements for external adjustment of electron- or ion-optical components
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
  • H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
  • H01J49/02—Details
  • H01J49/10—Ion sources; Ion guns
  • H01J49/14—Ion sources; Ion guns using particle bombardment, e.g. ionisation chambers
  • H01J49/145—Ion sources; Ion guns using particle bombardment, e.g. ionisation chambers using chemical ionisation

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for assessing the state of organisms and natural products which release substances into the atmosphere surrounding them, in which one or more of these substances are determined in a gaseous mixture, a method for analyzing a gaseous mixture with major and minor components , and an apparatus for performing these methods, which comprises a mass spectrometer with a gas introduction system.
• Invasive methods are mainly used to assess the condition of organisms and natural products, i.e. samples are taken from the subject to be examined, which are then analyzed in laboratories.
• samples are taken from the subject to be examined, which are then analyzed in laboratories.
• assignments to clinical pictures and metabolic disorders are mainly carried out by blood, urine or stool examinations.
• these methods have the disadvantage that they act directly on the subject to be examined by sampling.
• they sometimes require complex sampling, such as taking blood from humans, by medical professionals.
• the analysis of the sample itself can only be carried out by trained personnel and the analyzes usually require a lot of time.
• the object of the present invention is to provide a method for the analysis of gaseous mixtures which allows the rapid determination of main and secondary components of the gaseous mixture.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a device for the analysis of gaseous mixtures, which is suitable for carrying out the above-mentioned methods and allows a quick analysis of samples of gaseous mixtures, the components of which are present in a wide concentration range.
• the invention is based on the knowledge that the above-mentioned objects can be achieved with the aid of a mass spectrometer in which an ion beam acts in a high vacuum on the sample of the gaseous mixture to be analyzed in such a way that the sample molecules ionize with the help of the internal energy of the ions of the ion beam become.
• the present invention therefore provides a first method for assessing the state of organisms and natural products which release substances into the atmosphere surrounding them, in which one or more of these substances are determined as components of a gaseous mixture, the determination using a mass spectrometer in which an ion beam acts on the sample of the gaseous mixture in a high vacuum in such a way that the sample molecules are ionized with the aid of the internal energy of the ions of the ion beam, and the values obtained in the determination are evaluated to determine the state.
• natural products include natural products such as fruit, vegetables, meat, cow's milk, etc., products obtained by natural production processes such as e.g. Wine, beer, cheese, cooking oil etc., as well as products obtained from refining natural products such as Coffee beans, smoked ham etc. understood.
• gaseous mixtures are understood to mean mixtures of substances which, in addition to main components which are gaseous at room temperature, contain further components which are in the gas phase formed by the main components.
• Mass spectrometer in which an ion beam acts on a gaseous mixture in a high vacuum in such a way that the sample molecules are internal energy of the ions of the ion beam are known, for example, from EP 0 290 711, EP 0 290 712 and DE 196 28 093. Reference is hereby made to the disclosure content of these publications.
• the method according to the invention has the advantage that no samples have to be taken artificially from the organism or natural product to be examined, thereby avoiding any damage to the organism or natural product. So it is a non-invasive procedure.
• Another advantage of the method is that the method for analyzing a sample takes only a short time in the range of a few minutes.
• the method offers the advantage that when determining several components of the gaseous mixture to be analyzed, essentially no superimpositions (interferences) are obtained when determining the components, which prevent analysis of individual specific components.
• the method is used to assess the condition of humans and animals.
• the advantage here is that no samples, such as blood samples, for example, have to be taken from the object to be examined, since such samples must be taken by trained personnel, in the case of humans, for example, by doctors.
• sampling of humans and animals is perceived as unpleasant.
• the method according to the invention as a non-invasive method has the advantage that, on the one hand, the sampling is not perceived as unpleasant and, on the other hand, it can also be carried out by untrained personnel or by the test subject himself.
• the exhaled air of humans is used as the gaseous mixture in the process according to the invention.
• This offers the advantage that, on the one hand, sampling is very easy can take place and that on the other hand the substances obtained in the exhaled air allow the assessment of the condition of the test person with regard to a variety of clinical pictures and metabolic processes.
• the gaseous mixture to be analyzed further preferably comprises main components and secondary components, the concentration of the main components falling below that of the secondary components by at least a factor of 10, preferably 50, more preferably 100.
• the gaseous mixture to be analyzed comprises main and secondary components, in each case at least one of the main components in the concentration range of> 0.1% by volume, preferably> 1% by volume, and at least one secondary component in the concentration range of ⁇ 0 , 1% by volume, preferably ⁇ 0.03% by volume.
• a correlation between at least one main component and at least one secondary component is established for evaluating the data obtained by the mass spectrometer. This can be done, for example, by calibrating the determination of one or more secondary components to determine one or more main components.
• the sample of the gaseous mixture is fed to the mass spectrometer without pretreatment.
• This offers the advantages that, on the one hand, the time requirement for the measurement of a sample is minimized and, on the other hand, no further costs arise from pretreatment steps, such as the concentration of the sample.
• two or more substances of the gaseous mixture with different molecular structure are further preferably determined with one measurement.
• the concentration of one or more of the substances contained in the gaseous mixture is determined quantitatively in the process according to the invention.
• the method according to the invention comprises the determination by means of a mass spectrometer, in which an ion beam acts on the sample of the gaseous mixture in a high vacuum in such a way that the sample molecules are ionized with the aid of the internal energy of the ions of the ion beam, the quantities of the determined substances are linear proportional to the detected signal, therefore the quantitative detection can be done easily.
• the quantitative determination also has the advantage that further statements can be made about the condition of the organism or natural product. In particular, in the case of multiple measurements, changes in the concentrations of substances and thus changes in the state of the organism or natural product can be determined in chronological order.
• the concentration of at least one of the main components and at least one, preferably a multiplicity, of the secondary components is more preferably determined quantitatively.
• the concentration of the specific secondary component (s) is preferably calibrated using the concentration of one or more of the specific main components when evaluating the mass spectrometer data.
• only substances are determined with the method according to the invention which have a vapor pressure of at least 10 "3 at room temperature have mbar. All components of the gaseous mixture are more preferably determined with a vapor pressure> 10 -3 mbar.
• the main components of the gaseous mixture to be analyzed are essentially the same as those of the atmospheric air. More preferably, the concentrations of the main components of the gaseous mixture to be analyzed are essentially the same as those of the atmospheric air or that of the human exhaled air.
• all components of the gaseous mixture to be analyzed which have a molecular mass of up to 500, preferably a molecular mass of up to 200, in the detection in the mass spectrometer are quantitatively detected.
• the ion beam which acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum comprises an atomic ion beam.
• the ion beam further preferably comprises ions which are in the electronic ground state and / or in a selectively excited metastable state.
• the ion beam which acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum, comprises at least two ion beams with different ionization potential.
• the ion beam which acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum comprises an Hg ion beam.
• the ion beam which acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum comprises an Hg ion beam and additionally a Kr ion beam and / or a Xe ion beam.
• the different ion beams further preferably act on the sample molecules in succession in a high vacuum.
• Substances with an ionization potential ⁇ 17 eV are preferably determined with the present method.
• the present invention furthermore provides a second method for analyzing a gaseous mixture each having one or more main and secondary components, at least one main component in each case in the concentration range> 0.1% by volume, preferably> 1% by volume, and at least a secondary component in the concentration range ⁇ 0.1 vol%, preferably ⁇ 0.03 vol%, can be determined by means of a mass spectrometer in which an ion beam acts on the sample of the gaseous mixture in a high vacuum in such a way that the sample molecules use the internal energy of the ions of the ion beam are ionized.
• This method has the advantage that it allows a quick and simultaneous determination of the main and secondary components of a gas mixture and therefore enables comprehensive statements to be made about the gas mixture.
• a correlation between at least one main component and at least one secondary component is established for the evaluation of the data obtained by the mass spectrometer.
• This offers the advantage, for example, that the data can be evaluated by normalizing the data of the secondary components to that of the main components. Furthermore, for example, by the proportion of main components inferred from faulty samples and these are separated out.
• the present invention further provides a device for analyzing gaseous mixtures, comprising a mass spectrometer with a gas introduction system, in which a molecular beam is generated in an intermediate vacuum from the sample of the gaseous mixture to be analyzed, from which a pressure gradient in a capillary is then used a second molecular beam is generated in a high vacuum and the sample molecules of the second molecular beam are ionized, the pressure of the intermediate vacuum being kept constant.
• the device according to the invention has the advantage that the second molecular beam entering the analyzer of the mass spectrometer, which is in a high vacuum, has a constant particle density. In this way, the viscosity of the second sample molecular beam is kept constant. Furthermore, a high density of the second sample molecular beam is achieved with the device, single impact conditions prevailing simultaneously when the ion beam acts on the sample molecular beam. Thus, on the one hand, the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer can be increased to the ppb range and, at the same time, components of gaseous mixtures in the volume percent range can also be determined.
• the gas introduction system of the device according to the invention is inert to the components contained in the sample of the gaseous mixture, so that there is no need to flush the system before measuring a new sample.
• the sample molecules of the second molecular beam are preferably ionized with the aid of the internal energy of the ions of an ion beam.
• the ion beam which acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum, comprises at least two ion beams with different ionization potential.
• the ion beam which acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum, comprises an atomic ion beam.
• the ion beam further preferably comprises ions which are in the electronic ground state and / or in a selectively excited metastable state.
• the ion beam which acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum, comprises an Hg ion beam.
• the ion beam which acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum, comprises an Hg ion beam and additionally a Kr ion beam and / or a Xe ion beam.
• the different ion beams further preferably act on the sample molecules in succession in a high vacuum.
• the ionized molecular beam is stored using an octopole guide field.
• the pressure of the intermediate vacuum is more preferably 0.2 to 200 mbar, preferably 1 to 100 mbar and more preferably 5 to 50 mbar.
• the pressure of the high vacuum is preferably at most 10 "7 mbar.
• the molecular beam in the intermediate vacuum is preferably generated by means of a pressure gradient between the gaseous mixture fed to the mass spectrometer, the pressure of which is preferably> 500 mbar, and the intermediate vacuum. generated.
• the methods according to the invention preferably include the use of the device according to the invention.
• an increased content of methane in the air we breathe can be caused by colonization of the small intestine with large intestinal bacteria, which then produce methane in the small intestine, which reaches the lungs and thus the exhaled air through the bloodstream.
• elevated methane levels can also occur with certain types of malnutrition.
• the content of acetone in the exhaled air of diabetics is increased.
• Cancer cells in the body can increase the amount of aldehyde in the exhaled air.
• the propanol content is increased by a factor of 10 compared to the ethanol content in the exhaled air.
• the pentane level in the exhaled air is a measure of changes in lipid activity in the body and related diseases. For example, rheumatic inflammation, lung injuries caused by inhalation of high oxygen concentrations, heart attack patients and patients with cancer of the respiratory system are found to have an elevated pentane level.
• the pentane content in the exhaled air can also be increased in schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis.
• a linear relationship between the age of subjects and the pentane content in their exhaled air has been established.
• Bacterial pollution that causes inflammation causes an increased NO content in the exhaled air.
• the content of certain volatile organic compounds is increased in lung cancer patients.
• the content of 2,5-dimethylfuran in the exhaled air is increased.
• ketones in the exhaled air is detected when the fatty acid supply in the body is high due to increased lipolysis. This can be attributed to various causes such as hunger or insulin (diabetes mellitus).
• Ketonuria is also found to have an increased concentration of ketone bodies (acetoacetate, R3 hydroxybutyrate and acetone). This is due to the low level of glycogen in the liver due to the failure of the carbohydrate metabolism.
• ketoacidosis as is the case, for example, with coma diabetes, hunger or alcoholism, an increased content of propionic acid and butyric acid in the exhaled air can be determined.
• an increased content of, for example, phenols in the exhaled air can be determined.
• the metabolic products of bacteria in the human body such as CO 2 and H 2 (Escherichia coli) or H 2 S (Protus) can also be found in the exhaled air. Volatile fatty acids can be detected particularly in the case of infection by clostridia (gas fire bacteria).
• clostridia gas fire bacteria
• an increased content of H 2 in the exhaled air can be determined after their intake by test subjects.
• the method according to the invention can be used, for example, to control pilots, train or bus drivers even before the respective means of transportation are used.
• the composition of the exhaled air has also changed compared to non-doped athletes. This means that even athletes can be checked for doping before the competition.
• the method according to the invention can thus be used for the diagnosis of clinical pictures and metabolic disorders in the human body of all kinds.
• the method according to the invention can be used to monitor the metabolism of organisms when taking pharmaceuticals, to monitor therapeutic measures such as the continuous monitoring of healing processes, and also to monitor provo cation tests, in which a substance is administered in a certain (high) dose and the body's reaction to this substance is monitored.
• the method according to the invention is not limited to the analysis of the exhaled air of humans, but samples of human gaseous mixtures of other nature such as for example the evaporation and sweat as well as the gas phases of urine, blood, faeces and other body fluids can also be carried out.
• the sampling can take place, for example, in such a way that the test person absorbs it by means of a cotton ball and the gas phase over the cotton ball is analyzed.
• the method according to the invention can be used for quality control of all kinds of natural products, where, for example, when certain gaseous substances appear in the gas phase above the natural product, decomposition of the product can be concluded. For example, when analyzing the gas phase over fresh meat, first lactic acid is found, then with increasing age NH 3 and finally S-compounds.
• Another conceivable application of the method according to the invention is the detection of animals suffering from BSE, for example via the changed composition of their exhaled air.
• At least two, more preferably at least 3 and particularly preferably at least 5 of the key components are determined in the method according to the invention.
• a maximum of 20, particularly preferably a maximum of 10 of the key components are further preferably determined.
• Figure 1 shows the device according to the invention in a schematic drawing.
• FIG. 2 shows a graphical representation of the results of the measurements of the example.
• Sampling and sample feeding to the mass spectrometer can be carried out on the one hand in such a way that a direct connection between the gas space in which the gas mixture to be analyzed is located and the mass spectrometer is established.
• this can be done using a breathing mask, as described for example in WO 99/20177.
• the breathing air exhaled by a test subject is fed directly to the mass spectrometer through this breathing mask.
• online real-time data of the test person's breathing air components can be obtained, since the response time of the mass spectrometer to changes in the gaseous mixture supplied is in the range of milliseconds. For example, rapidly progressing metabolic changes in the subject, such as the rapid degradation of an easily degradable pharmaceutical, can be observed directly.
• This method can be used, for example, in emergency medicine, for example for the detection of rapidly deteriorating health conditions.
• Another application of the online method can be the real-time monitoring of metabolic processes, for example after a provocative test.
• Sampling can also take place in such a way that the subject and the mass spectrometer are separated from one another in time and / or space, so that the exhaled air sample must first be stored in a suitable container. Vials made of glass with a preferred volume of 20 ml are preferably used for this.
• vials have the advantages that, on the one hand, they are very inexpensive, which makes them suitable for single use. Furthermore, they have excellent inertness compared to other gas storage systems and they are very easy to handle with the help of an autosampler.
• Sampling is carried out in such a way that the test person breathes into the vial evenly (preferably through the nose) and through a common drinking straw about 1 to 2 cm above the bottom of the vessel.
• the vial is then sealed airtight. This is preferably done with a crimp cap, according to the Sampling is firmly crimped with the glass vial. It was found that a time of a few seconds in which the vial is still unsealed after the subject exhaled did not have any negative effects, such as a change in the composition, on the gaseous mixture exhaled by the subject.
• the crimp cap is preferably designed such that it is completely covered with Teflon in the area where there is direct contact of the cap with the interior of the vessel, that is to say with the exhaled gaseous mixture.
• the opening of the glass vial is advantageously designed such that its upper edge has a conically sloping shape.
• the crimp cap can thus be designed such that it comprises an outer ring of butyl rubber which rests elastically on the conical outer wall of the vial and thus acts as a seal. This preferred embodiment of the glass vial seal ensures a high degree of inertness towards the gaseous mixture exhaled by the test person.
• a second vial which has not come into contact with the subject's breathing air, is added to the glass vial filled with the subject's exhaled breath. closed in the environment of the subject (comparison vial).
• the test person's exhaled air can be stored in the sealed glass vials for several days without loss of quality. This can be used, for example, to transport the samples from the treating doctor to the evaluation laboratory.
• This type of sampling is also known as the offline method. Sampling has the advantage that, due to its simplicity, it can also be carried out by untrained personnel.
• sampling can also take place offline or online. For example, during offline sampling, a glass vial that has been in contact with the gas phase directly above the product to be examined can be closed.
• the samples are first mounted on an autosampler, for example.
• This can be, for example, a modified CNC system of the "step-4 milling basic 540" type, which has been modified so that it contains 70 samples, each consisting of 70 . Sampling sample and comparison vials fully automatically.
• the sample Before being fed to the mass spectrometer, the sample is preferably heated to a temperature higher than room temperature, more preferably 65 ° C. This has the advantage that, on the one hand, the reproducibility in the analysis of the samples increases, and, on the other hand, the water-soluble, that is, the polar compounds dissolved in the moisture of the exhaled air can enter the gas phase much better.
• the gas passes through a hot capillary, which has a higher temperature than the autosampler, to the gas introduction system, which in turn has a higher temperature than the capillary.
• the maximum amount of gas passing through the capillary is about 5 ml / min.
• the gas introduction system of the mass spectrometer is designed to compensate for pressure and viscosity fluctuations, so that the same particle density is always injected into the analyzer of the mass spectrometer.
• Mass spectrometers are used to analyze the gaseous sample mixtures, in which an ion beam acts on the sample molecules in a high vacuum. This type of mass spectrometer is used to obtain quantitative concentration values for the individual masses detected no calibration necessary. The concentrations are therefore given directly in absolute terms.
• the mass spectrometer according to the invention also allows a linear detection of the concentrations of the masses in the concentration range from 10 "7 vol% (ppb) up to 10 2 vol%, ie in a range of 10 9. This means that the quantities of the determined directly from the measurement Masses are preserved.
• the components of the gaseous mixture are detected in the mass spectrometer according to their molecular mass.
• the sample gas is introduced into a high vacuum chamber and converted into ions, which are then selected according to their mass by electromagnetic fields and counted in a particle counter.
• the action of an ion beam on the molecular beam of the sample of the gaseous mixture in a high vacuum preferably comprises an Hg ion beam.
• the Hg ion beam has an ionization energy of 10.4 eV, which is sufficient for the ionization of over 90% of the compounds to be determined.
• the main components of the exhaled air such as N 2 and O 2 are not ionized, but selectively only the secondary components contained in the exhaled air, which are therefore only detected. This enables a quantitative determination of components that are only present in traces of up to 10 "7 % by volume. Furthermore, very few compounds are fragmented by the mercury ion beam.
• the mass spectrometer use different ionization levels, i.e. at least two primary ion beams, to distinguish between molecules of identical mass to be able to distinguish. This distinction is based on the principle that each molecule has an individual ionization energy in which the molecule is transformed into an ion.
• An Hg ion beam is further preferably used together with a krypton ion beam and / or a xenon ion beam.
• the sequence of the different ion beams during the measurement can be in any order.
• the molecules N 2 and CO which have identical mass, can differentiate between 14.2 eV (N 2 ) and 13.7 eV (CO) due to their different ionization potentials become.
• Another separation effect can be achieved by the formation of defined fragment ions.
• a distinction is made between the mass-identical molecules methanol and O 2 by ionization with a xenon ion beam (12.2 eV), which forms an O 2 + ion with mass 32 and a CH 3 O + ion with mass 31.
• a xenon ion beam (12.2 eV)
• higher hydrocarbons require ionization energies in the range of 10 eV as generated by a mercury ion beam with an energy of 10.4 eV.
• the measurement of the samples of the gaseous mixtures takes place in such a way that the concentrations of all masses up to a molecular weight after the ionization of 500, preferably 200, are determined quantitatively.
• the compounds carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, ethanol, isoprene, methane, acetone, ammonia, formic acid, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, acetylene, acetonitrile, benzene, methylamine, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, nitrous acid, methanol, oxygen, Propanol, toluene, methyl, ethyl group, nitrogen monoxide, protonated water as water adduct, acetyl group, formyl group, formaldehyde hyd * protonated water, pyridine, pentane, cyclopentane, methyl ethyl ketone, propionic acid, butyric acid, methyl mercaptan, ethylene, nitrous oxide, propane and sulfur dioxide.
• the method according to the invention also offers the advantage that chemical compounds of all kinds, i.e. for example, acids and bases, polar and non-polar substances, can be measured simultaneously with one measurement.
• the CO 2 content of the sample is first determined. With a sampling temperature of the sample gas mixture from the vial of 65 ° C., a CO 2 content of approximately 2 to 3.5% by volume is normally obtained. It was found that this CO 2 value only fluctuates in the range of about 10% in normal exhalation samples. Therefore, if the measured CO content is significantly outside this normal range, it can be assumed that either the sample vial was improperly closed or handled improperly or that the test person used the wrong breathing technique so that the exhaled air from the lungs was not recorded. Using this and similar criteria, falsified samples can be discarded.
• the measuring process is repeated at least five times for a sample or comparison vial (5 cycles) and the mean values from these cycles are formed.
• a cycle takes around one minute to measure 200 masses.
• the sample vial is determined first and then the comparison vial.
• the mean values are formed from the results of the measurement cycles.
• the sample can either be discarded or the amount of the component present as contamination in the exhaled air sample can be obtained from the difference (probevial minus comparison vial). This approach makes it possible to eliminate any contamination in the vials, since the difference between the same contaminations results in zero and results that consist of breathing air and contamination correspond to the actually exhaled value.
• the data are evaluated in such a way that the measured quantitative values for the components, which are determined either by their mass or by their chemical nature, are compared with the normal values of the respective component. In this way, deviations in the content of components in the respiratory air of the respective test person from the normal state can be determined. Values outside the normal range the respective component can then allow conclusions to be drawn about the subject's state of health.
• the normal values can be obtained, for example, by series measurements on a large number of test persons for determining the normal state of the human breathing air.
• the normal values can also be found in the literature, insofar as they are known.
• the normal values generally cover a certain range.
• the quantitative values measured for the components are preferably standardized to the value of one of the main components of the gaseous mixture, preferably CO 2 .
• the standardization establishes a relationship between the content of the individual components and the actually exhaled amount of breathable air per subject. This has the advantage that values between different test subjects and also values obtained by time-shifted measurements of a subject's breathing air can be compared with one another.
• the value determined after normalization is further preferably divided by the maximum value known for human subjects. This results in values for the individual components between 0 and 1. This further simplifies the evaluation and makes it clearer for the evaluating specialist personnel (doctors).
• Correlations are more preferably established between the measured values of individual components in order to record certain clinical pictures.
• the ethanol / propanal ratio can be determined in order to allow statements about a possible hepatitis infection.
• a particular advantage of the method when determining all components in a certain mass range is that it gives an overall view of a wide variety of diseases and metabolic processes becomes. For example, it is known that in schizophrenia patients both the pentane content and the content of H 2 S and CS 2 in the exhaled air are increased, so that when these components are determined simultaneously, other clinical pictures can be excluded in which only the content of one of these components increases is.
• the observable metabolic processes can be both build-up processes (anabolisms) and breakdown processes (catabolisms).
• the inventive method also has the advantage that it can also be carried out by untrained personnel, which leads to cost savings.
• the evaluation of the measurements is advantageously carried out with IT support.
• One embodiment of the device according to the invention comprises a gas inlet system with a flexible gas transfer capillary (3), which preferably consists of fused silica, has an inner diameter of 250 micrometers and is placed in a quarter inch Teflon tube. There is also a heating wire in the Teflon tube.
• the capillary (3) is connected to the cannula (2) for taking samples from a sample vial (1).
• the various components up to the pinhole (5) each have a higher temperature in the direction of the gas flow.
• the sample vial (1) is preferably heated to 65 ° C., the cannula (2) to 85 ° C. and the gas transfer capillary (3) to 100 ° C.
• the small diameter of the capillary also enables the smallest amounts of gas to be removed from the sample vial.
• a gradient vacuum is created in this way, which, depending on the vapor pressure of the individual components, produces a selective concentration. increase and thus better detection limits.
• the gas inlet system has the advantage that it is inert to the gaseous mixtures to be analyzed and thus has no memory effects. It is therefore not necessary to rinse the system to analyze a new sample.
• the gas flow through the capillary (3) is preferably limited to a maximum of 5 ml / min.
• a pressure of approximately 700 mbar prevails in the area in front of the pinhole if there was atmospheric pressure in the sample vial before sampling.
• the cannula (2) is controlled by a robot to the desired sample vial.
• gas switching valves (4) in the area in front of the pinhole (5), through which zero gas and calibration gases can be added, preferably up to a maximum pressure of 1.5 bar. However, the total gas flow must be greater than the back diffusion.
• the pump (9) which is preferably a two-stage, oil-free vacuum pump with an intrinsic pressure of 0.2 to 200 mbar Pressure of about 20 mbar generated.
• the gaseous mixture to be analyzed is guided in the direction of the negative pressure through the gas transfer capillary (3) to the pinhole (5), with the intermediate vacuum chamber ( 24) a first molecular beam (6) is generated behind the pinhole (5).
• this jet (6) has laminar flow.
• the pressure of approximately 20 mbar is kept exactly at a constant value by a proportional control valve (8) which can allow secondary air or inert gases to flow into this space.
• the proportional control valve (8) is preferably controlled via a capacitive absolute pressure sensor (7) which measures the pressure within the intermediate vacuum chamber (24) precisely and independently of the composition of the gas. This ensures that pressure fluctuations of the sample molecular beam (6), such as occur during repeated measurements from the same sample vial, can be compensated for and that no changes in the viscosity of the sample molecular flow in the capillary (10) occur. A sample molecule flow of constant particle density thus enters the further capillary (10).
• the capillary (10) in the region of the molecular beam (6), which has a preferred inner diameter of 250 micrometers and is heated to a temperature above 100 ° C., preferably 220 ° C.
• the heating of the capillary (10) has the effect that the desorption times are kept as short as possible.
• the other end of the capillary (10) is located in the high vacuum chamber (22), in which a high vacuum, preferably of at least 10 " mbar, is generated by, for example, a turbomolecular pump (23).
• the capillary end is located just in front of an open slot in the octopole - Guide field (16) in the charge exchange chamber (17)
• the sample molecular beam (6) passes through the capillary (10) through the capillary (10) into the charge exchange area (17) of the high vacuum chamber (22), whereby he forms a second molecular beam (11) at the end of the capillary (10).
• the primary ion beam (12) for ionizing the molecular beam (11) is formed in such a way that gas is removed in a pressure-reduced manner from one of the gas reservoirs (13) of mercury, krypton and xenon and leads to the electron impact source (14), which comprises hot tungsten, anode and a pull-out screen becomes.
• the resulting primary ion beam (12) is guided through a first octopole guide field (15). Only high molecular weights (primary ions) are carried out and the masses of impurities in the gas reservoirs (13) are suppressed in order to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio for the substances to be measured.
• the primary ion beam (12) is then carried on in a second octopole guide field (16) which has the same transmission for all types of molecules.
• a second octopole guide field (16) which has the same transmission for all types of molecules.
• the charge exchange zone (17) in which the primary ion beam (12) strikes the sample molecular beam (11).
• Probenmole- is in single-shot process at a pressure of the means 10 "4 mbar generated kül ion beam (18), wherein the Probenmolekule then be separated in the quadrupole analyzer (19) according to their mass / charge ratio.
• the Sample molecule ions are then converted into electronically processable electron pulses in the ion detector 20.
• the electron pulses are then decoupled for the counting electronics (21).
• test persons carried out exhaled breath analyzes in a clinical test.
• samples of the respiratory air of the respective test person were taken in such a way that the test person breathed in and out evenly a few breaths through the nose, then held the air for two to three seconds and then the air evenly through a straw, the end of which was one to two centimeters exhaled above the bottom of a glass vial with a volume of 20 cm 3 .
• the sample vial was then closed with a crimp cap using crimping pliers. This closing took place no later than about five seconds after the subject had exhaled into the vial.
• a second vial (reference vial) was closed in the area surrounding the subject without the atmosphere in the reference vial having come into contact with the subject's exhaled air.
• Sample and comparison vials were each placed in an autosampler and pre-thermostatted at 65 ° C for at least 10 min.
• the sample vial and then the comparison vial of the test subjects were determined using the embodiment of the device according to the invention described above. Each vial was measured in at least six cycles, ie the content of each vial was determined at least six times. The mean value was then formed from the at least six values obtained for the respective mass. To eliminate contamination in the ambient air, the mean value obtained for the respective comparison vial was then subtracted from the mean value obtained for the sample vial for the respective mass. The mean values were then normalized to the value of CO 2 by dividing the mean values by the value obtained for CO.
• Lines 1 to 9 show the values for subjects 1 to 9. The respective values for the masses are shown in the columns. Where an assignment to chemical compounds could be made, this compound is given instead of the mass.

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• Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
• Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
• Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
• Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
• Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
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