EP1186831B1 - Apparatus controlling the air/fuel ratio of a burner - Google Patents

Apparatus controlling the air/fuel ratio of a burner Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1186831B1
EP1186831B1 EP01117153A EP01117153A EP1186831B1 EP 1186831 B1 EP1186831 B1 EP 1186831B1 EP 01117153 A EP01117153 A EP 01117153A EP 01117153 A EP01117153 A EP 01117153A EP 1186831 B1 EP1186831 B1 EP 1186831B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
signal
regulating device
control
burner
sensor
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP01117153A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1186831A1 (en
Inventor
Rainer Dr. Lochschmied
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Siemens Building Technologies AG
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Siemens Building Technologies AG
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/24—Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements
    • F23N5/242—Preventing development of abnormal or undesired conditions, i.e. safety arrangements using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
    • F23N1/022—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/12—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods
    • F23N5/123—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
    • F23N2223/04—Memory
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2233/00—Ventilators
    • F23N2233/06—Ventilators at the air intake
    • F23N2233/08—Ventilators at the air intake with variable speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2235/00—Valves, nozzles or pumps
    • F23N2235/12—Fuel valves
    • F23N2235/16—Fuel valves variable flow or proportional valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
    • F23N3/08—Regulating air supply or draught by power-assisted systems
    • F23N3/082—Regulating air supply or draught by power-assisted systems using electronic means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a control device according to the preamble of Claim 1.
  • Air ratio the ratio of the amount of air to the amount of fuel
  • lambda the ratio of the amount of air to the amount of fuel
  • Air ratio the ratio of the amount of air to the amount of fuel
  • Lambda slightly above the stoichiometric value 1, for example 1.3.
  • Air-controlled burners unlike controlled burners, react to external conditions Influences that change the combustion.
  • the combustion be readjusted after a change in the type of fuel or air density. she have a higher efficiency, thus higher efficiency as well as lower Pollutant and soot emissions.
  • the environmental impact is lower, the lifetime will be extended.
  • Control of the air ratio is particularly effective when using a sensor quality combustion can be observed.
  • Typical are in known burners Oxygen sensors in the exhaust duct, temperature sensors on the burner surface or UV sensors used in the combustion chamber. Newer developments are based on the ionization electrode, which has long been standard for monitoring the Flame is used in burners.
  • Air-controlled burners using an ionization electrode as a flame sensor are known from DE-PS 196 18 573. Such burners check the control loop among other things, that the measuring signal a safety margin around the Control setpoint during normal operation should not leave in the long term. Meets this Nevertheless, the burner switches off.
  • the tax period should be as short as possible, since external influences during this Time can not be corrected.
  • the quality of the control should be below monitored at least marginally and for plausibility become. If the position of the fuel valve or the air blower during the Control period is not monitored by additional measures, so can at a Defective the permissible emission levels are greatly exceeded.
  • the invention is based on the object of quality control during such Control periods are inexpensive and easy to improve.
  • 1 indicates the flame of an air-operated gas burner.
  • a Ionization electrode 2 protrudes into the area of the flame 1.
  • the flame 1 is from an adjustable air blower 3 and an adjustable gas valve 4 fed.
  • One Safety valve 5 in the gas supply ensures a faultless shutdown in case of a Error message.
  • a control device 6 the air blower 3, the gas valve 4 and the Safety valve 5 as follows.
  • the actuator of the air blower 3 is by means of a power request signal. 7 driven to a speed corresponding to a speed signal 8, as Input parameter is used for the performance request.
  • z. B the measurement signal of a Differential pressure gauge in the ventilation duct, to be used as a power variable.
  • the adjustable gas valve 4 is not shown by a control signal 9 via a Motor driven. An unshown mechanical pressure regulator is interposed.
  • the safety valve 5 is opened against spring pressure, as long as an enable signal 10th is applied.
  • the air ratio is controlled by the ionization electrode 2.
  • the Tuning of the control signal 9 to the speed signal 8 is done by observation of current and voltage at the ionization electrode 2 as a measure of flame quality.
  • the speed signal 8 is passed through a filter 11 to a control unit 12, which is realized as a program part in a microprocessor.
  • a control unit 12 which is realized as a program part in a microprocessor.
  • the control signals 13, 14 be fed to a controller 15, where they on the basis of flame quality in one Adjusting module 16 are weighted and added to form the control signal 9.
  • Controller 15 is implemented as a program part in a microprocessor.
  • a sensor evaluator 17 prepares two signals.
  • a sensor signal 18 is a measure of the quality of the flame 1.
  • a monitoring signal 19 indicates Extinguish the flame 1 a monitoring unit 20 in the controller 15 on.
  • the monitoring unit 20 interrupts a corresponding monitoring signal 19 towards the release signal 10 and thereby closes the safety valve 5. Thus hears the gas supply on.
  • the sensor signal 18 is supplied to the controller 15. There it becomes first by means of a low-pass filter 21 smoothed to suppress glitches and flicker.
  • a comparison unit 22 is a generated by the control unit 12 and via a Correction unit 23 subtracted nominal reference signal 24.
  • the setpoint signal 24 represents over a characteristic curve at each speed a desired size of the Sensor signal 18. From the difference is from a proportional controller 25 and a parallel integration unit 26 of the internal control value x redetermined, the two Control signals 13 and 14 re-weighted and thus changed the control signal 9.
  • control value x of course by other types of controllers, for example a PID controller or state controller.
  • the sensor signal 18 is thus in its normal operation on his current performance associated setpoint and the combustion receives the above the setpoint signal 24th set quality.
  • the air ratio is programmed during a starting process controlled until the burner and the ionization 2 their operating temperature approximated or reached. Only then follows the normal operation, in which the Air ratio is regulated.
  • the reason for the control at the start is, among other things, the inertia of the sensor, which measures the quality of combustion.
  • ionization electrodes not only ionization electrodes have such a delay.
  • an ionization signal can only be used for regulation about 30 s after ignition.
  • Other sensors, such as ZrO 2 oxygen sensors in the exhaust duct, require more than one minute, depending on the design, until reliable control signals can be obtained.
  • the control unit 12 During a startup process, the control unit 12 generates a start-up signal 27, which is supplied to the controller 15 and causes it to be linear in time to generate increasing actuating signal 9.
  • a switching unit 28 selects as long as that Start-up signal 27, instead of the control value x, off. Because the air blower 3 meanwhile produces a constant flow of air, the air ratio of initially large Values are getting smaller and smaller. Once the mixture of air and gas is enough fat, can an ignition of the flame 1 done.
  • the controller 15 opens the safety valve 5 by means of the release signal 10 and generates an actuating signal 9 which sets the position of the gas valve 4 to its start position S 1 .
  • the control unit 12 introduces the controller 15. Start-up signal 27 too.
  • the start-up signal 27 determines in this phase a control value x 'as a provisional replacement for the control value x in the weighting of the two control signals 13 and 14. Their size is fixed at the above-mentioned firing speed of the air blower 3.
  • the controller 15 weights the control signals 13 and 14 on the basis of the start-up signal 27, so that a control signal 9 corresponding to the starting position S 1 appears at the output of the controller.
  • control signal 9 after a programmed sequence, wherein the amount of gas per unit time is increased linearly.
  • the gas-air mixture is initially very lean and is getting fatter during the ignition, until the time T 2 is an ignition.
  • the linear increase of the actuating signal 9 is stopped and the position of the gas valve 4 is kept constant at its ignition position S 2 .
  • the control unit 12 can then estimate the gas range based on the ignition position S 2 and the required ignition time T 2 -T 1 and selects the control value x 'new so that it matches the estimated gas range.
  • the new control value x ' is, depending on the type of gas, z. At 0.9 or 0.1. This leads to a renewal of the gas valve 4 to a correction position S 3rd
  • the actuating signal 9 in FIG. 2 is therefore quickly corrected to the correction position S 3 at the time T 3 .
  • control value x 6 for the control phase after ignition would be specified as the programmed value or determined as the learned value from the last decommissioning and stored.
  • FIG. 2 also shows a dot-dashed curve representing the actuating signal 9, if it is calculated on the basis of the sensor signal 18. This fictitious actuating signal S E would thus be the actuating signal 9 if the control loop is not broken during a starting process.
  • the monitoring unit 20 must naturally means of an analog circuit or a part of the program the behavior of the flame in response to the fictional setting signal simulate s E an outdoorsrend and the fictional setting signal s Set E to be that the current measured value of the resulting ionization signal 18th
  • the fictitious control signal s E is not suitable for this reason in this phase, in order to enable a control. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the fictitious actuating signal s E comes so quickly, for example already 2 seconds after the opening of the gas valve 4, so close to the value which is optimally regulated later that it forms a reliable comparison means, in order to prevent serious errors from harmless Inaccuracies of the control to distinguish.
  • the monitoring unit 20 continuously checks whether the fictitious actuating signal s E or the associated control value x E lies within a limit range around the actual actuating signal 9.
  • the boundaries are designated S 3min and S 3max in FIG. 2 and have, for example, the values of 0.90 times S 3 and 1.25 times S 3 .
  • the monitoring unit 20 checks the otherwise unused control value x by comparing it with the control value x '. This comparison is equivalent to a comparison between the fictitious actuating signal s E and the control signal (9). The difference is only the previous or the subsequent processing by the control module 16.
  • the monitoring unit 20 As soon as the fictitious actuating signal s E leaves said boundary region, the monitoring unit 20 generates a fault signal (not shown) and switches off the release signal 10 so that the safety valve 5 is closed.
  • the controller 6 stores the detection of a disturbance signal in one EEPROM to allow the event after any failure of the supply current is recognizable again.
  • An unillustrated unlocking signal through the Burner operator can override the consequences of an earlier fault signal.
  • the monitoring unit 20 switches off the combustion only when the fictitious actuating signal s E has left the boundary area for a predetermined time.
  • monitoring need not necessarily be continuous, but could also be discrete at one or more specified times.
  • the generation of the actuating signal 9 is taken over by the processing of the sensor signal 18.
  • the control signal 9 quickly adjusts to its control value S 4 .
  • the power of the burner during the control period to a other value within the entire permissible range.
  • FIG. 1 also shows that the monitoring unit 20 alternatively the Ionisationssignal 18 instead of the control signal 9 or the control value x processed.
  • the monitoring unit 20 is compared with its setpoint signal 24 and may, for example, a preprogrammed limit range, which may also be time-dependent, do not leave.
  • a sole application of this alternative would be a very simple Ausgestalltung enable the monitoring unit 20.
  • a comparison signal is already in shape the setpoint signal 24 is present and the comparison is already by the Comparison unit 22 in the form of the difference signal 35 of the monitoring unit 20th fed.
  • monitoring begins.
  • the monitoring unit 20 checks permanently or at discrete points in time whether the ionization signal I E does not leave its limit values, which are drawn as I SOLLmin and I SOLLmax .
  • control process begins on the basis of the ionisation signal 18.

Abstract

The controller produces a comparison signal (SE) during the control period as a function of the sensor signal. The controller ascertains the difference between the comparison signal (SE, IE) and a corresponding signal. An alarm signal is produced as a function of the difference, by the controller.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Regeleinrichtung gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a control device according to the preamble of Claim 1.

In einem Brenner muss das Verhältnis der Luftmenge zur Brennstoffmenge, genannt Luftzahl oder Lambda, im gesamten Leistungsbereich entweder durch eine Steuerung oder durch eine Regelung aufeinander abgestimmt sein. In der Regel soll Lambda leicht über dem stöchiometrischen Wert 1 sein, zum Beispiel 1,3.In a burner, the ratio of the amount of air to the amount of fuel, called Air ratio or lambda, in the entire power range either by a controller or be coordinated by a regulation. As a rule, Lambda slightly above the stoichiometric value 1, for example 1.3.

Luftzahlgeregelte Brenner reagieren, anders als gesteuerte Brenner, auf äußere Einflüsse, welche die Verbrennung verändern. Beispielsweise kann die Verbrennung nach einer Änderung der Brennstoffart oder der Luftdichte nachgeregelt werden. Sie haben einen höheren Wirkungsgrad, damit eine höhere Effizienz sowie niedrigere Schadstoff- und Russemissionen. Die Umweltbelastung ist geringer, die Lebensdauer wird verlängert.Air-controlled burners, unlike controlled burners, react to external conditions Influences that change the combustion. For example, the combustion be readjusted after a change in the type of fuel or air density. she have a higher efficiency, thus higher efficiency as well as lower Pollutant and soot emissions. The environmental impact is lower, the lifetime will be extended.

Eine Regelung der Luftzahl ist besonders effektiv, wenn mit einem Sensor die Qualität der Verbrennung beobachtet werden kann. Typisch werden bei bekannten Brennern Sauerstoffsensoren im Abgaskanal, Temperatursensoren auf der Brenneroberfläche oder UV-Sensoren in der Brennkammer verwendet. Neuere Entwicklungen basieren auf der Ionisationselektrode, die schon lange standardmäßig zur Überwachung der Flamme in Brennern eingesetzt wird.Control of the air ratio is particularly effective when using a sensor quality combustion can be observed. Typical are in known burners Oxygen sensors in the exhaust duct, temperature sensors on the burner surface or UV sensors used in the combustion chamber. Newer developments are based on the ionization electrode, which has long been standard for monitoring the Flame is used in burners.

Luftzahlgeregelte Brenner, die eine lonisationselektrode als Flammensensor benutzen, sind aus der DE-PS 196 18 573 bekannt. Solche Brenner überprüfen den Regelkreis unter anderem dadurch, dass das Messsignal eine Sicherheitsmarge um den Regelsollwert während des Regelbetriebes nicht langfristig verlassen soll. Trifft dies dennoch zu, so schaltet der Brenner ab.Air-controlled burners using an ionization electrode as a flame sensor, are known from DE-PS 196 18 573. Such burners check the control loop among other things, that the measuring signal a safety margin around the Control setpoint during normal operation should not leave in the long term. Meets this Nevertheless, the burner switches off.

Es ist zumeist wenig sinnvoll, die Luftzahl sofort nach der Zündung zu regeln, da das lonisationssignal erst im thermisch eingeschwungenen Zustand repräsentativ für die Verbrennung ist. Daher wird das Verhältnis von Luft und Brennstoff zunächst gesteuert, beispielsweise während der ersten Minute nach der Inbetriebsetzung. Erst danach wird es genau ausgeregelt.It usually makes little sense to regulate the air ratio immediately after ignition, since the Ionisationssignal only in the thermally steady state representative of the Burning is. Therefore, the ratio of air and fuel first controlled, for example, during the first minute after commissioning. First after that it is exactly regulated.

Weiterhin ist es bekannt, dass während des Zündvorgangs die Luftzahl variiert wird, damit ein für die gelieferte Brennstoffart gutes Gemisch gefunden werden kann. Auf diesen Luftzahlwert wird im weiteren Startvorgang gesteuert. Auch davon ist ein Beispiel in der DE-PS 196 18 573 beschrieben. Ein solcher Brenner fährt während des Zündvorgangs den Gasanteil bei festem Luftvolumenstrom solange hoch, bis die lonisationselektrode eine Flamme detektiert. Die Anfahrsteuerung behält die der Zündung entsprechende Gasventilstellung bei, obwohl das Gas-Luft-Gemisch typisch etwas zu fett ist. Erst nachdem das System seine Betriebstemperatur erreicht hat, wird auf Regelung mittels lonisationssignal umgeschaltet.Furthermore, it is known that the air ratio is varied during the ignition process, so that a good mixture can be found for the type of fuel supplied. On This air value is controlled in the further starting process. Also of it is one Example in DE-PS 196 18 573 described. Such a burner drives during the Ignition the gas content at a fixed air flow as long as high, until the ionization detected a flame. The starting control retains the Ignition corresponding gas valve position, although the gas-air mixture is typical something is too fat. Only after the system has reached its operating temperature is switched to control by ionisation signal.

Neben dem Startverhalten des Brenners ist es denkbar, dass später aus anderen Gründen das lonisationssignal nicht repräsentativ für die Verbrennung ist oder der Regelkreis durch äußere Einflüsse instabil wird. Auch dann kann die Regelung zeitweise abgeschaltet und die Luftzahl während dieser Zeit gesteuert werden.In addition to the starting behavior of the burner, it is conceivable that later from others Because the ionization signal is not representative of the combustion or the Loop is unstable due to external influences. Even then, the scheme can temporarily switched off and the air ratio are controlled during this time.

Die Steuerperiode sollte so kurz wie möglich sein, da äußere Einflüsse während dieser Zeit nicht ausgeregelt werden können. Zudem sollte die Qualität der Steuerung unter den konkreten Umständen wenigstens marginal und auf Plausibilität überwacht werden. Wird die Stellung des Brennstoffsventils oder des Luftgebläses während der Steuerperiode nicht durch zusätzliche Maßnahmen überwacht, so können bei einem Defekt die zulässigen Emissionswerte stark überschritten werden.The tax period should be as short as possible, since external influences during this Time can not be corrected. In addition, the quality of the control should be below monitored at least marginally and for plausibility become. If the position of the fuel valve or the air blower during the Control period is not monitored by additional measures, so can at a Defective the permissible emission levels are greatly exceeded.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Qualitätsüberwachung während solcher Steuerperioden kostengünstig und in einfacher Art zu verbessern.The invention is based on the object of quality control during such Control periods are inexpensive and easy to improve.

Die genannte Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen ergeben sich aus den abhängigen Ansprüchen.The object mentioned is achieved by the features of claim 1 solved. Advantageous developments emerge from the dependent claims.

Nachfolgend wird ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Hereinafter, an embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawing explained.

Es zeigen

Figur 1
ein Blockschaltbild einer Regeleinrichtung gemäß der Erfindung,
Figur 2 und
den zeitlichen Ablauf des Aufstarten des Brenners mit der Regeleinrichtung
Figur 3
einen alternativen zeitlichen Ablauf des Aufstarten des Brenners mit der Regeleinrichtung.
Show it
FIG. 1
a block diagram of a control device according to the invention,
Figure 2 and
the timing of the start of the burner with the control device
FIG. 3
an alternative timing of the start of the burner with the control device.

In der Figur 1 bedeutet 1 die Flamme eines luftzahlgeregelten Gasbrenners. Eine lonisationselektrode 2 ragt in den Bereich der Flamme 1. Die Flamme 1 wird von einem stellbaren Luftgebläse 3 und einem stellbaren Gasventil 4 gespeist. Ein Sicherheitsventil 5 in der Gaszufuhr sorgt für ein fehlerfreies Abschalten im Falle einer Störungsmeldung.In FIG. 1, 1 indicates the flame of an air-operated gas burner. A Ionization electrode 2 protrudes into the area of the flame 1. The flame 1 is from an adjustable air blower 3 and an adjustable gas valve 4 fed. One Safety valve 5 in the gas supply ensures a faultless shutdown in case of a Error message.

Statt eines Luftgebläses wird bei manchen atmosphärischen Brennern die Luft durch den Brennerzug zugeführt und kann durch eine stellbare Luftklappe kontrolliert werden.Instead of an air blower, the air in some atmospheric burners fed to the Brennerzug and can be controlled by an adjustable air damper.

Eine Regeleinrichtung 6 stellt das Luftgebläse 3, das Gasventil 4 und das Sicherheitsventil 5 wie folgt.A control device 6, the air blower 3, the gas valve 4 and the Safety valve 5 as follows.

Das Stellglied des Luftgebläses 3 wird mittels eines Leistungsanforderungssignals 7 auf eine Drehzahl angesteuert, welche einem Drehzahlsignal 8 entspricht, das als Eingabeparameter für die Leistungsanforderung verwendet wird.The actuator of the air blower 3 is by means of a power request signal. 7 driven to a speed corresponding to a speed signal 8, as Input parameter is used for the performance request.

Natürlich kann auch eine andere Größe, z. B. das Messsignal eines Differenzdruckmessers im Belüftungskanal, als Leistungsgröße verwendet werden.Of course, another size, z. B. the measurement signal of a Differential pressure gauge in the ventilation duct, to be used as a power variable.

Das stellbare Gasventil 4 wird von einem Stellsignal 9 über einen nicht gezeichneten Motor angetrieben. Ein nicht gezeichneter mechanischer Druckregler ist zwischengeschaltet. The adjustable gas valve 4 is not shown by a control signal 9 via a Motor driven. An unshown mechanical pressure regulator is interposed.

Das Sicherheitsventil 5 wird gegen Federdruck geöffnet, solange ein Freigabesignal 10 anliegt.The safety valve 5 is opened against spring pressure, as long as an enable signal 10th is applied.

Im Normalbetrieb wird die Luftzahl über die lonisationselektrode 2 geregelt. Die Abstimmung des Stellsignals 9 auf das Drehzahlsignal 8 erfolgt durch Beobachtung von Strom und Spannung an der lonisationselektrode 2 als Maß der Flammenqualität.In normal operation, the air ratio is controlled by the ionization electrode 2. The Tuning of the control signal 9 to the speed signal 8 is done by observation of current and voltage at the ionization electrode 2 as a measure of flame quality.

Das Drehzahlsignal 8 wird über ein Filter 11 zu einer Steuereinheit 12 geführt, welche als Programmteil in einem Mikroprozessor realisiert ist. Dort sind Kenndaten gespeichert, welche die Kennlinien eines ersten und eines zweiten Steuersignals 13 beziehungsweise 14 festlegen. Diese Kennlinien repräsentieren zu jeder Drehzahl eine unter ihren respektiven Umständen erwünschte Größe des Stellsignals 9, hier für zwei Gasarten mit unterschiedlichen spezifischen Energiewerten. Die Steuersignale 13, 14 werden einem Regler 15 zugeführt, wo sie anhand der Flammenqualität in einem Stellmodul 16 gewichtet und aufaddiert werden um das Stellsignal 9 zu bilden. Der Regler 15 ist als Programmteil in einem Mikroprozessor realisiert.The speed signal 8 is passed through a filter 11 to a control unit 12, which is realized as a program part in a microprocessor. There are characteristics which stores the characteristics of a first and a second control signal 13 or set 14. These curves represent one for every speed under their respective circumstances desired size of the control signal 9, here for two Gas types with different specific energy values. The control signals 13, 14 be fed to a controller 15, where they on the basis of flame quality in one Adjusting module 16 are weighted and added to form the control signal 9. Of the Controller 15 is implemented as a program part in a microprocessor.

Zugleich wird die Qualität und Präsenz der Flamme 1 von der lonisationselektrode 2 ermittelt. Ein Sensorauswerter 17 bereitet daraus zwei Signale auf. Ein Sensorsignal 18 ist ein Maß für die Qualität der Flamme 1. Ein Überwachungssignal 19 gibt ein Erlöschen der Flamme 1 einer Überwachungseinheit 20 im Regler 15 weiter.At the same time, the quality and presence of the flame 1 from the ionization electrode 2 determined. A sensor evaluator 17 prepares two signals. A sensor signal 18 is a measure of the quality of the flame 1. A monitoring signal 19 indicates Extinguish the flame 1 a monitoring unit 20 in the controller 15 on.

Die Überwachungseinheit 20 unterbricht auf ein entsprechendes Überwachungssignal 19 hin das Freigabesignal 10 und schließt dadurch das Sicherheitsventil 5. Somit hört die Gaszufuhr auf.The monitoring unit 20 interrupts a corresponding monitoring signal 19 towards the release signal 10 and thereby closes the safety valve 5. Thus hears the gas supply on.

Auch das Sensorsignal 18 wird dem Regler 15 zugeführt. Dort wird es zuerst mittels eines Tiefpassfilters 21 geglättet, um Störimpulse und Flackern zu unterdrücken. In einer Vergleichseinheit 22 wird ein von der Steuereinheit 12 erzeugtes und über eine Korrektureinheit 23 geführtes Sollwertsignal 24 subtrahiert. Das Sollwertsignal 24 repräsentiert über eine Kennlinie zu jeder Drehzahl eine erwünschte Größe des Sensorsignals 18. Aus der Differenz wird von einem Proportionalregler 25 und einer parallelen Integriereinheit 26 der interne Regelwert x neu ermittelt, der die beiden Steuersignale 13 und 14 neu gewichtet und damit das Stellsignal 9 verändert.Also, the sensor signal 18 is supplied to the controller 15. There it becomes first by means of a low-pass filter 21 smoothed to suppress glitches and flicker. In A comparison unit 22 is a generated by the control unit 12 and via a Correction unit 23 subtracted nominal reference signal 24. The setpoint signal 24 represents over a characteristic curve at each speed a desired size of the Sensor signal 18. From the difference is from a proportional controller 25 and a parallel integration unit 26 of the internal control value x redetermined, the two Control signals 13 and 14 re-weighted and thus changed the control signal 9.

Alternativ kann der Regelwert x natürlich durch andere Reglertypen, beispielsweise einen PID-Regler oder einen Zustandsregler, erzeugt werden.Alternatively, the control value x of course by other types of controllers, for example a PID controller or state controller.

Das Sensorsignal 18 wird somit im Normalbetrieb auf seinen zur aktuellen Leistung gehörigen Sollwert geregelt und die Verbrennung erhält die über das Sollwertsignal 24 eingestellte Qualität.The sensor signal 18 is thus in its normal operation on his current performance associated setpoint and the combustion receives the above the setpoint signal 24th set quality.

Dem entgegen wird die Luftzahl während eines Startvorganges programmiert gesteuert, bis der Brenner und die lonisationselektrode 2 ihre Betriebstemperatur angenähert oder erreicht haben. Erst danach folgt der Normalbetrieb, in dem die Luftzahl geregelt wird.In contrast, the air ratio is programmed during a starting process controlled until the burner and the ionization 2 their operating temperature approximated or reached. Only then follows the normal operation, in which the Air ratio is regulated.

Der Grund für die Steuerung am Start liegt unter anderem in der Trägheit des Sensors, der die Verbrennungsqualität misst.The reason for the control at the start is, among other things, the inertia of the sensor, which measures the quality of combustion.

Nicht nur lonisationselektroden weisen übrigens eine solche Verzögerung auf. Ein lonisationssignal kann je nach Brenner erst ungefähr 30 s nach der Zündung zum Regeln verwendet werden. Andere Sensoren, wie zum Beispiel ZrO2-Sauerstoffsensoren im Abgaskanal, benötigen je nach Bauart mehr als eine Minute, bis zuverlässige Regelsignale gewonnen werden können.Incidentally, not only ionization electrodes have such a delay. Depending on the burner, an ionization signal can only be used for regulation about 30 s after ignition. Other sensors, such as ZrO 2 oxygen sensors in the exhaust duct, require more than one minute, depending on the design, until reliable control signals can be obtained.

Während eines Startvorganges erzeugt die Steuereinheit 12 ein Aufstartsignal 27, welches dem Regler 15 zugeführt wird und ihn veranlasst, ein in der Zeit linear zunehmendes Stellsignal 9 zu erzeugen. Eine Schalteinheit 28 wählt solange das Aufstartsignal 27, anstatt des Regelwertes x, aus. Weil das Luftgebläse 3 indessen einen gleichbleibenden Luftstrom erzeugt, wird die Luftzahl von zunächst großen Werten immer kleiner. Sobald das Gemisch von Luft und Gas genügend Fett ist, kann eine Zündung der Flamme 1 erfolgen. During a startup process, the control unit 12 generates a start-up signal 27, which is supplied to the controller 15 and causes it to be linear in time to generate increasing actuating signal 9. A switching unit 28 selects as long as that Start-up signal 27, instead of the control value x, off. Because the air blower 3 meanwhile produces a constant flow of air, the air ratio of initially large Values are getting smaller and smaller. Once the mixture of air and gas is enough fat, can an ignition of the flame 1 done.

Der zeitliche Verlauf des Stellsignals 9 für das Gasventil 4 während eines Startvorgangs ist in der Figur 2 skizziert. Zum Zeitpunkt t = 0 tritt eine Leistungsanforderung auf.The time course of the control signal 9 for the gas valve 4 during a Start process is outlined in Figure 2. At the time t = 0 occurs one Performance request on.

Nach einer eventuell programmierten Vorspülzeit muss das Luftgebläse 3 zum Zeitpunkt T1 auf eine festen Zünddrehzahl gefahren sein, damit Verbrennungsluft vorhanden ist. Eine Zündeinrichtung beginnt schon damit, periodisch Zündimpulse zu erzeugen.After a possibly programmed Vorspülzeit the air blower 3 must be driven at time T 1 to a fixed ignition speed, so that combustion air is present. An ignition device already begins to periodically generate ignition pulses.

Zum Zeitpunkt T1 muss auch Gas vorhanden sein. Dazu öffnet der Regler 15 mittels des Freigabesignals 10 das Sicherheitsventil 5 und erzeugt ein Stellsignal 9, das die Stellung des Gasventils 4 auf seine Startposition S1 stellt.At time T1, gas must also be present. For this purpose, the controller 15 opens the safety valve 5 by means of the release signal 10 and generates an actuating signal 9 which sets the position of the gas valve 4 to its start position S 1 .

Zur Bestimmung der Startposition S1 führt die Steuereinheit 12 dem Regler 15 ein. Aufstartsignal 27 zu. Das Aufstartsignal 27 bestimmt in dieser Phase einen Steuerwert x' als vorläufiger Ersatz für den Regelwert x bei der Gewichtung der beiden Steuersignale 13 und 14. Deren Größe liegt bei der oben genannten Zünddrehzahl des Luftgebläses 3 fest. Der Regler 15 gewichtet die Steuersignale 13 und 14 anhand des Aufstartsignals 27, so dass am Ausgang des Reglers ein der Startposition S1 entsprechendes Stellsignal 9 erscheint.To determine the start position S 1 , the control unit 12 introduces the controller 15. Start-up signal 27 too. The start-up signal 27 determines in this phase a control value x 'as a provisional replacement for the control value x in the weighting of the two control signals 13 and 14. Their size is fixed at the above-mentioned firing speed of the air blower 3. The controller 15 weights the control signals 13 and 14 on the basis of the start-up signal 27, so that a control signal 9 corresponding to the starting position S 1 appears at the output of the controller.

Unmittelbar nach dem Zeitpunkt T1 erhöht die Steuereinheit 12 in obengenannter Weise das Stellsignal 9 nach einem programmierten Ablauf, wobei die Gasmenge pro Zeiteinheit linear erhöht wird. Das Gas-Luft-Gemisch ist zunächst sehr mager und wird während des Zündvorganges immer fetter, bis zum Zeitpunkt T2 eine Zündung erfolgt.Immediately after the time T1 increases the control unit 12 in the above manner, the control signal 9 after a programmed sequence, wherein the amount of gas per unit time is increased linearly. The gas-air mixture is initially very lean and is getting fatter during the ignition, until the time T 2 is an ignition.

Sobald das Überwachungssignal 19 das Vorhandensein der Flamme 1 bestätigt, wird der lineare Anwachs des Stellsignals 9 gestoppt und die Stellung des Gasventils 4 auf ihre Zündposition S2 konstant gehalten. Die Steuereinheit 12 kann dann anhand der Zündposition S2 und der benötigten Zündungszeit T2 - T1 den Gasbereich abschätzen und wählt den Steuerwert x' neu, so dass er zum geschätzten Gasbereich passt. Der neue Steuerwert x' liegt, je nach Gasart, z. B. bei 0,9 oder 0,1. Dies führt zu einer Neustellung des Gasventils 4 auf eine Korrekturposition S3. As soon as the monitoring signal 19 confirms the presence of the flame 1, the linear increase of the actuating signal 9 is stopped and the position of the gas valve 4 is kept constant at its ignition position S 2 . The control unit 12 can then estimate the gas range based on the ignition position S 2 and the required ignition time T 2 -T 1 and selects the control value x 'new so that it matches the estimated gas range. The new control value x 'is, depending on the type of gas, z. At 0.9 or 0.1. This leads to a renewal of the gas valve 4 to a correction position S 3rd

Das Stellsignal 9 in der Figur 2 wird daher schnell zum Zeitpunkt T3 auf die Korrekturposition S3 korrigiert.The actuating signal 9 in FIG. 2 is therefore quickly corrected to the correction position S 3 at the time T 3 .

Alternativ zu dieser Startrampe könnte natürlich eine feste Zündstellung für das Gasventil 4 gewählt werden. Dabei würde der Steuerwert x6 für die Steuerphase nach der Zündung als programmierter Wert vorgegeben oder aber als Lernwert aus der letzten Außerbetriebsetzung ermittelt und abgespeichert.Of course, a fixed ignition position for the gas valve 4 could be selected as an alternative to this launch ramp. In this case, the control value x 6 for the control phase after ignition would be specified as the programmed value or determined as the learned value from the last decommissioning and stored.

In der Figur 2 ist auch eine strichpunktierte Kurve gezeichnet, die das Stellsignal 9 darstellt, falls es auf Grund des Sensorsignals 18 berechnet wird. Dieses fiktive Stellsignal SE wäre also das Stellsignal 9, wenn der Regelkreis während eines Startvorganges nicht aufgebrochen wird.FIG. 2 also shows a dot-dashed curve representing the actuating signal 9, if it is calculated on the basis of the sensor signal 18. This fictitious actuating signal S E would thus be the actuating signal 9 if the control loop is not broken during a starting process.

Dazu muss die Überwachungseinheit 20 natürlich mittels einer Analogschaltung oder eines Programmteils das Verhalten der Flamme als Antwort auf das fiktive Stellsignal sE annäherend simulieren und das fiktive Stellsignal sE so einstellen, dass sich der momentane Messwert des lonisationssignals 18 ergibt.For this, the monitoring unit 20 must naturally means of an analog circuit or a part of the program the behavior of the flame in response to the fictional setting signal simulate s E annäherend and the fictional setting signal s Set E to be that the current measured value of the resulting ionization signal 18th

Das fiktive Stellsignal sE ist aus oben genannten Gründen in diese Phase nicht geeignet, um eine Regelung zu ermöglichen. Es hat sich trotzdem gezeigt, dass das fiktive Stellsignal sE relativ schnell, beispielsweise schon 2 Sekunden nach dem Öffnen des Gasventils 4, so sehr in der Nähe des später optimal geregelten Wert kommt, dass es ein zuverlässiges Vergleichsmittel bildet, um ernsthafte Fehler von ungefährlichen Ungenauigkeiten der Steuerung zu unterscheiden.The fictitious control signal s E is not suitable for this reason in this phase, in order to enable a control. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the fictitious actuating signal s E comes so quickly, for example already 2 seconds after the opening of the gas valve 4, so close to the value which is optimally regulated later that it forms a reliable comparison means, in order to prevent serious errors from harmless Inaccuracies of the control to distinguish.

Ab einem Zeitpunkt T4 bis zum Ende der Steuerperiode zum Zeitpunkt T5 überprüft die Überwachungseinheit 20 dauerhaft, ob das fiktive Stellsignal sE oder der zugehörige Regelwert xE innerhalb eines Grenzbereichs um das tatsächliche Stellsignal 9 herum liegt. Die Grenzen sind in der Figur 2 mit S3min und S3max bezeichnet und weisen beispielsweise die Werte von 0,90 mal S3 und 1,25 mal S3 auf.From a time T 4 to the end of the control period at time T 5 , the monitoring unit 20 continuously checks whether the fictitious actuating signal s E or the associated control value x E lies within a limit range around the actual actuating signal 9. The boundaries are designated S 3min and S 3max in FIG. 2 and have, for example, the values of 0.90 times S 3 and 1.25 times S 3 .

In der Tat überprüft die Überwachungseinheit 20 übrigend den sonst unbenutzten Regelwert x in dem sie ihn mit dem Steuerwert x' vergleicht. Dieser Vergleich ist einem Vergleich zwischen das fiktive Stellsignal sE und das Stellsignal (9) gleichwertig. Der Unterschied ist lediglich die vorherige oder die nachherige Bearbeitung durch das Stellmodul 16.In effect, the monitoring unit 20 checks the otherwise unused control value x by comparing it with the control value x '. This comparison is equivalent to a comparison between the fictitious actuating signal s E and the control signal (9). The difference is only the previous or the subsequent processing by the control module 16.

Sobald das fiktive Stellsignal sE den genannten Grenzbereich verlässt, erzeugt die Überwachungseinheit 20 ein nicht dargestelltes Störungssignal und stellt das Freigabesignal 10 aus, damit das Sicherheitsventil 5 geschlossen wird.As soon as the fictitious actuating signal s E leaves said boundary region, the monitoring unit 20 generates a fault signal (not shown) and switches off the release signal 10 so that the safety valve 5 is closed.

Die Regeleinrichtung 6 speichert die Feststellung eines Störungssignals in einem EEPROM, damit das Ereignis nach einem etwaiger Ausfall der Versorgungsstrom wieder erkennbar ist. Ein nicht dargestelltes Entriegelungssignal durch den Brennerbetreiber kann die Konsequenzen eines früheren Störungssignals aufheben.The controller 6 stores the detection of a disturbance signal in one EEPROM to allow the event after any failure of the supply current is recognizable again. An unillustrated unlocking signal through the Burner operator can override the consequences of an earlier fault signal.

In einer Alternative schaltet die Überwachungseinheit 20 die Verbrennung erst ab, wenn das fiktive Stellsignal sE während einer vorgegebenen Zeit den Grenzbereich verlassen hat. Ebenso muss die Überwachung nicht unbedingt kontinuierlich sein, sondern könnte auch diskret zu einem oder mehreren festgelegten Zeitpunkten erfolgen.In an alternative, the monitoring unit 20 switches off the combustion only when the fictitious actuating signal s E has left the boundary area for a predetermined time. Similarly, monitoring need not necessarily be continuous, but could also be discrete at one or more specified times.

Nach Erreichen einer unteren Differenz zwischen dem fiktiven Stellsignal SE und S3 wird die Steuerperiode beendet und der Verbund von Luft und Gas anhand des Sensorsignals 18 geregelt.After reaching a lower difference between the fictitious control signal S E and S 3 , the control period is ended and the composite of air and gas is controlled by means of the sensor signal 18.

Das Ende der Steuerperiode zum Zeitpunkt T5 könnte natürlich auch vorprogrammiert sein.Of course, the end of the control period at time T 5 could also be preprogrammed.

Nach dem Zeitpunkt T5 wird die Erzeugung des Stellsignals 9 durch die Verarbeitung des Sensorsignals 18 übernommen. Das Stellsignal 9 verstellt sich schnell zu seinem Regelwert S4.After the time T 5 , the generation of the actuating signal 9 is taken over by the processing of the sensor signal 18. The control signal 9 quickly adjusts to its control value S 4 .

Alternativ kann die Leistung des Brenners während der Steuerperiode auf einen anderen Wert im gesamten zulässigen Bereich gestellt werden.Alternatively, the power of the burner during the control period to a other value within the entire permissible range.

Die Figur 1 zeigt zudem, dass die Überwachungseinheit 20 alternativ das lonisationssignal 18 statt des Stellsignals 9 oder des Regelwertes x verarbeitet. Dabei wird es mit seinem Sollwertsignal 24 verglichen und darf beispielsweise einen vorprogrammierten Grenzbereich, der auch zeitabhängig sein kann, nicht verlassen. Eine alleinige Anwendung dieser Alternative würde eine sehr einfache Ausgestalltung der Überwachungseinheit 20 ermöglichen. Ein Vergleichssignal ist ohnehin im Form des Sollwertsignals 24 vorhanden und der Vergleich wird schon durch die Vergleichseinheit 22 in Form des Differenzsignals 35 der Überwachungseinheit 20 zugeführt.FIG. 1 also shows that the monitoring unit 20 alternatively the Ionisationssignal 18 instead of the control signal 9 or the control value x processed. there it is compared with its setpoint signal 24 and may, for example, a preprogrammed limit range, which may also be time-dependent, do not leave. A sole application of this alternative would be a very simple Ausgestalltung enable the monitoring unit 20. A comparison signal is already in shape the setpoint signal 24 is present and the comparison is already by the Comparison unit 22 in the form of the difference signal 35 of the monitoring unit 20th fed.

In der Figur 3 wird diese Alternative näher erläutert. Der zeitliche Verlauf des lonisationssignals 18 während eines Startorgangs ist als Kurve IE gezeichnet. Der Wert des Sollwertsignals 24 ist strichpunktiert mit ISOLL angedeutet.In the figure 3, this alternative will be explained in more detail. The time course of the ionisation signal 18 during a starting process is plotted as a curve I E. The value of the setpoint signal 24 is indicated by dash-dotted lines with I SOLL .

Zum Zeitpunkt T4, kurz nach dem Zeitpunkt T3 oder sogar gleichzeitig, fängt die Überwachung an. Die Überwachungseinheit 20 überprüft dauerhaft oder zu diskreten Zeitpunkten, ob das lonisationssignal IE seine Grenzwerte, welche als ISOLLmin und als ISOLLmax gezeichnet sind, nicht verlässt.At time T 4 , shortly after time T 3 or even at the same time, monitoring begins. The monitoring unit 20 checks permanently or at discrete points in time whether the ionization signal I E does not leave its limit values, which are drawn as I SOLLmin and I SOLLmax .

Zum Zeitpunkt T5 beginnt der Regelvorgang auf Grund des lonisationssignals 18.At time T 5 , the control process begins on the basis of the ionisation signal 18.

Claims (8)

  1. A regulating device (6) for an air ratio-regulated burner, which burner is equipped with
       a sensor (2) which detects the quality of combustion,
       a setting member which influences the feed amount of fuel or the feed amount of air in dependence on a setting signal (9),
       which regulating device (6) is equipped with
       a sensor evaluating device (17) which is connected downstream of the sensor (2) and which produces a sensor signal (18),
       a control unit (12) in which characteristic data for determining at least one mode of behaviour of the setting member are stored and which at least at times produces at least one control signal (13, 14), and
       a regulator (15) which produces the setting signal (9) during at least one control period in dependence on the control signal and not in dependence on the sensor signal (18) and otherwise in dependence on the sensor signal (18),
       characterised in that
       at least at times during the control period the regulator (15) produces a comparison signal (SE, ISOLL) in dependence on the sensor signal (18),
       the regulating device (6) establishes the difference between the comparison signal (SE, ISOLL) and a corresponding setting/sensor signal (9, 18), and
       the regulating device (6) produces a fault signal in dependence on the magnitude of the difference.
  2. A regulating device according to claim 1
       characterised in that the sensor (2) is an ionisation electrode arranged in the flame region of the burner.
  3. A regulating device according to claim 2
       characterised in that the regulating device (6) has time detection, and
       the regulating device (6) can produce a fault signal at the earliest as from 2 seconds after the beginning of the control period.
  4. A regulating device according to one of the preceding claims
       characterised in that a positive limit value and a negative limit value are stored in the regulating device (6), and
       the regulating device (6) produces a fault signal if the magnitude of the difference has exceeded a positive limit value or has fallen below a negative limit value.
  5. A regulating device according to claim 4
       characterised in that the regulating device (6) produces a fault signal immediately after the magnitude of the difference has exceeded the positive limit value or has fallen below the negative limit value.
  6. A regulating device according to claim 4 or claim 5
       characterised in that the positive limit value is up to +30% of the value of the corresponding signal and the negative limit value is up to -13% of said value.
  7. A regulating device according to one of the preceding claims
       characterised in that upon firing of the burner the control unit (12) causes the regulator (15) to produce the setting signal (9) such that the air ratio goes from sub-stoichiometric to over-stoichiometric,
       the regulating device (6) estimates the specific energy content of the fuel from the behaviour of the setting member upon flame ignition, and
       the control unit (12) causes the regulator (15) to produce a corresponding setting signal (9) after firing of the burner.
  8. A regulating device according to one of the preceding claims
       characterised in that at least once during a regulating period the regulating device (6) ascertains the magnitude of the setting signal (9) which is suitable during the control period and stores it in the control unit (12), and
       after firing of the burner the control unit (12) causes the regulator (15) to produce a corresponding setting signal (9).
EP01117153A 2000-09-05 2001-07-14 Apparatus controlling the air/fuel ratio of a burner Expired - Lifetime EP1186831B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE10044633 2000-09-05
DE10044633 2000-09-05

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EP1186831A1 (en) 2002-03-13
DE10113468A1 (en) 2002-03-14
US6527541B2 (en) 2003-03-04
DE50101177D1 (en) 2004-01-29
US20020048737A1 (en) 2002-04-25
ATE256844T1 (en) 2004-01-15
JP2002130667A (en) 2002-05-09

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