Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/71—Mixtures of material ; Pulp or paper comprising several different materials not incorporated by special processes
  • D21H17/74—Mixtures of material ; Pulp or paper comprising several different materials not incorporated by special processes of organic and inorganic material
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/16—Sizing or water-repelling agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
  • D21H17/14—Carboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof
  • D21H17/15—Polycarboxylic acids, e.g. maleic acid
  • D21H17/16—Addition products thereof with hydrocarbons
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
  • D21H17/17—Ketenes, e.g. ketene dimers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
  • D21H17/23—Lignins
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
  • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
  • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
  • D21H17/28—Starch
  • D21H17/29—Starch cationic
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
  • D21H17/66—Salts, e.g. alums

Definitions

• This invention relates to paper sizing compositions containing a) sizing agent, b) dispersant system, and c) inorganic salt, and also to methods of sizing paper using such compositions, and to products made using such sizing compositions.
• Cellulose-reactive sizing agents such as alkyl ketene dimers (AKDs) are widely used in the paper making industry as components in sizing dispersion formulations. The usefulness of such agents derives from their ability to bond directly to the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose component of the paper. Frequently, in these sizing formulations, the sizes, e.g., AKDs, are combined with dispersant systems which include cationic starch and/or sodium lignosulfonate. Examples of such dispersions can be found in U.S. Patent No. 4,861,376, to Edwards, and U.S. Patent No. 3,223,544, to Savina, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• AKDs alkyl ketene dimers
• the present invention is also directed to compositions comprising (a) cellulose- reactive size, (b) dispersant system comprising primary dispersant and secondary dispersant, and (c) inorganic salt, to methods of producing and using said compositions, as well as products including the composition.
• an aqueous composition comprising cellulose-reactive size, dispersant system comprising anionic dispersant and at least one cationic dispersant or non-ionic dispersant; and at least one salt comprising an element in an amount equivalent to, or greater than, about 5.5 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size.
• the cellulose-reactive size comprises at least one of ketene dimer and ketene multimer; more preferably the ketene dimer comprises at least one of alkenyl ketene dimer and alkyl ketene dimer.
• the cellulose-reactive size comprises at least one of alkenyl succinic anhydride and stearic anhydride.
• the cellulose-reactive size may comprise organic epoxide containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms, acyl halide containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms, fatty acid anhydride from fatty acid containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms, or organic isocyanate containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms.
• the composition comprises a ketene dimer or ketene multimer of Formula I: where n is an integer of from 0 to about 20, R and R 2 are the same or different and are saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms, and R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group having from about 2 to
• n has a value of from 0 to about 6; more preferably, n is from 0 to about 3; and most preferably, wherein n is 0.
• R may be a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group having from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms; preferably, R is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group having from about 14 to 16 carbon atoms.
• R 2 is preferably a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group having from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms; more preferably, R 2 is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group having from about 14 to 16 carbon atoms.
• R t is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group having from about 4 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the anionic dispersant may comprise polymeric dispersant containing sulfate or sulfonate.
• anionic dispersants include formaldehyde condensate of sodium naphthalene sulfonate, formaldehyde condensate of sodium alkylnaphthalene sulfonate, formaldehyde condensate of sodium phenol sulfonate, formaldehyde condensate of sodium phenol sulfate, and lignosulfonate, which preferably comprises sodium lignosulfonate.
• the sodium lignosulfonate comprises sodium lignosulfonate having less than about 5.9 wt%, more preferably less than about 5 wt%, more preferably less than about 4.5 wt%, more preferably less than about 4 wt%, and most preferably less than about 3.6 wt% sulfonate sulfur based on the total weight of the sodium lignosulfonate.
• the anionic dispersant may be present in an amount of from about 0.02 to about
• compositions comprise cationic dispersant, which is preferably cationically modified starch, cationically modified guar, or low charge cationic polymer.
• the composition comprises cationically modified starch in an amount of from about 0.4 to about 400 wt%, more preferably from about 2 to about 100 wt%, and most preferably from about 10 to about 30 wt% of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size.
• the salt may comprise a metal selected from Groups I, II, III, IV, V, and
• the salt comprises aluminum, magnesium, calcium, or barium.
• the composition comprises aluminum salt of the formula Al x (SO 4 ) y (H 2 O) z , wherein x is 1 to 3, y is 1 to 4, and z is 0 to 20.
• the aluminum salt is aluminum sulfate.
• the aluminum salt may also have the formula Al n (OH) m X 3n . m , wherein X is a negative ion, n and m are integers greater than 0, and 3n-m is greater than 0.
• the negative ion preferably comprises chloride or acetate
• the aluminum salt comprises polyaluminum chloride.
• the salt may be present in an amount equivalent to from about 5.5 wt% aluminum to about 10 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size; more preferably the salt is present in an amount equivalent to from about 6 wt% aluminum to about 8 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose- reactive size.
• the present invention is further achieved by the provision of an aqueous composition comprising cellulose-reactive size, dispersant system comprising modified sodium lignosulfonate and at least one of cationic dispersant, non-ionic dispersant, and combinations thereof, and at least one salt comprising an element in an amount equivalent to, or greater than, about 0.2 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose- reactive size.
• the salt may be present in an amount equivalent to, or greater than, about 0.4 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size.
• the salt is present in an amount equivalent to, or greater than, about 1.5 wt%, more preferably equivalent to, or greater than, about 3 wt%, more preferably equivalent to, or greater than, about 4.4 wt%, more preferably equivalent to, or greater than, about 5.5 wt%, and most preferably equivalent to, or greater than, about 6 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size.
• the composition may comprise salt in an amount equivalent to, or less than, about 40 wt%, more preferably, equivalent to, or less than, about 30 wt%, more preferably equivalent to, or less than, about 20 wt%, more preferably equivalent to, or less than, about 15 wt%, more preferably equivalent to, or less than, about 12 wt%, more preferably equivalent to, or less than, about 10 wt%, and most preferably equivalent to, or less than, about 8 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size.
• the composition may comprise salt in an amount equivalent to from about 0.2 wt% to about 40 wt%, more preferably from about 0.4 wt% to about 30 wt%, more preferably from about 1.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, more preferably from about 3 wt% to about 15 wt%, more preferably from about 4.4 wt% to about 12 wt%, more preferably from about 5.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, and most preferably from about 6 wt% to about 8 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size.
• the present invention is still further achieved by the provision of an aqueous composition comprising at least one of ketene dimer and ketene multimer, dispersant system comprising modified sodium lignosulfonate and cationically modified starch, and aluminum sulfate.
• the present invention is also achieved by an aqueous composition for sizing a paper product, produced by combining cellulose-reactive size, dispersant system comprising anionic dispersant and at least one of cationic dispersant and non-ionic dispersant, and at least one salt comprising an element in an amount greater than, or equivalent to, 5.5 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size.
• the present invention is further achieved by a method for sizing a cellulose-based product, comprising adding cellulose-reactive size, dispersant system comprising anionic dispersant and at least one of cationic dispersant and non-ionic dispersant, and at least one salt comprising an element in an amount greater than, or equivalent to, 5.5 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size, to cellulosic material.
• the cellulosic material may comprise pulp or the surface of a paper product.
• the present invention is also achieved by a the provision of a kit comprising for sizing a cellulose-based product, the kit comprising cellulose-reactive size, dispersant system comprising anionic dispersant and at least one of cationic dispersant and non- ionic dispersant, and at least one salt comprising an element in an amount greater than, or equivalent to, 5.5 wt% aluminum, based on the weight of cellulose-reactive size.
• This invention provides paper sizing compositions containing inorganic salt, dispersant system, and cellulose-reactive sizing agent, such as ketene dimer.
• the sizing compositions of the present invention are stable, even under the environment of high concentration of inorganic salts.
• the sizing compositions, including the inorganic salts, together with the dispersants, promote action of the reactive sizing agents and provide improved dewatering efficiency during paper making.
• all percentages, parts, ratios, etc. stated herein are by weight.
• all percent values in this application, unless otherwise stated, are calculated by weight based upon 100% of a given sample weight. Thus, for example, 30% represents 30 weight parts out of every 100 weight parts of the sample.
• a reference to a compound or component includes the compound or component by itself, as well as in combination with other compounds or components, such as mixtures of compounds.
• cellulose-reactive size is meant to include cellulose-reactive sizes, alone and/or combinations of cellulose-reactive sizes
• inorganic salt is meant to include inorganic salts, alone and/or combinations of inorganic salts.
• hydrocarbyl is understood to include “aliphatic,” “cycloaliphatic,” and “aromatic.”
• the hydrocarbyl groups are understood to include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl groups.
• hydrocarbyl is understood to include both non-substituted hydrocarbyl groups, and substituted hydrocarbyl groups, with the latter referring to the hydrocarbon portion bearing additional substituents, besides carbon and hydrogen.
• the term “stable” means the claimed composition meets at least three criteria: 1) the composition does not gel for an aging period of at least two weeks; 2) the aqueous composition maintains a viscosity less than 5,000 centipoise for an aging period of at least two weeks; and 3) the aqueous composition does not separate into separate phases during an aging period of at least two weeks. Each criterion is described below.
• the first criterion is the absence of gelling.
• gel or gelling means the composition exhibits solid-like behavior under the action of mechanical force.
• Gelling should be tested as follows: immediately after making the composition, two samples are placed in 100-gram bottles. The first bottle is tested immediately for gelling. A simple test for gelling is done by observing the sample while slowly tilting to 15°. If the sample does not flow, it is considered gelled. The second bottle is tested for gelling after storage for two weeks at 32 °C. Gelling is measured at room temperature. The second criterion is viscosity.
• the viscosity of the sample is less than 5,000, more preferably less than 4,000, even more preferably less than 3,000, even more preferably less than 1,000, even more preferably less than 500, even more preferably less than 300, and most preferably less than 200 centipoises.
• Viscosity is determined by using a Brook ⁇ eld DV-II viscometer. The choice of spindle and speed (RPM) is readily determined by one of skill in the art. Viscosity should be tested as follows: immediately after making the composition, two 100-gram samples are placed in 100-gram bottles. The first bottle is tested immediately for its viscosity. The second bottle is tested for its viscosity after storage for two weeks at 32 °C. Prior to testing, each sample bottle should be allowed to come to room temperature. The third criterion is separation, which is measured as the total bottom solid of the aqueous composition. The bottom total solid (BTS%) should not change more than
• the bottom total solid does not change more than 15%>, more preferably not more than 10%>, and most preferably not more than 5%.
• Bottom total solid should be tested as follows: immediately after making the composition, two 100-gram samples are placed in 100-gram bottles. The first bottle is tested immediately for its bottom total solid. The second bottle is tested for its bottom total solid after it is aged for two weeks at 25 °C. Bottom total solid is determined by sampling, with a pipette, an amount from the "bottom" of each sample. This sampling is preferably performed by touching the pipette to the bottom of a 100 g bottle of sample and withdrawing about 2 g of sample. From this about 2 g of sample, 1.5 g is placed on an aluminum weighing dish. This 1.5 g pipetted sample is heated in a 150° C oven for about 45 minutes.
• the percentage of the non-volatile content in the dispersion is determined by measuring the remaining mass after drying.
• the remaining percent of a sample obtained from the bottom of a lOOg glass bottle of sample is called the "bottom total solid" BTS%>.
• the percent change during aging is calculated by comparing the total bottom solids from the aged sample to the total bottom solids from the non-aged sample.
• the two-week aging period is considered preferable. More preferably, the criteria are still satisfied after at least one month, and more preferably, the criteria are still satisfied after three months. Most preferably, the compositions satisfy the stability criteria after six months.
• compositions of the present invention comprise (a) cellulose-reactive size, (b) dispersant system comprising primary anionic dispersant, and a secondary dispersant comprising at least one member selected from cationic or non-ionic dispersant, and (c) inorganic salt. Details of components (a), (b), and (c) are addressed hereinafter.
• Cellulose-reactive size suitable for use in the present invention preferably includes sizes believed to be capable of forming covalent chemical bonds by reaction with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose.
• Cellulose-reactive sizes suitable for use in the present invention which are preferably hydrophobic, may function in the final product as water-repellants.
• Preferable cellulose-reactive sizes include, but are not limited to, ketene dimers and multimers such as alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl ketene dimer; alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA); stearic anhydride; organic epoxides containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms; acyl halides containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms; fatty acid anhydrides from fatty acids containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms; and organic isocyanates containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms.
• ketene dimers and multimers such as alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl ketene dimer; alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA); stearic anhydride; organic epoxides containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms; acyl halides containing from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms;
• Ketene dimers and multimers used in accordance with this invention preferably have the Formula I:
• R and R 2 which may be the same or different, are saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms, and more preferably about 14 to about 16 carbon atoms.
• Rj is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group having from about 2 to about 40 carbon atoms, preferably about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms. Preferably at least about 25% of the R and R 2 groups are unsaturated.
• ketene dimer comprises (a) octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, docosyl, tetracosyl, phenyl, benzyl, ⁇ -naphthyl, and cyclohexyl ketene dimers, and/or (b) ketene dimers prepared from organic acids such as one or more of montanic acid, naphthenic acid, 9, 10-decylenic acid, 9, 10-dodecylenic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid, eleostearic acid, naturally occurring mixtures of fatty acids found in coconut oil, babassu oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, olive oil, peanut oil, rape oil, beef tallow, lard, whale blubber, and
• ketene dimer is selected from the group consisting of octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, docosyl, tetracosyl, phenyl, benzyl, ⁇ -naphthyl, and cyclohexyl ketene dimers.
• Alkyl ketene dimers have been used commercially for many years and are prepared by dimerization of the alkyl ketenes made from saturated, straight chain fatty acid chlorides; the most widely used are prepared from palmitic and/or stearic acid. Aqueous dispersions of these materials are available as Hercon ® paper sizing agents from Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, DE.
• Ketene multimers for use in the process of this invention have the Formula I above where n is an integer of at least 1 , R and R 2 , which may be the same or different, are saturated or unsaturated straight chain or branched alkyl groups having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably 10 to 20 carbon atoms, and more preferably 14 to 16 carbon atoms; and R, is a saturated or unsaturated straight chain or branched alkylene group having from
• Ketene multimers are described in: European Patent Application Publication No. 0,629,741 Al, U.S. Patent No. 5,685,815, and in PCT International Publication No. WO 97/30218, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Ketene dimers and multimers for use in the invention include those which are solid, or are not solid at 25 °C (not substantially crystalline, semi-crystalline or waxy solid; i.e., they flow on heating without heat of fusion).
• Ketene dimers and multimers may be mixtures of compounds of Formula I above in which n is preferably 0 to 6, more preferably 0 to 3, and most preferably 0; R and R 2 , which can be the same or different, are saturated or unsaturated, straight chain or branched alkyl groups having 6 to 24 carbon atoms; R, is a saturated or unsaturated, straight chain or branched alkylene group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 32 carbon atoms; and wherein at least 25% of the R and R 2 groups in the mixture of compounds are unsaturated.
• the ketene dimers and multimers may comprise a mixture of ketene dimer or multimer compounds that are the reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising unsaturated monocarboxylic fatty acids.
• the reaction mixture may further comprise saturated monocarboxylic fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids.
• the reaction mixture for preparing the mixture of dimer or multimer compounds comprises at least 25 wt% unsaturated monocarboxylic fatty acids, and more preferably at least 70 wt% unsaturated monocarboxylic fatty acids.
• the unsaturated monocarboxylic fatty acids included in the reaction mixture preferably have 10-26 carbon atoms, more preferably 14-22 carbon atoms, and most preferably 16-18 carbon atoms.
• These acids include, for example, oleic, linoleic, dodecenoic, tetradecenoic (myristoleic), hexadecenoic (palmitoleic), octadecadienoic (linolelaidic), octadecatrienoic (linolenic), eicosenoic (gadoleic), eicosatetraenoic (arachidonic), cis-13-docosenoic (erucic), trans-13-docosenoic (brassidic), and docosapentaenoic (clupanodonic) acids, and their acid halides, preferably chlorides.
• One or more of the monocarboxylic acids may be used.
• Preferred unsaturated monocarboxylic fatty acids are oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitoleic acids, and their acid halides.
• Most preferred unsaturated monocarboxylic fatty acids are oleic and linoleic acids, and their acid halides.
• the saturated monocarboxylic fatty acids used to prepare the ketene dimer and multimer compounds used in this invention preferably have 10-26 carbon atoms, more preferably 14-22 carbon atoms, and most preferably 16-18 carbon atoms.
• These acids include, for example, stearic, isostearic, myristic, palmitic, margaric, pentadecanoic, decanoic, undecanoic, dodecanoic, tridecanoic, nonadecanoic, arachidic and behenic acids, and their halides, preferably chlorides.
• One or more of the saturated monocarboxylic fatty acids may be used.
• Preferred acids are palmitic and stearic.
• the alkyl dicarboxylic acids used to prepare the ketene multimer compounds for use in this invention preferably have 6-44 carbon atoms, and more preferably 9-10, 22, or 36 carbon atoms.
• Such dicarboxylic acids include, for example, sebacic, azelaic, 1, 10-dodecanedioic, suberic, brazylic, docosanedioic acids, and C 36 dimer acids, e.g. EMPOL 1008 available from Henkel-Emery, Cincinnati, Ohio, and their halides, preferably chlorides.
• EMPOL 1008 available from Henkel-Emery, Cincinnati, Ohio
• halides preferably chlorides.
• One or more of these dicarboxylic acids can be used.
• Dicarboxylic acids with 9-10 carbon atoms are more preferred.
• the most preferred dicarboxylic acids are sebacic and azelaic acids.
• the maximum mole ratio of dicarboxylic acid to monocarboxylic acid is preferably about 5. A more preferred maximum is about 4, and the most preferred maximum is about 2.
• the mixture of dimer and multimer compounds may be prepared using methods known for the preparation of standard ketene dimers.
• acid halides preferably, acid chlorides
• PCI 3 halogenating, preferably chlorinating, agent.
• the acid halides are then converted to ketenes in the presence of tertiary amines (including trialkyl amines and cyclic alkyl amines), preferably triethylamine.
• tertiary amines including trialkyl amines and cyclic alkyl amines
• triethylamine preferably triethylamine.
• the ketene moieties then dimerize to form the desired compounds.
• Ketene dimers and multimers are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,685,815, and in PCT International Publication No. WO 97/30218, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Ketene dimers are available as Precis® sizing agents, also from Hercules Incorporated.
• Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides in accordance with the present invention are preferably composed of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains containing pendant succinic anhydride groups. They are usually made in a two-step process starting with alpha olefin. The olefin is first isomerized by randomly moving the double bond from the alpha position. In the second step the isomerized olefin is reacted with maleic anhydride to give the final ASA having the Formula II:
• Typical olefins used for the reaction with maleic anhydride include alkenyl, cycloalkenyl and aralkenyl compounds containing from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms. Specific examples are isooctadecenyl succinic anhydride, n-octadecenyl succinic anhydride, n- hexadecenyl succinic anhydride, n-dodecyl succinic anhydride, i-dodecenyl succinic anhydride, n-decenyl succinic anhydride and n-octenyl succinic anhydride.
• Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,040,900, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and by C.E. Farley and R. B. Wasser in The Sizing of Paper, Second Edition, edited by W. F. Reynolds, Tappi Press, 1989, pages 51-62.
• a variety of alkenylsuccinic anhydrides is commercially available from Albemarle Corporation, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
• Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides for use in the invention are preferably liquid at 25 °C. More preferably they are liquid at 20°C.
• the amount of cellulose-reactive size is preferably an amount sufficient to provide a sizing effect to the composition.
• the amount of cellulose- reactive size in the composition is preferably greater than about 1 wt% of the weight of the aqueous composition, more preferably greater than about 5 wt% of the weight of the aqueous composition, and most preferably greater than about 7 wt% of the weight of the aqueous composition.
• the amount of cellulose reactive size is preferably less than about 50 wt%> of the weight of the aqueous composition, more preferably less than 30 wt% of the weight of the aqueous composition, and most preferably less than 15 wt% of the weight of the aqueous composition.
• the amount of cellulose-reactive size in the composition is preferably from about 1 to about 50 wt%> of the weight of the aqueous composition, more preferably from about 5 to about 30 wt%> of the weight of the aqueous composition, and most preferably from about 7 to about 15 wt% of the weight of the aqueous composition.
• the composition further comprises a dispersant system, preferably serving the purpose of making the composition stable.
• the dispersant system comprises a primary and secondary dispersant.
• the terms "primary” and “secondary” are used herein for ease of reference and are not to be considered limiting in any way.
• the primary dispersant comprises at least one anionic dispersant. Suitable anionic dispersants include, but are not limited to, polymeric dispersants containing sulfonate and sulfate as their functional groups.
• anionic dispersants include, but are not limited to, formaldehyde condensates of sodium naphthalene sulfonate, formaldehyde condensates of sodium alkylnaphthalene sulfonate, formaldehyde condensates of sodium phenol sulfonate, formaldehyde condensates of sodium phenol sulfate, and lignosulfonates including sodium lignosulfonate and modified sodium lignosulfonate.
• the anionic dispersant comprises at least one lignosulfonate.
• the lignosulfonate comprises a lignosulfonate which exhibits a hydrophobicity which is increased relative to normal lignosulfonates, such asNorlig 12F® (Lignotech, USA Inc., WI), and therefore have a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) which is shifted toward a more hydrophobic value as compared to unmodified lignosulfonates.
• HLB hydrophile-lipophile balance
• preferred lignosulfonates are hydrophobic lignosulfonates.
• An increase in the hydrophobicity of lignosulfonates can be achieved in a number of manners, but is preferably achieved by decreasing the weight percent of sulfonate sulfur in the lignosulfonate.
• a general description of methods for modifying lignosulfonates, and in particular, for decreasing sulfonate sulfur concentration, is described in "A Working Chemist's Guide to the Chemistry of Lignosulphonates," pages 1-12, Reed Inc., Chemical Division (Quebec, Canada), the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Preferred lignosulfates are sodium lignosulfonates which comprise less than about 5.9 wt%, more preferably less than about 5 wt%, even more preferably less than 4.5 wt%, even more preferably less than about 4 wt%o, and most preferably about 3.6 wt%> sulfonate sulfur based on the total weight of the sodium lignosulfonate.
• the sodium lignosulfates comprise greater than about 0.5 wt%o, more preferably greater than about 1.5 wt%, and most preferably greater than about 2.5 wt% sulfonate sulfur based on the total weight of the sodium lignosulfonate.
• Preferred sodium lignosulfonates comprise from about 0.5 wf% to about 5.9 wt%, more preferably from about 1.5 wt%> to about 5 wt%>, and most preferably from about 2.5 wt% > to about 4 wt% sulfonate sulfur based on the total weight of the sodium lignosulfonate.
• the molecular weights of suitable sodium lignosulfonates are preferably greater than about 2,000 grams/mole, more preferably greater than about 5,000 grams/mole, and most preferably greater than about 10,000 grams/mole.
• Suitable sodium lignosulfates preferably have molecular weights less than about 150,000 grams/mole, more preferably less than 120,000 grams/mole, and most preferably less than 80,000 grams/mole.
• Preferred sodium lignosulfates range in molecular weight of from about 2,000 grams/mole to about 150,000 grams/mole, more preferably from about 5,000 grams/mole to about 120,000 grams/mole, and most preferably from about 10,000 grams/mole to about 80,000 grams/mole.
• the anionic dispersants are used in an amount of greater than about
• the anionic dispersants are used in amounts less than about 10 wt%>, more preferably less than 5 wt%, and most preferably less than 3 wt% of the weight of the aqueous composition.
• the amount of anionic dispersant ranges from about 0.01 to about 10 wt%, more preferably from about 0.05 to about 5 wt%, and most preferably from about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%> of the weight of the aqueous composition.
• the amount of anionic dispersant may be expressed as a percentage of the weight of cellulose-reactive size.
• the anionic dispersant is from about 0.02 to about 20 wt%> of the weight of the sizing agent, more preferably from about 0.40 to about 7 wt%> of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size, and most preferably from about 0.90 to about 3 wt% of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size.
• a suitable sodium lignosulfonate with a high hydrophobicity is Dynasperse LCD® (Lignotech USA, Inc., WI), and an example of a sodium lignosulfonate is Norlig 12F® (Lignotech, USA Inc., WI).
• the dispersant system further comprises a secondary dispersant, which may act as a stabilizing agent.
• the secondary dispersant suitably comprises which is not an anionic dispersant, i.e., which is a cationic and/or a non-ionic dispersant.
• Cationic dispersants are those dispersants which have a net cationic charge.
• Cationic dispersants include, but are not limited to, cationically modified starches and guars or low charge cationic polymers.
• Low charge cationic polymers include those polymers that preferably have less than 51% of the repeating units in the polymer carrying cationic charge while the rest of the repeating units carry either no charge or anionic charge, provided that the net charge on the polymer is a cationic charge. Examples of low charge cationic polymers include Kymene® 557H, LX, SLX, and ULX (Hercules Incorporated,
• Non-ionic dispersants include, but are not limited to, any water soluble non-ionic polymers such as starches and polyethylene oxides.
• the secondary dispersant preferably comprises cationically modified starch.
• Secondary dispersant is preferably used in an amount of greater than about 0.2 wt%, more preferably greater than about 0.5 wt%, and most preferably greater than about 1 wt%>.
• the secondary dispersant is used in an amount less than 20 wt%, more preferably less than 5 wt%, and most preferably less than 3.5 wt%>.
• the amount of secondary dispersant ranges from about 0.2 to about 20 wt%, more preferably from about 0.5 to about 5 wt%, and most preferably from about 1 wt%> to about 3.5 wt%, based on the weight of the aqueous composition.
• the amount of secondary dispersant may be expressed as a percentage of the weight of cellulose-reactive size used.
• the secondary dispersant is from about 0.4 to about 400 wt%> of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size, more preferably from about 2 to about 100 wt%> of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size, and most preferably from about 10 to about 30 wt% of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size.
• Preferred secondary dispersants comprise starches which include, but are not limited to, any water soluble cationic starches.
• Preferred starches include cationic waxy maize starches with either tertiary or quaternary amino groups as the source of the charge.
• the preferred viscosity range of the starch is from low to moderate.
• the viscosity of the starch solution can be obtained by cooking the starch in water at 95 °C for 30 minutes at pH of 4.5 - 6.
• moderate viscosity means a Brookfield viscosity of from about 101 to about 2000 centistokes measured with a #2 spindle at 100 rpm and 38 °C using a 10% by weight starch solution.
• low viscosity means a Brookfield viscosity of from about 1 to 100 centistokes measured with a #2 spindle at 100 rpm and 38 °C using a 10%> by weight starch solution.
• An example of a preferred starch is Sta lok® 140 made by A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Illinois.
• compositions of the present invention comprise a salt, which is preferably an inorganic salt.
• the salt is a compound that improves dewatering.
• Preferred inorganic salts perform this function, although the inorganic salt may perform other functions in the composition as well.
• the inorganic salt(s) may also act to improve retention of the sizing agents.
• the inorganic salt comprises a metal salt, which may be an alkaline earth metal (Group II of the Periodic Table) salt, an alkali metal (Group I of the Periodic Table) salt, or a salt formed from the transition metals (of the Periodic Table), or from the metals of Group III, IV, and V (of the Periodic Table).
• a metal salt which may be an alkaline earth metal (Group II of the Periodic Table) salt, an alkali metal (Group I of the Periodic Table) salt, or a salt formed from the transition metals (of the Periodic Table), or from the metals of Group III, IV, and V (of the Periodic Table).
• Any number of salts are useful in this regard, including salts of magnesium, barium, aluminum, and calcium, but are preferably selected from aluminum salts and calcium salts.
• Suitable aluminum salts include, but are not limited to, aluminum sulfate with the formula of Al x (SO 4 ) y (H 2 O) z , where x is 1 to
• a suitable aluminum sulfate called Alum is commercially available (General Chemical Corporation, NJ).
• Other aluminum salts include polyaluminum compounds with the formula of Al n (OH) m X 3n - m , wherein X is a negative ion such as chloride or acetate, and n and m are integers greater than zero, such that (3n-m) is greater than zero.
• X is chloride
• the salt is polyaluminum chloride (PAC).
• Calcium salts suitable for use in the present invention preferably have the formula of CaY n , where Y is a negative ion such as chloride, acetate, or nitrate, and n is
• the amount is preferably from about 0.02 to about
• the amount is preferably from about 0.04 wt% to about 4.4 wt% of calcium element, more preferably from about 0.1 wt% to about 3.3 wt% of calcium element, and most preferably from about 0.2 wt% to about 2 wt%> of calcium element, based on the weight of the aqueous composition.
• the amount of aluminum element, when present, may be expressed as a percentage of the weight of cellulose-reactive size used.
• the aluminum element is present in an amount greater than about 0.2 wt%>, more preferably greater than about 0.4 wt%, more preferably greater than about 1.5 wt%, more preferably greater than about 3 wt%, more preferably greater than about 4.4 wt%, more preferably greater than about 5.5 wt%, and most preferably greater than about 6 wt%> of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size.
• the aluminum element is present in an amount less than about 40 wt%, more preferably less than about 30 wt%, more preferably less than about 20 wt%>, more preferably less than about 15 wt%>, more preferably less than about 12 wt%>, more preferably less than about 10 wt%, and most preferably less than about 8 wt% of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size.
• the aluminum element is preferably present in an amount of from about 0.2 wt% to about 40 wt%, more preferably from about 0.4 to about 30 wt%, more preferably from about 1.5 to about 20 wt%, more preferably from about 3 to about 15 wt%, more preferably from about 4.4 to about 12 wt%>, more preferably from about 5.5 to about 10 wt%>, and most preferably from about 6 to about 8 wt% of the weight of the cellulose-reactive size.
• the amount of metal salts to be used in accordance with the present invention may be determined by their equivalence to aluminum.
• equivalence to aluminum is determined by calculating the atomic mass to charge ratio of the metal element(s) in the salt.
• aluminum has an atomic mass of 27 and a charge of 3 + , which converts to an atomic mass to charge ratio of 9 (27/3).
• Calcium has an atomic mass of 40 and a charge of 2 + , and thus has an atomic mass to charge ratio of 20.
• the atomic mass to charge ratio of calcium, 20 is divided by the atomic mass to charge ratio of aluminum, 9, which results in 2.2.
• the resulting number, 2.2 is the multiplier to determine the weight of calcium equivalent to the weight of aluminum.
• Example 1 445.6 g of a 48.5% solution of alum (aluminum sulfate, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 T4H 2 O, MW 594) is added to a sample having 222.8 g of AKD (a cellulose-reactive size).
• this amount of aluminum is equivalent to 43.2 grams calcium (19.6 x 2.2), 25.5 grams magnesium (19.6 x 1.3), 9.8 grams beryllium (19.6 x 0.5), and 15.1 grams lithium (19.6 x 0.77).
• the non-metal part of the salt should not be considered. For example, in aluminum sulfate, the atomic mass to charge ratio of sulfate is not considered.
• an amount of an element which is "equivalent” to an amount of aluminum is that amount which is equivalent using the foregoing conversions.
• an amount of calcium, magnesium, or barium, which is equivalent to X wt% aluminum is determined using the foregoing conversions. Briefly, this would entail determining the number of grams of aluminum in X wt% aluminum. From the number of grams of aluminum, a simple conversion is performed to determine an amount of calcium, magnesium, or barium equivalent to X wt% aluminum. And, of course, an amount of aluminum which is equivalent to an amount of aluminum is the same amount. Thus, "an amount of aluminum which is equivalent to 6 wt% aluminum" is 6 wt%> aluminum.
• an amount of an element which is "greater than,” or “less than,” an amount of aluminum is that amount which is greater than, or less than, using the foregoing conversions.
• an amount of calcium, magnesium, or barium, which is greater than X wt%> aluminum is determined using the foregoing conversions. Briefly, this would entail determining the number of grams of aluminum in X wt% aluminum. From the number of grams of aluminum, a simple conversion is performed to determine an amount of calcium, magnesium, or barium greater than X wt%. aluminum.
• ingredients common to papermaking art such as biocides, clay, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, non-ionic surfactants, optical brighteners, retention and drainage aids, etc. may be used in their normal ranges and are found or expected to be compatible with the compositions described above. Water is used to make the total composition to 100 percent.
• This invention may be used in internal sizing in which the sizing dispersions are added to the pulp slurry in the wet end of the paper making process, or surface sizing in which the sizing dispersions are applied at the press or the coater.
• This invention may also be used in one or both parts of a two-part sizing system. For example, one part may be mixed internally with the wood pulp and a second part applied at the size press, a common practice in papermaking.
• AKD sizing dispersion was prepared as follows. 5.6 g of an unmodified sodium lignosulfonate containing about 6%> sulfonate sulfur (Norlig 12F® Lignotech, USA Inc., WI), and 1269.2 g water were added to a jet cooker. Stirring was performed until the Norlig 12F® was completely dissolved. 55.8 g of a cationic starch (Sta Lok 169®, A. E. Staley Mfg. Co., IL), was added to the cooker. The cooker was steam-heated to 95°C for 60 minutes and stirring was applied inside the cooker during the cooking.
• the mixture formed is a mixed dispersant system. This mixture was then cooled to 70°C, and 222.8 of AKD (Aquapel 364®, Hercules Incorporated, DE), and 1.2 g of biocide (AMA 424®, Vinings Indus., GA), were added. Stirring was applied at 70 °C for 5 minutes. Then the mixture was homogenized under pressure of 211 kg/cm 2 with a 15 M Gaulin Laboratory Homogenizer (Gaulin Corporation, MA), then rapidly cooled to 25°C.
• AKD Ampel 364®, Hercules Incorporated, DE
• AMA 424® 1.2 g of biocide
• AKD sizing dispersion (I) was prepared by adding 445.6 g of a 48.5%> alum solution (General Chemical Co., NJ) while stirring.
• AKD sizing dispersions made with sodium lignosulfonate exhibiting a relatively high hydrophobicity were prepared as follows. 5.6 g of a sodium lignosulfonate containing about 3.6 wt% sulfonate sulfur (Dynasperse LCD®, Lignotech USA, Incorporated, in Wisconsin), and 1269.2 g water were added to a jet cooker. Stirring was performed until the Dynasperse LCD® was completely dissolved. 55.8 g of cationic starch (Sta Lok 169®, A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., Illinois), was added to the cooker.
• the cooker was steam-heated to 95 °C for 60 minutes and stirring was applied inside the cooker during the cooking.
• the mixture formed is the mixed dispersant system.
• the mixture was then cooled to 70°C, and 222.8 g of AKD (Aquapel 364®, Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware), and 1.2 g of biocide (AMA 424®, Vinings Indus., Georgia), were added. Stirring was applied at the temperature 70°C for 5 minutes.
• the mixture was then homogenized under pressure of 211 kg/cm 2 with a 15 M Gaulin Laboratory Homogenizer (Gaulin Corp., Massachusetts), then rapidly cooled to 25 °C.
• AKD sizing dispersion (II) was prepared by adding 445.6 g of a 48.5 % alum solution sold by General Chemical Corp. (NJ) while stirring.
• AKD sizing dispersion (III) was prepared by adding 222.8 g of the alum solution and dispersion (IV) was prepared by adding 89.1 g of the alum solution.
• Sizing dispersion (V) was made similarly to the dispersion (II) except that no Dynasperse LCD® was added.
• Sizing dispersion (VI) was made similar to the dispersion (II) except that no cationic starches were added.
• the dispersions prepared in Examples 1 and 2 were used to run viscosity stability tests.
• the viscosity was measured using a Brookfield DV-II Viscometer with a #1 spindle at 60 RPM.
• the viscosities of the dispersions were measured immediately after the dispersions were made. The viscosities then were measured again after 2 week aging at 32°C.
• the results are summarized in Table 1.
• the viscosities of the dispersions were stable for samples I to IV, which used the mixed dispersant system, while the dispersions were either gelled or separated for samples V and VI which used cationic starch or Dynasperse LCD® separately as the sole dispersant.
• EXAMPLE 4 The dispersions prepared in Examples 1 and 2 were used to run stratification stability tests. Typically, 1.5 g of the dispersion was placed on an aluminum disk and heated for 45 minutes in a 150° C oven. The percentage of the non-volatile content in the dispersion measured by such a heating method is called the "bottom total solid %" (BTS%). The BTS% of the dispersions was measured immediately after the dispersion was made. Then 100 grams of the dispersion was placed in a 100-gram glass bottle. The
• the dispersion I which was made from the mixed dispersant system of the unmodified sodium lignosulfonate and the cationic starch, had a high degree of stratification after the two week aging.
• the samples II to IV which were made from the mixed dispersant system of the hydrophobic sodium lignosulfonate and the cationic starch, were stable from stratification.
• the dispersion V which was made from the cationic starch as the sole dispersant, had low stratification but it failed the viscosity stability test as showed in Table 1.
• the dispersion VI which was made from the hydrophobic sodium lignin sulfonate as the sole dispersant, was separated. Table 2
• the aqueous dispersions II, III and IV of the Example 2 together with a control sample Hercon 70® were used to prepare internally sized paper on a pilot paper machine.
• the paper was made from a recycled old corrugated containers (OCC) pulp beaten to a Canadian standard freeness of 350 and formed into sheets having a basis weight of 40 pounds/3000 ft 2 at a pH of 7.0.
• OCC recycled old corrugated containers
• the paper sheets were dried to 5.0%> moisture level at the reel.
• the size dispersion was added to the thick stock just prior to dilution at the fan pump. The addition level is from 0.0225%. to 0.068% of AKD based on the dry paper weight.

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