EP1249505A1 - Procédé pour le durcissement d'une zone superficielle d'une pièce - Google Patents

Procédé pour le durcissement d'une zone superficielle d'une pièce Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1249505A1
EP1249505A1 EP02008140A EP02008140A EP1249505A1 EP 1249505 A1 EP1249505 A1 EP 1249505A1 EP 02008140 A EP02008140 A EP 02008140A EP 02008140 A EP02008140 A EP 02008140A EP 1249505 A1 EP1249505 A1 EP 1249505A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
area
partial
partial areas
extent
areas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP02008140A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Udo Dr. Tüllmann
Klaus-Dieter Dr.-Ing. Frederking
Andreas Dipl.-Ing. Walbert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Index Werke GmbH and Co KG Hahn and Tessky
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Index Werke GmbH and Co KG Hahn and Tessky
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Publication date
Priority claimed from DE10126165A external-priority patent/DE10126165A1/de
Application filed by Index Werke GmbH and Co KG Hahn and Tessky filed Critical Index Werke GmbH and Co KG Hahn and Tessky
Publication of EP1249505A1 publication Critical patent/EP1249505A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/06—Surface hardening
    • C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for hardening a surface area of a workpiece in which partial areas of the surface area are successively by means of a pulsed laser beam by heating and Quenching of the structure can be generated, with each sub-area by a contiguous surface of approximately the same hardness Structure is formed.
  • DE 35 33 541 A1 describes a method for hardening Known surface areas, in which so-called hardness traces side by side or placed at a distance from each other.
  • the heat input is not optimal. For example when placing hardness traces side by side a tempering effect in an already hardened track if there is another hardness track next to it is placed.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of a method of the generic type Art to improve such that the surface area through Generation of the sub-areas can be hardened as optimally as possible.
  • This task is carried out in a method of the type described in the introduction solved according to the invention in that the laser beam onto the partial area so acts that with the laser beam over a corresponding to the focus area Coupling area during a heating period in the range of approximately 0.01 seconds until about 2 seconds of energy is coupled in to harden the structure.
  • the advantage of the method according to the invention is that a relatively long time for the coupling of the energy over a coupling surface is scheduled. However, this relatively long period of time enables one optimal implementation of the injected energy without overheating of the structure and, for example, removal of the structural material can occur.
  • the selected period is also advantageous in so far as they nevertheless generate marginal areas with the smallest possible extent allowed, so that a very high temperature gradient in the hardening Edge area and consequently a small extent of the same can be achieved.
  • a particularly favorable solution provides that the laser beam during the Heating time with a maximum of five laser pulses over the coupling surface, this means that five laser pulses act during the heating period, whose total time gives the heating up time.
  • the laser beam is active during the entire heating period acts on the coupling surface with a single laser pulse, that is, the only laser pulse used is approximately the heating time has a corresponding pulse duration.
  • the laser beam has a wavelength in the Range between 500 and 1000 nm, even better up to 1100 nm, because in this wavelength range an optimized interaction between the Laser beam and the structure to be hardened can be reached.
  • all laser sources can be used as the radiation source, in particular also Solid-state lasers can be used, it being favorable if the laser beam is produced by a semiconductor laser that is best suited to the operating conditions suitable for machine tools.
  • the laser beam is as optimal as possible without additional demanding breaks can be used, on the other hand an optimal deterrent of Structures within the scope of self-deterrence possible without overall heating of the structure or tempering of neighboring ones already hardened sections.
  • the method according to the invention can be carried out particularly optimally if two immediately adjacent sub-areas at a time interval be heated up, during which at least ten other sections be heated.
  • a particularly favorable solution provides that the heating up by the laser radiation on the edge of each over the austenitizing temperature heated portion to a temperature gradient of greater than 500 ° / mm leads.
  • each sub-area has an area dimension, which in each Direction of a maximum of five times the coupling area within of the respective sub-area.
  • the solution according to the invention can then be particularly inexpensive realize if at least some of the sub-areas are in different Directions has surface dimensions that are a maximum of one Distinguish factor 3.
  • the expansion of the partial areas in different directions can preferably be quantified so that each sub-area is in every direction of the surface area up to a maximum of 10 mm, better still a maximum of 8 mm, expands.
  • each section is in every direction of the surface area up to a maximum of 5 mm, better still a maximum of 2 mm or more better extends a maximum of 1 mm.
  • a a particularly favorable solution provides that the structure in each area has a hardening depth that is in the order of the maximum expansion of the partial area in one of the directions of the surface extension lies.
  • the hardening depth is at most the maximum Extension of the respective partial area in one of the directions of the surface extension equivalent.
  • the hardening depth is a maximum of 50% of the maximum Extension of the partial area in one of the directions of the surface extension equivalent.
  • the distance between the immediately adjacent Subareas at least a tenth of the extent of the Corresponds to partial areas in the distance direction.
  • the distance between the immediately adjacent Subareas at least half of the extent of the subareas corresponds in the distance direction.
  • the subregions have a Have a distance of less than one tenth of the extent corresponds to the partial areas in the direction of the distance, since this provides optimal protection of the surface area against such punctiform or linear effects given is.
  • This solution has the advantage that the tempered area is always a has lower hardness, so that by reducing the expansion of the tempered area also a reduction in the area of the Surface area with lower hardness occurs.
  • a particularly expedient procedure provides that the partial areas to a surface area with approximately a uniform average Complete structure showing hardness.
  • This solution is special then advantageous if the hardening process according to the invention in all the constructive parts where the surface area is to be used conventional, that is, without laser processing, is hardened and the Construction is designed to have a surface area essentially constant hardness.
  • a lathe rotated to make a relative movement between a surface area 20 of the workpiece 10 and a laser beam 30, which strikes the surface area 20.
  • the laser beam 30 is focused on the surface area 20, so that an interaction when the same strikes the surface region 20 between the laser beam 30 and the surface area 20 within a focus area 32 takes place in which the material of the workpiece 10 is heated directly by interaction with the laser beam 30.
  • the laser beam 30 is a pulsed laser beam, at which individual laser pulses P are in a temporal pulse interval Repeat PA and have a pulse duration PD during which in the focus area 32 an immediate interaction between the laser beam 30 and the material of the workpiece 10.
  • the pulsing of the laser beam 30 leads to a coupling area 34 approximately corresponding to the focus area 32 within a partial area 22 of the surface area 20, due to the direct interaction with the laser beam 30, the structure of the workpiece 10 heats up, the austenitizing temperature being exceeded within the partial area 22, for example the partial area 22 1 , and a hardened area thus being produced by subsequent quenching.
  • each partial area for example partial area 22 1 has an extension AL in the direction of rotation 14 and an extent AQ in a transverse direction 16 running transverse to the direction of rotation 14, which are larger than the focus area 32 and the corresponding coupling surface 34.
  • This is due to the fact that, within the coupling surface 34, there is a direct interaction between the structure of the workpiece 10 and the laser beam 30, but this direct interaction leads to heating of the surrounding structure by heat conduction, so that the Coupling surface 34 immediately surrounding structure is heated above the austenitizing temperature and is thus hardened by subsequent quenching.
  • Subarea 22 has an extent AQ which is, for example, twice the extent of the coupling surface 34 in the transverse direction 16.
  • Extension AL of the partial area 22 in the direction of rotation 14 likewise approximately 30% to about 100% of the extent of the coupling surface 34 in the direction of rotation 14th
  • an extension AL of the respective partial areas 22, for example the partial area 22 1 is due on the one hand to the fact that the workpiece 10 moves in the direction of rotation 14 relative to the laser beam 30 and thus the Focus area 32 moves on surface area 20.
  • the heat conduction must also be taken into account, which results in an expansion AL which, for example, can correspond to a multiple of the expansion of the focus area 32 in the direction of rotation 14.
  • the edge of the hardness volume 24 arises at the edge of the hardness volume 24 and thus an edge area at the edge of the respective partial area 22 26, in which a temperature gradient to the surrounding structure occurs that is greater than 500 ° / mm.
  • the edge area extends 26 each across an edge surface 28 of the hardness volume 24 a distance RB, which is approximately 1 to 10% of the expansion of the hardness volume 24 in each direction.
  • the hardness drops approximately linearly in this edge region 26.
  • the surface area of the focus area 32 is minimized, for example to an extent AQ, AL of less than approximately 1 mm. Especially advantageous results can be achieved if the dimensions AQ, AL become even smaller, for example in the range of less than 100 ⁇ m come.
  • the laser power in the first exemplary embodiment is usually more than 10 4 W / cm 2 and can range, for example, to values of 10 6 W / cm 2 .
  • the deterrence of what is heated above the austenitizing temperature Structure within the hardness volume and the associated Formation of martensite is preferably done by self-deterrence, the means by heat removal through the structure surrounding the hardness volume 24 of the workpiece 10.
  • the self-quenching is advantageous in so far as with it the need for additional measures to deter the Structure to meet.
  • the pulses P of the laser beam 30 which follow one another at the pulse spacing PA can, as shown in FIG. 3, heat up successive partial regions 22 1 , 22 2 , 22 3 by simply rotating the workpiece 10 about the axis 12 counter to the direction of rotation 14, whereby these Sub-areas have distances AB from one another which are determined by the speed at which the surface area 20 moves relative to the laser beam 30 and by the pulse distance PA.
  • the distances AB can for example be a multiple of the extent of the Subregions are 22, but they can also be of the order of magnitude of fractions of the partial areas 22, for example in the order of magnitude the distance RB over which the edge region 26 extends.
  • Distances AB on the order of a multiple of the extent of the Subregions 22 in the direction of the distance AB are used, for example, if a small surface loading of the surface area 20 is provided is, so that arranged in a wide-meshed grid Islands in the form of sections 22 are sufficient to withstand the surface load Hold up.
  • the partial areas 22 become such placed close together that the distance AB, for example in the Transverse direction 16 is so small that the edge areas 26 around the individual Subregions 24 overlap with each other so that, for example, the distance AB is in the order of magnitude of the extent of the edge regions 26.
  • the edge regions 26 in particular due to the minimization of the Extension of the focus area 32 approximately 1 to 10% of the extension of the Partial areas 22 in the respective direction, the partial areas 22 without problems with distances AB, for example in the transverse direction Arrange 16 that are on the order of between about 2 and about 20% of the extent of the partial areas 22 lie in the respective direction 16, that is, the edge areas 26 touch or partially overlap, without having any negative influences on the hardening of one section result already hardened adjacent sub-area 22, in particular results there is no starting of the adjacent sub-area 22, as is known leads to a reduction in the hardness of the already hardened structure.
  • hardened surface areas 20 can be achieved, whose hardness H shows 22 dips E between each of the sub-areas up to 50%, better still up to 30%, of the mean value M of the hardness H within the partial areas 22, so that overall in the surface area 20 an approximately uniformly hardened in all directions Area.
  • the individual subregions 22 N + X-1 and 22 N + x in the direction of rotation 14 have a distance which is approximately in the order of magnitude of the extent AL of the subregions 22 in this direction, but this does result due to the arrangement of the partial areas in the form of a hexagonal structure, a distance AS, in the direction oblique to the transverse direction 16 and to the direction of rotation 14, which in turn is in the order of the distance AB in the transverse direction 16, so that immediately adjacent partial areas, such as partial areas 22 N + Y and 22 N + X each have a minimum distance of AB or AS distance between them.
  • a third exemplary embodiment of a method according to the invention becomes, as shown in Fig. 9, to optimize self-deterrence the heating of the subareas 22 proceeded in such a way that immediately adjacent one another Subareas 22 are not immediately consecutive be hardened.
  • the partial area 22 1 is heated up with a pulse P
  • the next pulse P for example, the partial area 22 2 is heated up, which has a distance from the partial area 22 1 that corresponds to at least three times the extent of the partial area 22 1 in a distance direction 40 , so that the self-quenching of the sub-area 22 1 is not reduced by heating a sub-area 22 in the immediate vicinity again, which likewise supplies heat to the overall structure of the workpiece 10 in the immediate vicinity of the sub-area 22 1 .
  • each of the subregions 22 can thus be optimized, since the heating of the structure by self-deterrence of an immediate adjacent sub-area 22 in the self-deterrence of the respective sub-area 22 can be neglected.
  • the partial regions 22 are arranged so close to one another that their edge regions 26 essentially completely overlap, so that a common edge region 26 is formed in which the hardness H is opposite the mean value M of the hardness H in the partial areas 22, for example the partial areas 22 1 and 22 20 , is reduced.
  • the reduction in hardness H in the area of the indentations E is a maximum of 30%, even better a maximum of 20% and is in particular also considerably less than in all other methods known from the prior art, owing to the large temperature gradient of more than 500 ° / mm, so that, viewed macroscopically, the surface area 20 composed of the partial areas 22 appears to be substantially area-hardened, since the slight drops in hardness E in the common edge area between the partial areas 22 are negligible with regard to use.
  • a distance AB between the partial areas 22 is usually approximately 1/100 to approximately 1/10 of the extent of the partial areas 22 in the respective Direction, for example the distance AB is of the order of magnitude 1/100 or up to 1/10 of the dimension AQ.
  • a fifth embodiment according to FIG. 13 it is possible, as shown in a fifth embodiment according to FIG. 13, to arrange the partial areas 22 overlapping, so that the uncured areas between three adjacent partial areas 22 are avoided.
  • This overlapping arrangement of the partial areas for example the partial areas 22 1 , 22 20 and 22 30, has only the disadvantage that a tempered area is created around the partial area 22 that was set last.
  • the hardness of tempering reduced area share much less than that of the prior art Technically known methods, so that the overlapping arrangement of the Subareas 22 have a substantially uniform hardness over the surface results, especially when viewed macroscopically, and in addition, the hardness drops E in the edge areas 26 due to the Tempering less than the previously known methods, so that they are far weight less.
  • the subregions 22 s represent so-called hardness traces, which extend over the surface region 20 over a long length, which in principle can be any multiple of the extent of the coupling surface 34.
  • the sub-areas 22 S are generated with a spacing from one another and one after the other, which is at least two AQ, even better a spacing which, as in the exemplary embodiment 14, is at least about 3 AQ.
  • the hardening of the surface area 20 between the partial areas 22 S is carried out in the manner already described, namely in that the hardening of the surface area 20 between the partial areas 22 S is carried out by partial areas 22 1 , 22 10, etc., which in all directions Have an extent that corresponds to a maximum of three times the extent of the coupling surface 34 in this direction, preferably a maximum of twice the extent of the coupling surface 34 in this direction.
  • the sub-areas 22 1 , 22 10 etc. are generated in the same way as in the third, fourth or fifth embodiment, so that starting effects when overlapping between the sub-areas 22 1 and 22 10 and the sub-areas 22 1 and 22 S1 are negligible and thus Even in the overlap area, the drops in hardness are less than approximately 20% of the average hardness in the respective partial areas 22.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
EP02008140A 2001-04-12 2002-04-12 Procédé pour le durcissement d'une zone superficielle d'une pièce Withdrawn EP1249505A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10119180 2001-04-12
DE10119180 2001-04-12
DE10126165 2001-05-30
DE10126165A DE10126165A1 (de) 2001-04-12 2001-05-30 Verfahren zum Härten eines Oberflächenbereichs eines Werkstücks

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EP1249505A1 true EP1249505A1 (fr) 2002-10-16

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EP02008140A Withdrawn EP1249505A1 (fr) 2001-04-12 2002-04-12 Procédé pour le durcissement d'une zone superficielle d'une pièce

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT412666B (de) * 2003-06-04 2005-05-25 Jenbacher Ag Werkstück, insbesondere kurbelwelle
CN111483525A (zh) * 2019-01-29 2020-08-04 丰田自动车株式会社 车辆结构及用于加强车辆钢板的方法

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2013674A1 (en) * 1970-03-21 1971-10-14 Steigerwald K Localised electron beam steel hardening
DE3343783C1 (de) * 1983-12-03 1984-07-05 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8900 Augsburg Verfahren zur Herstellung verschleissfester Zylinderlaufflaechen von Brennkraftmaschinen
WO1989005707A1 (fr) * 1987-12-17 1989-06-29 Cohn, Ronald, D. Traitement de surfaces au laser
DE4320408A1 (de) * 1993-06-21 1994-12-22 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Verfahren zur Prozeßkontrolle und -regelung bei der Oberflächenbearbeitung von Werkstücken mit gepulster Laserstrahlung
DE19626008A1 (de) * 1995-08-01 1997-02-06 Guenter Dr Marci Verfahren zur Härtung von Oberflächen bei Stahl und Gußeisen

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2013674A1 (en) * 1970-03-21 1971-10-14 Steigerwald K Localised electron beam steel hardening
DE3343783C1 (de) * 1983-12-03 1984-07-05 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8900 Augsburg Verfahren zur Herstellung verschleissfester Zylinderlaufflaechen von Brennkraftmaschinen
WO1989005707A1 (fr) * 1987-12-17 1989-06-29 Cohn, Ronald, D. Traitement de surfaces au laser
DE4320408A1 (de) * 1993-06-21 1994-12-22 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Verfahren zur Prozeßkontrolle und -regelung bei der Oberflächenbearbeitung von Werkstücken mit gepulster Laserstrahlung
DE19626008A1 (de) * 1995-08-01 1997-02-06 Guenter Dr Marci Verfahren zur Härtung von Oberflächen bei Stahl und Gußeisen

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
XUE L ET AL: "DOT MATRIX HARDENING OF STEELS USING A FIBER OPTIC COUPLED PULSED ND:YAG LASER", MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, MARCEL DEKKER, NEW YORK, NY, US, vol. 1, no. 14, 1999, pages 53 - 65, XP008003192, ISSN: 1042-6914 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT412666B (de) * 2003-06-04 2005-05-25 Jenbacher Ag Werkstück, insbesondere kurbelwelle
CN111483525A (zh) * 2019-01-29 2020-08-04 丰田自动车株式会社 车辆结构及用于加强车辆钢板的方法
US11548568B2 (en) * 2019-01-29 2023-01-10 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Vehicle structure and method for strengthening vehicle steel plate

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