EP1188032B1 - Expansionsgeschoss - Google Patents

Expansionsgeschoss Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1188032B1
EP1188032B1 EP00951601A EP00951601A EP1188032B1 EP 1188032 B1 EP1188032 B1 EP 1188032B1 EP 00951601 A EP00951601 A EP 00951601A EP 00951601 A EP00951601 A EP 00951601A EP 1188032 B1 EP1188032 B1 EP 1188032B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bullet
internal core
ammunition according
internal
ammunition
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP00951601A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1188032A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Claude Sauvestre
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Individual
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Individual
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Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP1188032A1 publication Critical patent/EP1188032A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1188032B1 publication Critical patent/EP1188032B1/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/34—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect expanding before or on impact, i.e. of dumdum or mushroom type

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to ammunition for weapons small, medium and large calibers, and more particularly a new type of arrow bullet, especially for hunting weapons, with improved efficiency, mainly on soft target.
  • Bullet ammunition has a sub-projectile (arrow) stabilized by tail, associated with a sabot (or launcher) to the caliber of the weapon, the assembly is found in a cartridge closed by crimping, comprising another primed socket and a propellant charge. of the ammunition of this type are described for example in the patent FR-A-2555728.
  • the present invention relates to bullet ammunition arrow and relates more particularly to the sub-projectile, also called arrow. It is desirable that the arrow is deforms on impact on the target, but this deformation must be controlled and must not result in dislocation too large in several small arrow fragments dimensions that could prove dangerous.
  • the subject of the invention is a device which allows to obtain a controlled deformation of the boom during the impact on the soft parts of a target, while ensuring sufficient rigidity and cohesion of the boom body to avoid the formation of multiple fragments and ensure the destruction of the hard parts of said target.
  • the device of the invention is essentially consisting of a bullet of the caliber of the weapon or under-calibrated, comprising a profiled front part, a part central, and a rear part which can carry a tail, comprising, arranged along its axis, an internal arrow of greater rigidity than the body of the ball.
  • the device of the invention is consisting of a projectile of the caliber of the weapon, or a sub-projectile intended to be used in combination with a launcher to the caliber of the weapon, comprising a cylindrical insert greater rigidity than the rest of the body projectile or sub-projectile, placed along its axis and extending at least near the front face of the projectile or sub-projectile.
  • the ball following the present invention comprises a profiled front part, a central part and a rear part which can carry a tail, and the internal boom preferably has a length as it extends over the front part and the part center of the ball.
  • the bullet is entirely crossed by the internal arrow which extends from the rear part to the front part of the ball, and the rear part of the internal arrow can to support the stabilizer, in the case of a ball stabilized by empennage.
  • This internal arrow, or insert constitutes a “arrow internal scope "because it is inserted into the ball and worn by she.
  • arrow internal scope because it is inserted into the ball and worn by she.
  • internal arrow for simplification it can be called “internal arrow”, but must be distinguished from the arrow constituting the sub-projectile of undersized arrowheads stabilized by tailplane known technique.
  • the arrow internal is housed in an axial hole open on the front of the bullet, and the front face of the internal arrow is placed in withdrawal from the front of the front part of the ball.
  • the internal boom can be overflowing, that is, its front end protrudes out of the hole axial, and may even in some cases be forward by compared to the front of the ball.
  • Such a provision can be particularly advantageous in the case of bullets stabilized by empennage.
  • the internal boom can be made in a single element or in several consecutive elements arranged so contiguous on the same axis. It can be beneficial, for example, to provide an internal arrow in two elements.
  • the internal boom can be of the type with controlled fragmentation and include elements dispersing on impact, for example balls of diameter substantially equal to that of the internal boom. This embodiment makes it possible to obtain fragments calibrated on impact, and thus improve power lethal ammunition by creating secondary injuries.
  • the internal boom, or insert can be made by example in steel, copper, brass or aluminum alloy with high mechanical resistance.
  • the body of the bullet may for example be made of copper or brass containing 5 to 40% zinc, or an alloy metallic with the desired mechanical qualities, for example example in aluminum or lead alloy.
  • the technique of the invention presents the advantage of allowing to totally or partially replace lead by another metal or an alloy deemed not to pollutant.
  • the fin may be made of metal or of polymer formed by plastics on the metal body of the sub-projectile, and it may include stabilizing fins.
  • the internal arrow and the bullet body are formed in a same base material, for example copper or brass.
  • the stiffness of the internal boom is reinforced by means known to be greater than that of the bullet body. The making of the boom internal can then be performed at the same time as that of the ball, from the same material.
  • the internal carried arrow, or insert generally has the shape of a rod of revolution with constant section, increasing or decreasing, coaxial with the projectile, as shown in the attached figures. He can be advantageous to provide ribs on the cylindrical surface in order to improve the fixation of the insert in the body of the ball. They can be annular or helical ribs, or, preferably, longitudinal ribs, 2 in number to 6 over part or all of the length of the cylinder, symmetrically with respect to the axis. Moreover, the longitudinal ribs can be used to form fracture primers on the front of the bullet during the establishment of the cylindrical insert by introduction into force in the previously drilled hole along the axis of the ball.
  • the internal arrow carried previously placed in the axis of the draft of the ball, will print its longitudinal ribs in the material of the body pushed back by means of a press and will thus create the initiations of desired ruptures.
  • primers of rupture by cooperating with the arrow internal, favor the deformation of the head of the ball during the impact by "petalization” or “mushrooming” in as many elements as ribs, around the arrow central internal which retains its general shape and serves as structure ensuring the cohesion of the whole. They can be combined in combination with circular grooves or longitudinal performed around the edge of the ball, preferably in the area to "mushroom", that is to say the area whose controlled deformation is caused.
  • two inserts can be provided or internal boom elements, arranged along the axis of the projectile, one behind the other in the hole drilled in the sub-projectile or in the body of the bullet.
  • the ball may be of the type gyroscopic stabilization or by stabilization.
  • the gyro-stabilized ball is used in a rifle with a barrel, such so that the barrel scratch, cooperating with a tenon integral with the ball, gives it a movement of rotation along its axis.
  • the balls stabilized by empennage can be used in smooth-barreled weapons.
  • the caliber bullet has at its rear part a neck constriction (1), at its part central body (2) on which grooves are practiced circular (3), at its front part a warhead (4) the assembly being partially inserted in a primed and charged case not shown.
  • a hole (5) is drilled in the front face of the warhead (4) along the axis of the ball and contains the internal arrow bearing surface (6) provided on its surface with several ribs longitudinal (7).
  • a conical entry (9) facilitates the initiation of "mushrooming".
  • Fig. 2 shows the position of 4 ribs (7) in surface of the internal boom carried (6) symmetrically by relative to the axis and uniformly distributed around the periphery of said arrow.
  • the edges of these ribs (7) are supported against the inner wall of the hole (5). They present the advantage of causing the initiation of rupture primers in the thickness of the warhead (4) around the periphery of the hole (5) during the positioning of the internal boom, inserted in force in the hole (5) during manufacturing.
  • the warhead (4) may have one or more grooves circular (8) which can facilitate speed and ability to the winding of the petals (10) as specified by the figures 3 and 4 in order to better manage the deformation on impact and during the achievement.
  • the sub-calibrated bullet (11) is equipped with a tail (12) at its rear, and is wrapped in a launch shoe (13) shown in lines dotted, the assembly being in a primed socket and charged not shown.
  • a hole (14) is drilled in the front face of the ball (11), along its axis, and contains two internal arrows spans mounted in tandem as shown in Figure 5.
  • the internal rear reach boom (15) has a groove helical (17) in conjunction with the partial thread of the hole (14).
  • the internal boom carried before (16) coming pressing on the internal rear reach boom (15) is provided on its surface several ribs (18).
  • the ribs on the surface of the internal boom (16) can be three in number, arranged symmetrically by relation to the axis. The edges of these ribs are supported against the inner wall of the hole (14).
  • the helical groove (17) is formed on the surface of the internal boom carried rear (15).
  • the front face (19) of the sub-calibrated bullet (11) may have an appropriate shape, cooperating with the insert metal to control deformation on impact.
  • This frontal annular zone (19) may for example have one of the shapes shown in Figures 5a to 5h of the French patent 2599828.
  • An illustration of the result obtained with the shooting is specified in Figs. 6 and 7.
  • the internal arrow carried is produced in overflowing form, as shown in Figure 8 showing the internal arrow whose front end protrudes beyond from the front of the ball.
  • the internal boom (20) comprises a head (21) of frustoconical shape, the small base being forward.
  • the two parts (20) and (21) of the internal boom may well intended to constitute a single homogeneous part.
  • a space separates the face front (22) of the ball and the edge of the head (21) of the internal arrow, to facilitate the deformation of the ball at impact on the target.
  • the internal arrow includes a front boom element (23) associated with balls (24).
  • the rear element consists of several balls (24) metallic.
  • the diameter of the balls is appreciably equal to that of the internal arrow, so that the balls are held in place in the axial hole (5) by the front element (23).
  • the deformation of the ball head is close to that shown in Figure 3, and has the effect of causing separation of the front element (23) of the internal boom and the release of the balls (24).
  • Figure 10 shows a gyro-stabilized ball caliber of the weapon, similar to that of Figure 1, comprising a base (1), a body (2) provided with circular grooves (3) and a profiled front part (4), the assembly being traversed right through by a hole (25) in which is placed an internal boom comprising a rear element (26) and a front member (27).
  • the rear member (26) of the boom has a thread (28) cooperating with the thread (29) formed on the surface internal hole (25). This arrangement allows to fix securely the rear member (26) in the body of the ball. On the contrary, the front element (27) of the internal arrow is forcefully inserted into the front part of the hole (25).
  • the invention can be applied to bullet ammunition arrow for hunting weapons of all calibers, with smooth barrel or scratched.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Vibration Dampers (AREA)
  • Milling Processes (AREA)
  • Pivots And Pivotal Connections (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Combined Means For Separation Of Solids (AREA)
  • Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Position Input By Displaying (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Munition für klein-, mittel- und großkalibrige Waffen, bestehend aus einem Projektil mit dem Kaliber der Waffe oder einem kleineren Kaliber, umfassend einen profilierten Vorderteil (4), einen Mittelteil (2) und einen, gegebenenfalls einen Flügel (12) tragenden, Rückteil (1), dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Projektil entlang seiner Achse ein inneres Flechette aufweist, die aus einem zylindrischen Einsatz (6) mit höherer Steifigkeit als der Projektilkörper besteht, welcher in einer axialen Öffnung (5) untergebracht ist.
  2. Munition nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette (6) sich über den Vorderteil (4) und den Mittelteil (2) des Projektils erstreckt.
  3. Munition nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette (6) in einer axialen Öffnung (5) untergebracht ist, die zur Vorderseite des Projektils hin offen ist.
  4. Munition nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das gesamte Projektil vom inneren Flechette (26, 27) durchzogen ist, das sich vom Rückteil bis zum Vorderteil des Projektils erstreckt.
  5. Munition nach einem der Ansprüche 3 und 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorderfläche des inneren Flechettes in Bezug auf die Vorderfläche des Vorderteils des Projektils versenkt ist.
  6. Munition nach einem der Ansprüche 3 und 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette (20) vorsteht und sein vorderes Ende (21) über die Vorderfläche (22) des Projektils hervorragt.
  7. Munition nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette (6) aus einem einzigen homogenen Element besteht.
  8. Munition nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette aus zumindest zwei aufeinander folgenden Elementen (15, 16) besteht, die miteinander verbunden auf derselben Achse angeordnet sind.
  9. Munition nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette ein erstes zylindrisches Element (23) und eine oder mehrere Kugeln (24) mit im Wesentlichen gleichem Durchmesser umfasst.
  10. Munition nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette aus einem Rotationsschaft (6) besteht, der auf einem Teil seiner Oberfläche Rippen trägt.
  11. Munition nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette (6) ringförmige, spiralförmige oder längsgerichtete Rippen trägt.
  12. Munition nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette 2 bis 6 längsgerichtete Rippen (7) trägt, die symmetrisch zur Achse angeordnet sind.
  13. Munition nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Vorderteil des Projektilkörpers Sollbruchstellen umfasst.
  14. Munition nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das innere Flechette (6) aus Stahl, Messing, Kupfer oder einer Aluminiumlegierung besteht.
  15. Munition nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Projektilkörper aus Kupfer oder Messing besteht, das 5 bis 40 % Zink enthält.
EP00951601A 1999-06-18 2000-06-16 Expansionsgeschoss Expired - Lifetime EP1188032B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9907760 1999-06-18
FR9907760A FR2795170B1 (fr) 1999-06-18 1999-06-18 Balle a fleche interne portee
PCT/FR2000/001677 WO2000079211A1 (fr) 1999-06-18 2000-06-16 Balle a fleche interne portee

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1188032A1 EP1188032A1 (de) 2002-03-20
EP1188032B1 true EP1188032B1 (de) 2004-05-19

Family

ID=9546989

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00951601A Expired - Lifetime EP1188032B1 (de) 1999-06-18 2000-06-16 Expansionsgeschoss

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US6845717B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1188032B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4593045B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE267380T1 (de)
AU (1) AU6448800A (de)
CA (1) CA2375292C (de)
CZ (1) CZ302555B6 (de)
DE (1) DE60010884T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2179792T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2795170B1 (de)
MA (1) MA25417A1 (de)
NO (1) NO320813B1 (de)
PL (1) PL194325B1 (de)
PT (1) PT1188032E (de)
WO (1) WO2000079211A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2795170B1 (fr) 1999-06-18 2002-06-28 Jean Claude Sauvestre Balle a fleche interne portee
CZ20021869A3 (cs) 2002-05-30 2004-01-14 Vlastimil Libra Průbojná podkaliberní střela
FR2859523B1 (fr) 2003-09-10 2005-12-02 Jean Claude Sauvestre Balle de chasse a trainee aerodynamique reduite
US7191709B2 (en) * 2004-02-10 2007-03-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Enhanced performance reactive composite projectiles
US20050196241A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2005-09-08 Wallace Marvin A. Trench filling device
FR2867266B1 (fr) * 2004-03-04 2006-05-26 Jean Claude Sauvestre Balle de chasse a expansion retardee
FR2867267B1 (fr) * 2004-03-08 2006-05-26 Jean Claude Sauvestre Balle de chasse a bague d'expansion
US7360491B2 (en) * 2004-04-12 2008-04-22 Sanborn Craig M Firearm projectile apparatus, method, and product by process
DE102005020988A1 (de) * 2005-05-03 2006-11-09 Strauß, Rupert Ecobrass-Geschoss
US7765934B2 (en) * 2005-05-09 2010-08-03 Ruag Ammotec Lead-free projectile
AT502514B1 (de) * 2005-10-13 2007-04-15 Winter Udo Mag Unterkalibriges geschoss
US7966937B1 (en) 2006-07-01 2011-06-28 Jason Stewart Jackson Non-newtonian projectile
US8438767B2 (en) * 2006-10-24 2013-05-14 P-Bar Co., Llc Expanding projectile
US8171852B1 (en) 2006-10-24 2012-05-08 Peter Rebar Expanding projectile
US8307768B2 (en) * 2007-02-21 2012-11-13 Joseph Cziglenyi Projectiles and methods for forming projectiles
US8434410B2 (en) 2010-12-15 2013-05-07 Salem A. S. AlSalem Deformable high volocity bullet
EP2792993B1 (de) * 2013-04-15 2015-11-25 H. Krieghoff GmbH Geschoss
US9354027B2 (en) 2013-10-24 2016-05-31 G2 Research Inc. Fragmenting projectile
US9631910B2 (en) * 2013-12-31 2017-04-25 Lehigh Defense, LLC Expanding subsonic projectile and cartridge utilizing same
US9702677B2 (en) * 2015-04-27 2017-07-11 Basic Electronics, Inc. Ammunition for providing a multilayer flowering upon impact
USD774159S1 (en) * 2015-06-03 2016-12-13 Brian Harold Holtmeyer Bullet
KR101802040B1 (ko) * 2015-12-31 2017-11-27 임채진 탄환
US10352669B2 (en) * 2016-09-30 2019-07-16 Badlands Precision LLC Advanced aerodynamic projectile and method of making same
US10663271B2 (en) 2016-10-13 2020-05-26 G2 Research Inc. Predictably fragmenting projectiles having internally-arranged geometric features
US10690464B2 (en) 2017-04-28 2020-06-23 Vista Outdoor Operations Llc Cartridge with combined effects projectile
USD852922S1 (en) * 2017-09-14 2019-07-02 F. Richard Langner Slug for launching from a disruptor
USD877848S1 (en) * 2017-09-20 2020-03-10 Skychase Holdings Corporation Bullet
US20190120603A1 (en) * 2017-10-19 2019-04-25 Richard C. Cole Projectile with radial grooves
US10823539B1 (en) * 2017-11-14 2020-11-03 Sme Engineering (Pty) Ltd Expanding subsonic bullet
US10969209B2 (en) * 2018-02-14 2021-04-06 Olin Corporation Segmenting pistol bullet
CN109668478B (zh) * 2018-12-03 2022-05-24 南京航空航天大学 一种空气炮用稳定推进弹托及其设计方法
USD937962S1 (en) * 2019-04-05 2021-12-07 Vista Outdoor Operations Llc Firearm cartridge
DE102019116125A1 (de) * 2019-06-13 2020-12-17 Ruag Ammotec Gmbh Projektil, insbesondere Deformations- und/oder Teilzerlegungsgeschoss, und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Projektils
DE102021104760A1 (de) 2021-02-26 2022-09-01 Ruag Ammotec Ag Deformationsgeschoss für Polizei- und Behördenmunition
US11867487B1 (en) 2021-03-03 2024-01-09 Wach Llc System and method for aeronautical stabilization
US11486683B2 (en) 2021-04-06 2022-11-01 Joseph Cziglenyi Angled dual impact bullet

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US1322662A (en) * 1919-11-25 Eibeaktt-pbojectile
US1096558A (en) * 1912-10-22 1914-05-12 Charles Newton Rifle bullet or projectile.
US1493614A (en) * 1920-09-01 1924-05-13 Remington Arms Co Inc Mushroom bullet
US4044685A (en) * 1971-06-18 1977-08-30 Hirtenberger Patronen-, Zundhutchen- Und Metallwarenfabrik Aktiengesellschaft Jacketless hunting bullet with roll-back cutting flags
US3881421A (en) * 1974-02-14 1975-05-06 Thomas J Burczynski Bullet
JPS605880B2 (ja) * 1975-02-17 1985-02-14 セプコ インコーポレーテツド 膨張弾丸
DE2530155A1 (de) * 1975-07-05 1977-02-03 Dynamit Nobel Ag Geschoss, insbesondere fuer faustfeuerwaffen und maschinenpistolen
DE3064795D1 (en) * 1979-03-10 1983-10-20 Schirnecker Hans Ludwig Projectile, e.g. for hunting, and method of manufacturing same
FR2555728B1 (fr) 1983-11-29 1987-03-20 Sauvestre Jean Claude Munition pour arme de chasse
DE3510343A1 (de) * 1985-03-22 1986-09-25 Hans-Ludwig 4773 Möhnesee Schirneker Bleifreies jagdgeschoss
FR2599828B1 (fr) 1986-06-05 1990-08-24 Sauvestre Jean Claude Munition de petit ou moyen calibre a efficacite amelioree et portee limitee, en particulier pour la chasse
NO163466C (no) * 1987-05-21 1990-05-30 Oerlikon Buehrle Ag Prosjektil med en prosjektilkjerne og en drivspeilmantel.
FR2627854B1 (fr) * 1988-02-29 1990-08-10 Denis Jean Pierre Munition pour armes a feu, notamment munition de chasse
AT393559B (de) * 1988-08-02 1991-11-11 Winter Udo Mag Geschoss
AT395910B (de) * 1991-11-20 1993-04-26 Hirtenberger Ag Jagdgeschoss
US5185495A (en) * 1992-04-13 1993-02-09 Petrovich Robert M Projective with improved flowering
US5349907A (en) * 1993-03-23 1994-09-27 Petrovich Robert M High velocity projectile
AT405977B (de) * 1996-04-24 2000-01-25 Winter Udo Mag Ing Expansionsgeschoss
FR2771167B1 (fr) * 1997-11-20 1999-12-10 Giat Ind Sa Balle expansive
FR2795170B1 (fr) 1999-06-18 2002-06-28 Jean Claude Sauvestre Balle a fleche interne portee

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2179792T1 (es) 2003-02-01
PL194325B1 (pl) 2007-05-31
DE60010884T2 (de) 2005-05-25
ES2179792T3 (es) 2004-12-16
NO20016191D0 (no) 2001-12-18
MA25417A1 (fr) 2002-04-01
FR2795170A1 (fr) 2000-12-22
AU6448800A (en) 2001-01-09
PT1188032E (pt) 2004-09-30
EP1188032A1 (de) 2002-03-20
PL353013A1 (en) 2003-10-06
CZ302555B6 (cs) 2011-07-13
FR2795170B1 (fr) 2002-06-28
CZ20014555A3 (cs) 2002-11-13
ATE267380T1 (de) 2004-06-15
JP2003528279A (ja) 2003-09-24
CA2375292C (fr) 2008-03-18
CA2375292A1 (fr) 2000-12-28
NO20016191L (no) 2002-02-13
NO320813B1 (no) 2006-01-30
JP4593045B2 (ja) 2010-12-08
WO2000079211A1 (fr) 2000-12-28
DE60010884D1 (de) 2004-06-24
US6845717B1 (en) 2005-01-25

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