EP1340857B1 - Ouvrage de soutènement - Google Patents

Ouvrage de soutènement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1340857B1
EP1340857B1 EP03425121A EP03425121A EP1340857B1 EP 1340857 B1 EP1340857 B1 EP 1340857B1 EP 03425121 A EP03425121 A EP 03425121A EP 03425121 A EP03425121 A EP 03425121A EP 1340857 B1 EP1340857 B1 EP 1340857B1
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Prior art keywords
earth
panels
reinforcement
row
connection elements
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EP03425121A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1340857A1 (fr
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Fabrizio Averardi Ripari
Marcello Petrangeli
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
    • E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a reinforced earth retaining wall. More specifically, the invention concerns a containment work in earth that is mechanically stabilised by including reinforcement elements inside the wall itself, that extend perpendicularly to its vertical external surface.
  • the earthwork is also equipped with a retaining wall made up of panels, to which the said reinforcement elements are secured.
  • the realisation of a reinforced earth structure of the aforesaid type is carried out in subsequent layers after levelling the ground on the worksite and laying a perfectly horizontal foundation kerb that acts substantially as a guide for the later emplacement of the panels.
  • the panels are placed vertically in subsequent rows starting from the first row on the foundation, while creating an embankment behind the panels with consecutive layers of earth, preferably of a suitable composition and granulometry, by compacting the earth with the suitable mechanical equipment.
  • a row of metal bands is placed on top of the compacted earth.
  • the bands are laid horizontally and perpendicularly to the retaining wall and are then fixed to the respective anchorages jutting out of the panel.
  • the next earth layer is then laid as well as the next row of vertical panels.
  • the longitudinal elements extending from the compacted earth interact with the earth particles through friction and thus mechanically stabilise the earthwork.
  • the longitudinal elements also act as anchorage ties.
  • reinforcements made of strips of polymer material of suitable characteristics were later proposed for reinforced earth structures of the foregoing type. These strips are composed of a tensile stress-resistant core of high strength polyester fibres covered with a protective polyethylene sheath.
  • the external protective layer is necessary because of the poor resistance of polyester to degradation, while polyethylene can guarantee suitable mechanical and physico-chemical protection.
  • each reinforcement strip be continuous in a vertical plane, remaining unbroken alternatively on the back of the cladding panel and on the rear part of the earthwork, as the earth fill goes up one layer.
  • the pretensioning of the reinforcements is carried out at each earth layer.
  • the aforesaid earth reinforcement structures have the clear advantage of reducing the overall size of the whole retaining work to a minimum, since they allow the realisation of a vertical retaining wall. Since the dimensions at the base are smaller with respect to a traditional sloping retaining wall, for example, the structure costs for are lower as far as the required land is concerned. Moreover, the version using polymer bands enables a drastic reduction of corrosion to the reinforcing elements, although a complete elimination of this problem calls for specific solutions also in the systems for securing the reinforcement elements to the cladding panels.
  • prefabricated reinforced concrete cladding panels instead of the prefabricated reinforced concrete cladding panels, it is possible to use prefabricated concrete blocks for the facing wall. These blocks are purposely designed to interlock with each other and to connect to the reinforcement elements. Similar solutions are generally proposed for achieving a cheaper transportation and an easier handling and laying of these cladding elements, but they obviously negatively affect the construction times and, above all, do not allow the construction of very high structures.
  • reinforced earth retaining walls with external facing of concrete panels of the size normally used can be as high as 20 m
  • those using concrete blocks for the external facing can be not higher than 4-6 m because the overall stability of the earthwork is considerably less.
  • Some well-known systems with external facing made of concrete blocks do not employ the metal bands or polymer strips conventionally used for earth reinforcement with panel facing elements, but instead use essentially horizontal layers of two-dimensional reticular elements of polymer material, known as geogrids or geotextiles. These products are commonly used in for many geotechnical applications other than the one discussed here, such as, e.g., the realisation of reinforced slopes, both continuous slope and stepped ones, as well as sloping green walls, where the concrete facing is absent.
  • the geogrids are normally made of a composite polymer material in which the highly resistant internal element is of polyester while the external protection element may be of PVC (such as the TeleGrid geotextiles) or polypropylene (e.g. the Merex geogrids), or can be made entirely of HDPE (high density polyethylene, such as the Tensar geogrids).
  • PVC such as the TeleGrid geotextiles
  • polypropylene e.g. the Merex geogrids
  • HDPE high density polyethylene, such as the Tensar geogrids
  • geogrids as reinforcement elements in earth structures with vertical retaining walls of the type concerned here allows to internally reinforce the earth in a more uniform way and with a more effective action than with the method employing anchorage systems composed of strips or separate bands. This is because the presence of transverse strips parallel to the retaining wall considerably improves the anchorage capacity to the earth and increases the resistance of the reinforcement to slippage from the earth itself. Moreover, this improved resistance is enhanced by the capacity of the reticular elements to give rise to a "dynamic interlock" with the earth, since the geogrid apertures allow the earth particles to be squeezed inside them during the compaction operation, thus expanding the grid spaces of the polymer reinforcement. When the grid spaces try to return to their initial configuration at the end of the compaction process, the internal stresses generated encapsulate the earth granules and reduce the horizontal thrust of the earth itself against the retaining wall.
  • the geogrids or similar reinforcement elements of a substantially two-dimensional type are anchored to the front retaining wall (generally made of blocks) in separate horizontal layers with appropriately compacted earth layers in between.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a system of earth reinforcement based on the more reliable and flexible facing wall composed of prefabricated panels wherein, however, these are associated with non-linear but essentially two-dimensional reinforcement elements, such as geogrids, which afford considerable advantages in terms of execution time and reduction of the reinforcement material necessary to achieve a given resistance performance.
  • geogrids it is evident that using these grids together with the conventional-type prefabricated panels greatly reduces the time necessary to lay each reinforcement layer between one layer of compacted earth and the next, and also greatly facilitates this operation.
  • the geotextile which can be transported to the worksite in the form of rolls, only needs to be uncoiled along the earth layer (and, obviously, anchored to the connections provided on the rear of the panels) in order to achieve a whole layer of reinforcement in just one operation.
  • the quantity of material needed to achieve a certain resistance is lower than the one needed for anchorage materials composed of bands or strips.
  • the incidence of the reinforcement elements is lower than that of other systems, for the same amount of retaining wall surface laid.
  • the present invention proposes to further improve the performance obtainable with a reinforced earth structure realised with a retaining wall composed of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels together with geogrid earth reinforcement elements, by providing that at least some of the reinforcement layers of the structure are not laid on a single level but are extended in one or more continuous loops from one level of the structure to the one above.
  • the reinforcement roll remains intact and is taken to the layer above as the earth layer rises to meet the next anchorage point. Thereafter, another reinforcement layer is rolled out without needing to bring separate pre-cut pieces of reinforcement to the site.
  • the solution proposed allows using the same pre-cut roll of reinforcement to lay two or more consecutive layers of internal reinforcement.
  • a further advantage of the solution proposed according to the present invention consists of the fact that, if two consecutive layers of continuous reinforcement are anchored to the back of two separate panels laid one above the other (instead of being anchored to two connections, one above the other, on the same panel), then the reinforcement itself will create a bond between the two panels, anchoring them also through the tension induced in the grid by the compaction of the earth layers. This evidently increases the bond between the panels of the retaining wall and the stability of the whole structure.
  • the continuity of the reinforcement geogrid or fabric from one level to the one above can be realised also on the internal part of the earthwork, opposite the external facing wall.
  • the loop created by the reinforcement that folds upwards from the internal part to then fold back to be laid on the next earth layer has the capacity to create a considerable anchorage that is very resistant to the slippage of each one of the reinforcement layers from the ground.
  • the creation of such a "foundation bulb" is especially useful in the upper levels of the reinforced earth structure, where the weight of the earth bearing down on the reinforcements is lower and these would otherwise tend to more easily slip out of the whole earthwork.
  • the present invention specifically provides a reinforced earth structure with a vertical retaining wall comprising:
  • the said two-dimensional reinforcement layers (6, 8) may consist in geogrids or geotextiles of polymer material, or may be composed of non-compact matting or fabrics of possibly fibre-reinforced high modulus synthetic material.
  • the geogrids or geotextiles (6, 8) are preferably made of polyester fibres covered in polypropylene, polyester fibres covered in PVC or are entirely made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and subjected to a monoaxial stretching process, according to the solutions already in use in the prior art.
  • HDPE high density polyethylene
  • the front facing panels are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels of a quadrilateral shape, cross-shape or T-shape, combined so as to create a continuous cladding of complementary elements.
  • the panels do not require any particular interconnection systems because, as already noted, a peculiar ity of the system lies in laying the reinforcement layers in loops, positioned so as to create a bond between two panels placed one above the other. Smaller panels are to be preferred in view of their easier handling.
  • the panel weight can be reduced by using lighter concrete mixtures that include plastic aggregates or expanded clay instead of the conventional inert materials used, or even fibre-reinforced mortar, in which fibres of a suitable resistance - such as carbon fibres or aramide fibres are used instead of the steel reinforcement.
  • the panels can be made entirely of steel or of a suitable plastic material, or even of wood.
  • each of the said front facing panels is provided with connection elements jutting out from the rear face thereof, and these elements are preferably arranged in two horizontal rows.
  • the connection elements can be steel rings, possibly coated with a plastic material, or can be rings made of stainless steel, a composite fibre or another highly resistant synthetic material. They are fixed to the rear of the said front facing panels and are in a variable number for each of the two said horizontal rows.
  • the anchorage means cooperating with the said connection elements preferably consist in a steel bar, possibly plastic coated, or a bar made of stainless steel or a composite material highly resistant to bending stress, suitable to be inserted in a horizontal row of the said connection elements, thereby securing the reinforcement to the said connection elements.
  • the said bar is also pre-cut and of the same length as the reinforcement width, and thus has the advantage of being easily and rapidly laid with respect to using several separate anchorage devices for each horizontal row of connection elements.
  • At least two of the said reinforcement layers are extended as a loop from one earth level to the one above, rising vertically along the back of the facing panels, and are then be anchored to two horizontal rows of connection elements provided on two vertically adjacent panels.
  • At least two of the said reinforcement layers, situated in the upper part of the structure may extend as a loop from one earth level to the one above, rising vertically along the rear of the said structure, opposite the front facing.
  • this creates a very resistant anchorage element on the inner part of the structure, which can resist any possible slippage of the reinforcement.
  • reinforcement layers of the same width as that of the front facing panel it is preferable to use reinforcement layers of the same width as that of the front facing panel, although it is possible to use a reinforcement layer of a width corresponding to two or more panels placed horizontally side by side.
  • reinforcement layers of different strengths decreasing from the bottom up, can be provided along the height of the structure itself.
  • the kinds of reinforcement used are not sufficiently varied to optimise the resistance necessary at the various levels, then it is also possible - after anchoring the reinforcement to the front facing panel as envisaged - to fold the reinforcement layer on itself and to roll it out again inwards within the earthwork in order to achieve a double reinforcement strength, on that specific level, than the one envisaged for the material used.
  • the structure according to the present invention can also be used for creating opposed retaining walls close to each other, as in the case of road ramps where the said plurality of vertically laid front facing panels corresponds to a plurality of front facing panels laid vertically on the opposite side, and the said reinforcement layers are connected, via their respective connection elements and anchorage means, to both of the said opposed retaining walls.
  • the present invention also concerns the construction method used for creating the claimed reinforced earth structures.
  • this method may be summarised as including the following operations:
  • the structure according to the present invention also includes reinforcement loops provided by the rear part of the structure itself, these loops being particularly useful, as pointed out before, at the higher levels of the retaining wall, the aforesaid procedure will also include, after an operation of the kind envisaged in i) above, the following operations,:
  • a reinforced earth structure according to the present invention includes - in the forms illustrated in figures 1-5 -a front facing of prefabricated concrete panels (1, 2, 3) shaped so as to provide a continuous cladding of complementary elements.
  • the front facing is mainly composed of T-shaped panels (1). Rectangular panels (2), corresponding to the upper section of the T-shape are to be added to these T-shaped panels (1) in order to uniformly complete the cladding, and also cross-shaped panels (3), wherein the upper section of the T-shape is connected to another rectangular element corresponding to a lower section of the T-shape.
  • the first row of panels (1, 2, 3) is laid on the foundation kerb (4) which, as already pointed out, is perfectly horizontal and only serves to properly align the panels (1, 2, 3).
  • connection elements (5) in the form of rings embedded in the concrete casting of the panel itself.
  • these connection elements (5) are made of polymer-coated steel.
  • This reinforcement layer (6) is made to interweave with the connection elements (5), by means of a row of aligned apertures and, immediately after this, the polymer coated steel bar (7), which acts as an anchorage means, is inserted in the connection elements (5) and secures the reinforcement (6) to the front facing panels (1, 2, 3).
  • the first reinforcement layer (6) is not folded on itself to be rolled out on the same level (this possibility is not shown in the figures), but goes up vertically along the back of the panel (2) to reach the earth level above. Once the required thickness of earth has been filled and compacted, reaching the level of the second row of connection elements (5), then the previous anchorage operation is repeated using the connection elements (5) and another steel bar (7), and the reinforcement (6) is laid in a further layer going towards the rear or internal part of the structure. In the version shown in figure 1, also the next pair of reinforcement layers (6) are of the same type and are laid in the same manner, while the pair of upper reinforcement layers (8) are made of a geogrid of a lower strength.
  • the reinforced earth structure proposed according to the present invention affords considerable advantages with respect to other known structures of comparable performance, both in terms of speed and practicality of laying as well as in terms of materials saving and/or mechanical reliability.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Structure en terre renforcée par une paroi de retenue verticale comprenant :
    - une pluralité de panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3) disposés verticalement, installés en rangées l'un au dessus de l'autre et présentant, à des hauteurs établies, des éléments de connexion (5) en surplomb de la face arrière de chaque panneau (1-3) et alignés en une ou plusieurs rangées horizontales ;
    - une pluralité d'éléments de renfort disposés horizontalement à l'intérieur de la terre, au niveau de chaque rangée desdits éléments de connexion (5), ménagés à l'arrière desdits panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3), et avec une couche de terre placée entre chaque couche de renfort et la suivante ;
    - une pluralité de moyens de fixation (7) coopérant avec lesdits éléments de connexion afin de fixer chacun desdits éléments de renfort auxdits panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3) ;
    caractérisé par le fait que lesdits éléments de renfort sont des couches de renfort en deux dimensions (6, 8) et qu'au moins certaines desdites couches de renfort (6, 8) s'étendent en boucle d'un niveau de terre jusqu'à celui au dessus, en montant verticalement le long de la partie arrière desdits panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3) entre une rangée horizontale desdits éléments de connexion (5) et celle au dessus, ou le long dé la partie arrière de ladite structure de terre renforcée, opposée à la façade avant.
  2. Structure en terre renforcée selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle lesdites couches de renfort en deux dimensions (6, 8) consistent en géotextiles maillés ou géotextiles en matériau polymère, ou sont composées de nattes non compactes ou de tissus en matériau synthétique à module d'élasticité élevée éventuellement renforcés en fibres.
  3. Structure en terre renforcée selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle lesdits géotextiles maillés ou géotextiles (6, 8) sont faits de fibres de polyester recouvertes de polypropylène, de fibres de polyester recouvertes de PVC ou sont totalement faites de polyéthylène haute densité (HDPE) et soumises à un processus d'étirement mono-axial.
  4. Structure en terre renforcée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1-3, dans laquelle lesdits panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3) sont des panneaux de béton renforcé préfabriqués de forme quadrilatérale (2), en forme de croix (3) ou en forme de T (1), combinés de façon à créer un revêtement continu d'éléments complémentaires.
  5. Structure en terre renforcée selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle chacun desdits panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3) est doté d'éléments de connexion (5) en surplomb de la face arrière de ceux-ci et disposés en deux rangées horizontales.
  6. Structure en terre renforcée selon la revendication 5, dans laquelle lesdits éléments de connexion (5) sont des anneaux en acier, si possible revêtus de plastique, ou sont faits d'acier inoxydable, de fibre composite ou d'un autre matériau synthétique hautement résistant, fixés à l'arrière desdits panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3) et en un nombre variable pour chacune desdites deux rangées horizontales.
  7. Structure en terre renforcée selon la revendication 6, dans laquelle lesdits moyens de fixation (7) coopérant avec lesdits éléments de connexion (5) consistent en une barre d'acier, si possible revêtue de plastique, ou faite d'acier inoxydable ou d'un matériau composite hautement résistant à la contrainte de pliage, adapté pour être inséré dans une rangée horizontale desdits éléments de connexion (5), en fixant ainsi ladite couche de renfort en deux dimensions (6, 8) auxdits éléments de connexion (5) .
  8. Structure en terre renforcée selon l'une quelconque des revendications 5-7, dans laquelle au moins deux desdites couches de renfort (6, 8) s'étendent en boucle depuis le niveau de terre jusqu'à celui au dessus, en montant verticalement le long de l'arrière desdits panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3) et sont ensuite fixées aux deux rangées horizontales desdits éléments de connexion (5) ménagées sur deux panneaux verticalement adjacents (1-3).
  9. Structure en terre renforcée, selon l'une quelconque des revendications 5-8, dans laquelle au moins deux desdites couches de renfort (8) situées dans la partie supérieure de ladite structure, s'étendent en boucle depuis un niveau de terre jusqu'à celui au dessus, en montant verticalement le long de la partie arrière de ladite structure de terre renforcée, opposée à la façade avant.
  10. Structure en terre renforcée, selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle lesdites couches de renfort à deux dimensions (6, 8) sont de la même largeur que celle du panneau de la paroi de retenue (1-3).
  11. Structure en terre renforcée selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle, sur toute la hauteur de ladite structure, des couches de renfort en deux dimensions (6,8) de différentes résistances sont fournies, en diminuant de bas en haut.
  12. Structure en terre renforcée selon la revendication 1, pour la construction de parois de retenue opposées, les unes près des autres, dans laquelle ladite pluralité de panneaux de façade avant, disposés verticalement (1-3), correspond à une pluralité de panneaux de façade avant (1-3) disposés verticalement sur le côté opposé, et lesdites couches de renfort (6, 8) sont raccordées, via leurs éléments de connexion respectifs (5) et des moyens de fixation (7), à deux desdites parois de retenue opposées.
  13. Processus pour la construction d'une structure en terre renforcée, comme décrit dans la revendication 1, comprenant les opérations suivantes :
    a) créer une bordure de fondation horizontale (4) pour aligner la première rangée desdits panneaux de façade avant (1, 2) ;
    b) disposer la première rangée desdits panneaux (1, 2) verticalement sur ladite bordure de fondation (4) ;
    c) remplir la terre à l'intérieur de la première rangée de panneaux (1, 2) jusqu'à la première rangée d'éléments de connexion (5) et ensuite compacter la terre en utilisant un équipement mécanique adapté ;
    d) disposer une première couche de renfort (6, 8) sur la terre, en partant de l'arrière de la structure jusqu'à ladite rangée d'éléments de connexion (5) ;
    e) insérer une rangée d'ouvertures - éventuellement convenablement coupées - de ladite couche de renfort (6, 8) sur les éléments de connexion (5) et immédiatement derrière en insérant un ou plusieurs desdits systèmes de fixation (7) dans lesdits éléments de connexion (5), en fixant ainsi la couche de renfort (6, 8) aux panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1, 2) ;
    f) replier la couche de renfort (6, 8) sur elle-même et en la disposant en arrière, vers l'arrière de la structure, ou en étayant la partie restante de la couche de renfort (6, 8) à l'arrière des panneaux de façade (1, 2) ;
    g) disposer une seconde rangée de panneaux (1,3) verticalement sur le haut de ladite première rangée et remplir la terre à l'intérieur de la seconde rangée de panneaux (1, 3) jusqu'à ce que le niveau de la terre atteigne la seconde rangée d'éléments de connexion (5), en compactant la terre avec un équipement mécanique adapté ;
    h) si la couche de renfort (6, 8) du niveau inférieur a été repliée sur elle-même, disposer une seconde couche de renfort (6,8) en procédant en suivant les points d) et e) ci-dessus pour la première couche, et ensuite étayer la partie restante de la couche de renfort (6,8) à l'arrière des panneaux (1, 3) ;
    i) si la couche de renfort (6, 8) du niveau inférieur a été étayée à l'arrière des panneaux (1-3) en procédant conformément au point e) ci-dessus pour la première couche, disposer la couche de renfort (6, 8) en arrière, vers l'arrière de la structure ;
    et en réalisant ces opérations jusqu'à ce que la hauteur requise du terrassement soit atteinte.
  14. Processus selon la revendication 13, comprenant également, après une opération du type indiquée au point i), les opérations suivantes :
    j) supporter la partie restante de la couche de renfort (6, 8) depuis la partie arrière de ladite structure de terre renforcée ;
    k) remplir la terre à l'intérieur de la rangée correspondante des panneaux orientés vers l'avant (1-3) jusqu'au niveau de la rangée suivante d'éléments de connexion (5), en compactant la terre avec un équipement mécanique approprié ;
    l) disposer ladite partie restante de la couche de renfort (6, 8) sur la terre en partant de la partie arrière de la structure jusqu'à ladite rangée d'éléments de connexion (5).
EP03425121A 2002-03-01 2003-02-26 Ouvrage de soutènement Expired - Lifetime EP1340857B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITRM20020117 2002-03-01
IT2002RM000117A ITRM20020117A1 (it) 2002-03-01 2002-03-01 Struttura in terra rinforzata a paramento verticale.

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EP1340857A1 EP1340857A1 (fr) 2003-09-03
EP1340857B1 true EP1340857B1 (fr) 2007-12-19

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EP (1) EP1340857B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE381642T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE60318137T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2298491T3 (fr)
IT (1) ITRM20020117A1 (fr)

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ES2319036B1 (es) * 2007-03-29 2009-12-03 Cupa Materiales, S.A. Panel prefabricado con anclaje incorporado.
WO2016142792A1 (fr) * 2015-03-06 2016-09-15 Tenax Group Sa Élément de retenue, structure de sol renforcé, procédé de fabrication de ladite structure de sol renforcé
SE542840C2 (sv) * 2018-01-10 2020-07-14 S T Eriks Ab Kajfrontselement och förfarande för tillverkning av detta
CN114319424A (zh) * 2022-01-11 2022-04-12 中国矿业大学 一种加筋土挡墙现浇面板与土工格栅锚固方法
CN115897658B (zh) * 2022-11-10 2024-04-26 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 一种加筋挡土墙结构及其施工方法

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US5507599A (en) * 1993-03-31 1996-04-16 Societe Civile Des Brevets Henri C. Vidal Modular block retaining wall construction and components
GB9313095D0 (en) * 1993-06-24 1993-08-11 Vidal Henri Brevets Earth structures
CH692706A5 (de) * 1998-01-26 2002-09-30 Sytec Bausysteme Ag Schalungsgitter zur Stützung von Böschungen.
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DE60318137D1 (de) 2008-01-31
ITRM20020117A0 (it) 2002-03-01
DE60318137T2 (de) 2008-12-04
ATE381642T1 (de) 2008-01-15
ES2298491T3 (es) 2008-05-16
ITRM20020117A1 (it) 2003-09-01
EP1340857A1 (fr) 2003-09-03

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