EP1177067B1 - Method for grinding convex running surfaces and outside diameters on undulated workpieces in a clamping, and a grinding machine for carrying out the method - Google Patents

Method for grinding convex running surfaces and outside diameters on undulated workpieces in a clamping, and a grinding machine for carrying out the method Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1177067B1
EP1177067B1 EP00922668A EP00922668A EP1177067B1 EP 1177067 B1 EP1177067 B1 EP 1177067B1 EP 00922668 A EP00922668 A EP 00922668A EP 00922668 A EP00922668 A EP 00922668A EP 1177067 B1 EP1177067 B1 EP 1177067B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
grinding
workpiece
grinding wheel
spindle
undulated
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EP00922668A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1177067A1 (en
Inventor
Erwin Junker
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Erwin Junker Maschinenfabrik GmbH
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Erwin Junker Maschinenfabrik GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B5/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor
    • B24B5/02—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work
    • B24B5/16—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work for grinding peculiarly surfaces, e.g. bulged

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for grinding convex treads and outside diameters on shaft-shaped workpieces in one setup and a grinding machine for performing the method.
  • a universal grinding headstock is already known with the internal and external cylindrical grinding as well as the surface grinding of workpieces is possible in a single setup. This is at each end of the Each headstock has a separately driven grinding spindle.
  • the Grinding spindles carry different grinding wheels. By swiveling the Headstocks around a vertical axis can be optionally three different Position the grinding wheels on the workpiece, which means that the processes of the Have internal and external cylindrical grinding and face grinding carried out.
  • the grinding wheels provided in accordance with the known universal grinding headstock all have the usual shape of cylinder disks.
  • the well-known The machine is not intended for the operations of form grinding and is not suitable.
  • the two grinding spindles are driven directly Electric motors arranged on the headstock, which makes the headstock relatively becomes voluminous and collisions with the workpiece at certain Swivel positions can be done easily.
  • the invention is based on the object of a method for Grinding of convex treads and outer diameters on wave-shaped To create workpieces in one setup.
  • a method for Grinding of convex treads and outer diameters on wave-shaped To create workpieces in one setup.
  • should semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal treads are ground.
  • a special grinding machine with which the Disadvantages inherent in the prior art are eliminated. They are supposed to machining shaft parts in one setup with two CBN grinding wheels be ground to the finished product.
  • the method according to the invention is intended also with the help of the special grinding machine individual grinding operations enable on comparable workpieces.
  • the method for grinding shaft parts with convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal treads as well as desired exact outer diameters on shaft-shaped workpieces are made in one Clamping on a swiveling grinding headstock.
  • the Grinding headstock includes two arms that have an angle ⁇ , in particular 60 ° is, form and grinding spindles are provided at the free ends.
  • On one grinding spindle is a grinding wheel with at least one concave Side surface for producing a contour-conforming convex tread the shaft part to be machined and one on the other grinding spindle Grinding wheel for generating exact outer diameters on the machining shaft parts clamped.
  • the grinding processing of a undulating workpiece takes place in such a way that the workpiece which has a plane-side section with a large diameter, between the Tips of a workpiece headstock and a tailstock clamped as well is supported at the bearing points of the workpiece with steadies.
  • the opposite side surface of the Grinding wheel designed accordingly if on both sides of the wavy Workpiece section with large diameter to produce convex treads are.
  • the grinding wheel is concave in cross section by pivoting the Grinding headstock from the area of engagement with the wave-shaped Brought workpiece section.
  • the process of Grinding headstock in the X-axis the second grinding wheel against the The outer circumference of the wave-shaped workpiece section is adjusted by one grind exact diameter.
  • the workpiece is replaced by a Feed movement on the Z axis in the direction of the workpiece center axis moved to the infeed of the grinding wheel to create the second convex, especially semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal Tread of the undulating workpiece section with respect to the X axis to enable.
  • the second becomes concave, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal side surface of the first grinding wheel with the other side surface of the wavy workpiece section with the large diameter engaged to the second convex with which second concave side surface of the grinding wheel contour-conforming tread to create.
  • the grinding headstock on the X axis becomes the Area of the wavy workpiece section with the large diameter hazards.
  • a second grinding wheel on the other's grinding spindle Arm of the workpiece headstock is clamped and in relation to the arm with the spindle for the first grinding wheel an angle ⁇ , which is preferably 60 ° is, forms, is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the wavy workpiece delivered to the desired outside diameter on the corresponding Generate sections of the wavy workpiece.
  • a special grinding machine is suitable for executing the process whose machine bed has a workpiece headstock and one aligned in the longitudinal axis arranged tailstock are arranged, which the feed movement Realize according to the Z axis. Furthermore, in this area The steady rest can be adjusted against the bearing points of the workpiece intended.
  • Behind the arrangement of the workpiece headstock and tailstock a two-armed grinding headstock is provided, with each arm at the end is equipped with a grinding spindle for holding grinding wheels.
  • the Vertical lines intersect in the longitudinal axes of the two grinding spindles a plane at an angle ⁇ of preferably 60 ° in the pivot axis of the two-armed common grinding headstock with the two on it grinding spindles arranged at the ends and carrying the grinding wheel.
  • the grinding headstock can be pivoted in one plane, for example horizontally and can be fed vertically along the X axis to the Z axis.
  • This grinding machine allows the setting of optimal application positions for the Grinding wheels in relation to the workpiece to be machined.
  • the arrangement of the two-armed grinding headstock with the ends attached Grinding spindles for the first and second grinding wheels has the advantage that both Grinding spindles on a common guide to execute the Infeed movement are arranged according to the X axis.
  • This arrangement ensures very high stiffness values including the Grinding slide guide.
  • the high rigidity of the grinding headstock and the Guide system on the guide carriage by grinding in high accuracy values on the one created by grinding Final product. On the other hand, they add up when there are several clampings creeping dimensional inaccuracies until the end product is produced.
  • the high stiffness values of the guidance system therefore improve significantly the process reliability of the method and also bring about a reduction in Wear of the grinding wheels.
  • FIG. 1 shows the one to be used according to the method according to the invention Grinding machine A for grinding workpieces such as wavy ones Transmission parts.
  • Grinding machine A for grinding workpieces such as wavy ones Transmission parts.
  • On the machine bed 1 is a schematic in the front area Grinding table 2 arranged on which the feed movement according to the Z axis is executed along the double arrow. The CNC-controlled required for this Drive is not shown.
  • On the grinding table 2 are a motor driven workpiece headstock 3 and a tailstock 4 on one common longitudinal axis 5 aligned.
  • the finish to be sanded wavy workpiece 10 which is a section with a large Has diameter D is between the workpiece headstock 3 and Tailstock 4 clamped.
  • the workpiece headstock 3 has for this purpose a rotor-driven workpiece spindle 6, which in the front area has a workpiece holder 7 designed as a tip.
  • the opposite, on the grinding table 2 aligned tailstock 4 has a hydraulic axially displaceable tailstock quill 8.
  • This tailstock quill 8 has the workpiece-side end of a tailstock tip 9.
  • the longitudinal axis of the Workpiece spindle 6 of the workpiece headstock 3, the workpiece 10 and the Tailstock quill 8 of the tailstock 4 thus form a common, aligned Longitudinal axis 5.
  • a grinding headstock 20 In the rear area of the machine bed 1 is a grinding headstock 20 arranged, which is mounted on a guide carriage 21.
  • the Guide carriage 21 is equipped with a feed drive 22, which Infeed movement in the X axis relative to the workpiece 10 is realized.
  • the Guide carriage 21 is hydrostatically supported on guides 23 and aligned perpendicular to the workpiece center axis 5.
  • the guide carriage 21 is consequently slidably arranged according to the CNC axis.
  • the Grinding headstock 20 comprises two arms 24 and 25, each end with HF drive 26 and 27 equipped grinding spindles 28 and 29.
  • the of the longitudinal axes 31 and 32 of the grinding spindles 28 and 29 in one plane outgoing verticals intersect to form an angle ⁇ , for example at an angle ⁇ of 60 °, in the pivot axis 30 of the two Arms 24 and 25 of the grinding headstock 20.
  • the grinding headstock 20 can the angle ⁇ is continuously pivoted as far as the CNC axis be that depending on the area code one or the other longitudinal axis 31 or 32 of Grinding spindle 28 or 29 a position parallel to the longitudinal axis 5 of the workpiece 10 occupies.
  • Each grinding spindle 28, 29 has a grinding wheel 33, 34 fitted.
  • FIG. 2 is the clamping of a pre-ground with allowance a, wavy workpiece 10, the portion 40 with a large Has diameter shown.
  • the measurement is, for example, between 0.1 up to 0.2 mm.
  • the workpiece 10 is between the tip of the workpiece holder 7 the workpiece spindle 6 of the workpiece headstock 3 and the tailstock tip 9 the tailstock quill 8 of the tailstock 4 clamped.
  • Not in Fig. 2 illustrated positioning of the grinding wheels 33 and 34 and the Grinding spindles 28 and 29 can correspond to the position shown in FIG. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is the positioning of the first grinding wheel 33 and shown wavy workpiece 10 in a first method step, at which the longitudinal axis 32 of the grinding spindle 29 by an angle ⁇ with respect to Horizontal is inclined.
  • This angle ⁇ corresponds to that with the first Grinding wheel 33, which is a concave, in particular conical, semi-ellipsoidal or has a paraboloid-shaped side surface 35, achievable convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal tread 36 of Workpiece 10, the contour conform with the concave side surface 35th is.
  • the infeed of the first grinding wheel 33 follows the X axis while the feed movement via the Z axis with the aid of the guide slide 21 is performed.
  • the grinding wheel 33 which has two concave, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal side surfaces 35 and 35 ', pivoted in opposite directions by the angle ⁇ ', with corresponding infeed movement along the X axis and feed movement along the Z axis, the grinding wheel 33 with the side surface 35 'to produce the second convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal Tread 37 on the section with the large diameter D for use brought.
  • the special grinding machine which is equipped with a pivotable grinding headstock 20, the repeated clamping of wave-shaped workpieces for the purpose of production exact convex, semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal treads and exact outer diameter eliminated.
  • the inventive method and the special grinding machine A finished parts manufactured with high dimensional and shape accuracy because an addition of tension-related inaccuracies is excluded.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Schleifen von konvexen Laufflächen und Außendurchmessern an wellenförmigen Werkstücken in einer Aufspannung sowie eine Schleifmaschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for grinding convex treads and outside diameters on shaft-shaped workpieces in one setup and a grinding machine for performing the method.

Nach dem Stand der Technik erfolgt das Schleifen von konvexen Laufflächen und Außendurchmessern an wellenförmigen Werkstücken mittels Schrägeinstich-Schleifmaschinen, wobei die Bearbeitung der entsprechenden Wellenteile in mehreren Aufspannungen erfolgen muß. Diese Verfahrensweise beruht somit auf mehreren Arbeitsgängen, weil die zu bearbeitenden Wellenteile wiederholt auf verschiedenen Schleifmaschinen geschliffen werden müssen. Damit ist ein mehrmaliges Aufspannen mit weiteren fertigungstechnischen Nachteilen verbunden, denn selbst die geringsten Maß- und Formungenauigkeiten werden von einer Aufspannung zur anderen Aufspannung additiv auf das Fertigteil übertragen.According to the prior art, convex treads and are ground External diameters on shaft-shaped workpieces using bevel plunge grinding machines, the machining of the corresponding shaft parts in several clampings must take place. This procedure is based on several operations, because the shaft parts to be machined repeatedly different grinding machines have to be ground. So that's a repeated clamping with other manufacturing disadvantages connected, because even the slightest dimensional and shape inaccuracies from one clamping to another clamping additively to the finished part transfer.

Aus der DE-A-23 33 041 ist schon ein Universalschleifspindelstock bekannt, mit dem das Innen- und Außenrundschleifen sowie das Planschleifen von Werkstücken in einer einzigen Aufspannung möglich ist. Hierzu ist an jedem Ende des Spindelstockes je eine getrennt angetriebene Schleifspindel vorhanden. Die Schleifspindeln tragen unterschiedliche Schleifscheiben. Durch Schwenken des Spindelstocks um eine senkrechte Achse lassen sich wahlweise drei unterschiedliche Schleifscheiben an das Werkstück anstellen, wodurch sich die Vorgänge des Innen- und Außenrundschleifens sowie des Planschleifens verwirklichen lassen. Die gemäß dem bekannten Universalschleifspindelstock vorgesehenen Schleifscheiben haben sämtlich die übliche Form von Zylinderscheiben. Die bekannte Maschine ist für die Vorgänge des Formschleifens nicht vorgesehen und nicht geeignet. Zudem erfolgt der Antrieb der beiden Schleifspindeln durch unmittelbar am Spindelstock angeordnete Elektromotoren, wodurch der Spindelstock verhältnismäßig voluminös wird und Kollisionen mit dem Werkstück bei bestimmten Schwenkstellungen leicht erfolgen können.From DE-A-23 33 041 a universal grinding headstock is already known with the internal and external cylindrical grinding as well as the surface grinding of workpieces is possible in a single setup. This is at each end of the Each headstock has a separately driven grinding spindle. The Grinding spindles carry different grinding wheels. By swiveling the Headstocks around a vertical axis can be optionally three different Position the grinding wheels on the workpiece, which means that the processes of the Have internal and external cylindrical grinding and face grinding carried out. The grinding wheels provided in accordance with the known universal grinding headstock all have the usual shape of cylinder disks. The well-known The machine is not intended for the operations of form grinding and is not suitable. In addition, the two grinding spindles are driven directly Electric motors arranged on the headstock, which makes the headstock relatively becomes voluminous and collisions with the workpiece at certain Swivel positions can be done easily.

Der Erfindung liegt demgegenüber die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Schleifen von konvexen Laufflächen und Außendurchmessern an wellenförmigen Werkstücken in einer Aufspannung zu schaffen. Insbesondere sollen halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmige Laufflächen geschliffen werden. Hierfür soll ferner eine spezielle Schleifmaschine eingesetzt werden, mit welcher die dem Stand der Technik anhaftenden Nachteile beseitigt werden. Dabei sollen die zu bearbeitenden Wellenteile in einer Aufspannung mit zwei CBN-Schleifscheiben bis zum Fertigprodukt geschliffen werden. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren soll auch mit Hilfe der speziellen Schleifmaschine schleiftechnische Einzeloperationen an vergleichbaren Werkstücken ermöglichen.The invention is based on the object of a method for Grinding of convex treads and outer diameters on wave-shaped To create workpieces in one setup. In particular, should semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal treads are ground. Therefor is also to be used a special grinding machine with which the Disadvantages inherent in the prior art are eliminated. They are supposed to machining shaft parts in one setup with two CBN grinding wheels be ground to the finished product. The method according to the invention is intended also with the help of the special grinding machine individual grinding operations enable on comparable workpieces.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen gemäß Anspruch 1 und durch eine Schleifmaschine gemäß Anspruch 6 gelöst. Die jeweils hierauf rückbezogenen Unteransprüche gestalten das Verfahren technologisch und die Schleifmaschine konstruktiv aus.This object is achieved by a method with the features according to claim 1 and solved by a grinding machine according to claim 6. The one on top of each back-related subclaims shape the process technologically and the Constructive grinding machine.

Das Verfahren zum Schleifen von Wellenteilen mit konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Laufflächen sowie gewünschten, exakten Außendurchmessem an wellenförmigen Werkstücken erfolgt in einer Aufspannung auf einem schwenkbaren Schleifspindelstock. Der Schleifspindelstock umfaßt zwei Arme, die einen Winkel α, der insbesondere 60° beträgt, bilden und an deren freien Enden Schleifspindeln vorgesehen sind. Auf der einen Schleifspindel ist eine Schleifscheibe mit mindestens einer konkaven Seitenfläche zur Herstellung einer konturenkonformen konvexen Lauffläche auf dem zu bearbeitenden Wellenteil und auf der anderen Schleifspindel eine Schleifscheibe zur Erzeugung exakter Außendurchmesser auf den zu bearbeitenden Wellenteilen aufgespannt. Die schleiftechnische Bearbeitung eines wellenförmigen Werkstückes erfolgt in der Weise, daß das Werkstück, welches einen planseitigen Abschnitt mit großem Durchmesser aufweist, zwischen den Spitzen eines Werkstückspindelstockes und eines Reitstockes eingespannt sowie an den Lagerstellen des Werkstückes mit Lünetten abgestützt wird.The method for grinding shaft parts with convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal treads as well as desired exact outer diameters on shaft-shaped workpieces are made in one Clamping on a swiveling grinding headstock. The Grinding headstock includes two arms that have an angle α, in particular 60 ° is, form and grinding spindles are provided at the free ends. On one grinding spindle is a grinding wheel with at least one concave Side surface for producing a contour-conforming convex tread the shaft part to be machined and one on the other grinding spindle Grinding wheel for generating exact outer diameters on the machining shaft parts clamped. The grinding processing of a undulating workpiece takes place in such a way that the workpiece which has a plane-side section with a large diameter, between the Tips of a workpiece headstock and a tailstock clamped as well is supported at the bearing points of the workpiece with steadies.

Zur Erzeugung einer im Querschnitt konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Lauffläche auf dem planseitigen Abschnitt des wellenförmigen Werkstücks mit großem Durchmesser wird eine relativ große Schleifscheibe verwendet, die im Querschnitt mindestens eine konkave, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmige, zur erstellenden Lauffläche des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes konturkonforme Seitenfläche aufweist.To produce a convex cross section, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal tread on the plane-side section of the large-diameter wave-shaped workpiece becomes a relatively large one Grinding wheel used, which has at least one concave, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal, to be created Tread of the corrugated workpiece section conforming to the contour Has side surface.

Nach einer Ausführungsform ist auch die gegenüberliegende Seitenfläche der Schleifscheibe entsprechend gestaltet, wenn auf beiden Seiten des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes mit großem Durchmesser konvexe Laufflächen herzustellen sind.According to one embodiment, the opposite side surface of the Grinding wheel designed accordingly if on both sides of the wavy Workpiece section with large diameter to produce convex treads are.

Nach der Herstellung der konvexen Lauffläche bzw. konvexen Laufflächen wird die im Querschnitt konkav ausgeführte Schleifscheibe durch Verschwenken des Schleifspindelstockes aus dem Eingriffsbereich mit dem wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnitt gebracht. Gleichzeitig wird durch Verfahren des Schleifspindelstockes in der X-Achse die zweite Schleifscheibe gegen den Außenumfang des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes angestellt, um einen exakten Durchmesser zu schleifen.After the production of the convex tread or convex tread the grinding wheel is concave in cross section by pivoting the Grinding headstock from the area of engagement with the wave-shaped Brought workpiece section. At the same time, the process of Grinding headstock in the X-axis the second grinding wheel against the The outer circumference of the wave-shaped workpiece section is adjusted by one grind exact diameter.

Sofern dieser wellenförmige Werkstückabschnitt mit dem großen Durchmesser beidseitig konvex, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmig geschliffen werden soll, wird von vornherein eine Schleifscheibe mit zwei konkaven, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Seitenflächen, die konturenkonform mit den zu erstellenden Laufflächen des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes mit dem großen Durchmesser sind, verwendet. In diesem Falle wird nach der Herstellung der ersten konvexen Lauffläche des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes mit dem großen Durchmesser die Schleifscheibe zunächst auf der X-Achse aus dem Bereich des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes mit dem großen Durchmesser herausbewegt und entgegen der bisherigen Schwenkrichtung des Schleifspindelstocks verschwenkt.. Daraufhin wird das Werkstück durch eine Vorschubbewegung auf der Z-Achse in Richtung der Werkstückmittelachse bewegt, um die Zustellung der Schleifscheibe zur Erstellung der zweiten konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Lauffläche des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes in bezug auf die X-Achse zu ermöglichen. Dabei wird die zweite konkave, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmige Seitenfläche der ersten Schleifscheibe mit der anderen Seitenfläche des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes mit dem großen Durchmesser in Eingriff gebracht, um dort die zweite konvexe, mit der zweiten konkaven Seitenfläche der Schleifscheibe konturenkonforme Lauffläche zu erstellen.If this wavy workpiece section with the large diameter convex on both sides, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal To be ground, a grinding wheel with two is from the start concave, especially semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal Side surfaces that conform to the contour of the treads to be created are wavy workpiece section with the large diameter, used. In this case, after the first one is made convex Tread of the wavy workpiece section with the large one Diameter of the grinding wheel first on the X axis from the area of wavy workpiece section with the large diameter moved out and against the previous swivel direction of the Grinding headstock swiveled. Then the workpiece is replaced by a Feed movement on the Z axis in the direction of the workpiece center axis moved to the infeed of the grinding wheel to create the second convex, especially semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal Tread of the undulating workpiece section with respect to the X axis to enable. The second becomes concave, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal side surface of the first grinding wheel with the other side surface of the wavy workpiece section with the large diameter engaged to the second convex with which second concave side surface of the grinding wheel contour-conforming tread to create.

Nach dem Schleifen der einen konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Lauffläche und/oder dem Schleifen der zweiten gegenüberliegenden konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Lauffläche des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes mit dem großen Durchmesser wird der Schleifspindelstock auf der X-Achse aus dem Bereich des wellenförmigen Werkstückabschnittes mit dem großen Durchmesser gefahren. Eine zweite Schleifscheibe, die auf der Schleifspindel des anderen Armes des Werkstückspindelstockes aufgespannt ist und in bezug auf den Arm mit der Spindel für die erste Schleifscheibe einen Winkel α, der vorzugsweise 60° beträgt, bildet, wird senkrecht zur Längsachse des wellenförmigen Werkstückes zugestellt, um die gewünschten Außendurchmesser auf den entsprechenden Abschnitten des wellenförmigen Werkstückes zu erzeugen.After grinding a convex, especially semi-ellipsoid or paraboloidal tread and / or grinding the second opposite convex, especially semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal tread of the wavy workpiece section with Due to the large diameter, the grinding headstock on the X axis becomes the Area of the wavy workpiece section with the large diameter hazards. A second grinding wheel on the other's grinding spindle Arm of the workpiece headstock is clamped and in relation to the arm with the spindle for the first grinding wheel an angle α, which is preferably 60 ° is, forms, is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the wavy workpiece delivered to the desired outside diameter on the corresponding Generate sections of the wavy workpiece.

Zur Ausführung des Verfahrens eignet sich eine spezielle Schleifmaschine, auf deren Maschinenbett ein Werkstückspindelstock und ein in Längsachse fluchtend angeordneter Reitstock angeordnet sind, welche die Vorschubbewegung entsprechend der Z-Achse realisieren. Ferner sind in diesem Bereich des Maschinenbettes gegen die Lagerstellen des Werkstückes anstellbare Lünetten vorgesehen. Hinter der Anordnung des Werkstückspindelstockes und Reitstockes ist ein zweiarmiger Schleifspindelstock vorgesehen, wobei jeder Arm endseitig mit einer Schleifspindel zur Aufnahme von Schleifscheiben ausgestattet ist. Die Senkrechten auf den Längsachsen der beiden Schleifspindeln schneiden sich in einer Ebene unter einem Winkel α von vorzugsweise 60° in der Schwenkachse des zweiarmigen gemeinsamen Schleifspindelstockes mit den beiden daran endseitig angeordneten, die Schleifscheibe tragenden Schleifspindeln. Der Schleifspindelstock ist in einer Ebene, beispielsweise horizontal, verschwenkbar und entlang der X-Achse vertikal auf die Z-Achse zustellbar.A special grinding machine is suitable for executing the process whose machine bed has a workpiece headstock and one aligned in the longitudinal axis arranged tailstock are arranged, which the feed movement Realize according to the Z axis. Furthermore, in this area The steady rest can be adjusted against the bearing points of the workpiece intended. Behind the arrangement of the workpiece headstock and tailstock a two-armed grinding headstock is provided, with each arm at the end is equipped with a grinding spindle for holding grinding wheels. The Vertical lines intersect in the longitudinal axes of the two grinding spindles a plane at an angle α of preferably 60 ° in the pivot axis of the two-armed common grinding headstock with the two on it grinding spindles arranged at the ends and carrying the grinding wheel. The The grinding headstock can be pivoted in one plane, for example horizontally and can be fed vertically along the X axis to the Z axis.

Diese Schleifmaschine erlaubt die Einstellung optimaler Einsatzpositionen für die Schleifscheiben in bezug auf das zu bearbeitende Werkstück. Die Anordnung des zweiarmigen Schleifspindelstockes mit den jeweils endseitig angebrachten Schleifspindeln für die erste und zweite Schleifscheibe hat den Vorteil, daß beide Schleifspindeln auf einer gemeinsamen Führung zur Ausführung der Zustellbewegung entsprechend der X-Achse angeordnet sind. Diese Anordnung gewährleistet sehr hohe Steifigkeitswerte einschließlich der Schleifschlittenführung. Die hohe Steifigkeit des Schleifspindelstockes und des Führungssystems auf dem Führungsschlitten bewirken durch das Schleifen in einer Aufspannung hohe Genauigkeitswerte an dem durch Schleifen erzeugten Endprodukt. Hingegen addieren sich die bei mehreren Aufspannungen einschleichenden Maßungenauigkeiten bis zur Erzeugung des Endprodukts auf. Die hohen Steifigkeitswerte des Führungssystems verbessern daher entscheidend die Prozeßsicherheit des Verfahrens und bewirken ferner eine Verminderung des Verschleißes der Schleifscheiben.This grinding machine allows the setting of optimal application positions for the Grinding wheels in relation to the workpiece to be machined. The arrangement of the two-armed grinding headstock with the ends attached Grinding spindles for the first and second grinding wheels has the advantage that both Grinding spindles on a common guide to execute the Infeed movement are arranged according to the X axis. This arrangement ensures very high stiffness values including the Grinding slide guide. The high rigidity of the grinding headstock and the Guide system on the guide carriage by grinding in high accuracy values on the one created by grinding Final product. On the other hand, they add up when there are several clampings creeping dimensional inaccuracies until the end product is produced. The high stiffness values of the guidance system therefore improve significantly the process reliability of the method and also bring about a reduction in Wear of the grinding wheels.

Das Verfahren und die Schleifmaschine werden in den Zeichnungen gemäß den Fig. 1 bis 5 näher erläutert.

Fig. 1
zeigt den konstruktiven Aufbau der zur Durchführung des Verfahrens eingesetzten, auf einem Maschinenbett angeordneten Schleifmaschine, die in fluchtender Anordnung einen Werkstückspindelstock und einen Reitstock mit dazwischen eingespanntem wellenförmigen Werkstück, das einen Abschnitt mit dem größeren Durchmesser aufweist, sowie einen dahinter angeordneten zweiarmigen Schleifspindelstock mit jeweils einer endseitig in den Armen gelagerten Schleifspindel umfaßt.
Fig. 2
zeigt die Einspannung eines mit Aufmaß vorgeschliffenen, wellenförmigen Werkstückes zwischen den Spitzen des Werkstückspindelstockes und des Reitstockes mit der die Vorschubbewegung kennzeichnenden Z-Achse, wobei das Werkstück einen scheibenförmigen Teilabschnitt mit einem großen Durchmesser aufweist.
Fig. 3
zeigt den ersten Verfahrensschritt zum Schleifen einer ersten konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Lauffläche an dem scheibenförmigen Teilabschnitt des wellenförmigen Werkstückes mit dem größeren Durchmesser mittels einer konkaven, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen konturkonformen Seitenfläche einer ersten Schleifscheibe.
Fig. 4
zeigt den zweiten Verfahrensschritt zum Schleifen einer beidseitig konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Lauffläche an dem scheibenförmigen Teilabschnitt des wellenförmigen Werkstückes mit dem großem Durchmesser mittels einer zweiten konkaven, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen, konturkonformen Seitenfläche der ersten Schleifscheibe.
Fig. 5
zeigt den dritten Verfahrensschritt zur Herstellung unterschiedlicher Außendurchmesser auf einem wellenförmigen Werkstück.
The method and the grinding machine are explained in more detail in the drawings according to FIGS. 1 to 5.
Fig. 1
shows the structural design of the grinding machine used to carry out the method, which is arranged on a machine bed and which, in alignment, has a workpiece headstock and a tailstock with a corrugated workpiece clamped in between, which has a section with the larger diameter, and a two-armed grinding headstock arranged behind each, each with one Grinding spindle mounted at the ends in the arms.
Fig. 2
shows the clamping of a pre-ground, wavy workpiece between the tips of the workpiece headstock and the tailstock with the Z-axis characterizing the feed movement, the workpiece having a disk-shaped section with a large diameter.
Fig. 3
shows the first method step for grinding a first convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal tread on the disc-shaped portion of the wave-shaped workpiece with the larger diameter by means of a concave, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal contour-conforming side surface of a first grinding wheel.
Fig. 4
shows the second method step for grinding a convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloid-shaped running surface on both sides on the disk-shaped section of the wave-shaped workpiece with the large diameter by means of a second concave, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloid-shaped, contour-conforming side surface of the first grinding wheel.
Fig. 5
shows the third process step for producing different outer diameters on a wavy workpiece.

Fig. 1 zeigt die nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren einzusetzende Schleifmaschine A zum Schleifen von Werkstücken wie wellenförmigen Getriebeteilen. Auf dem Maschinenbett 1 ist im vorderen Bereich schematisch ein Schleiftisch 2 angeordnet, auf dem die Vorschubbewegung gemäß der Z-Achse entlang des Doppelpfeiles ausgeführt wird. Der hierfür erforderliche CNCgesteuerte Antrieb ist nicht dargestellt. Auf dem Schleiftisch 2 sind ein motorisch angetriebener Werkstückspindelstock 3 und ein Reitstock 4 auf einer gemeinsamen Längsachse 5 fluchtend angeordnet. Das fertigzuschleifende, wellenförmige Werkstück 10, das einen Teilabschnitt mit einem großen Durchmesser D aufweist, ist zwischen dem Werkstückspindelstock 3 und dem Reitstock 4 eingespannt. Der Werkstückspindelstock 3 weist zu diesem Zweck eine rotorisch angetriebene Werkstückspindel 6 auf, die im vorderen Bereich eine als Spitze ausgebildete Werkstückaufnahme 7 aufweist. Der gegenüberliegende, auf dem Schleiftisch 2 fluchtend angeordnete Reitstock 4 weist eine hydraulisch axial verschiebbare Reitstockpinole 8 auf. Diese Reitstockpinole 8 besitzt an dem werkstückseitigen Ende eine Reitstockspitze 9. Die Längsachse der Werkstückspindel 6 des Werkstückspindelstocks 3, des Werkstückes 10 und der Reitstockpinole 8 des Reitstockes 4 bilden somit eine gemeinsame, fluchtende Längsachse 5.1 shows the one to be used according to the method according to the invention Grinding machine A for grinding workpieces such as wavy ones Transmission parts. On the machine bed 1 is a schematic in the front area Grinding table 2 arranged on which the feed movement according to the Z axis is executed along the double arrow. The CNC-controlled required for this Drive is not shown. On the grinding table 2 are a motor driven workpiece headstock 3 and a tailstock 4 on one common longitudinal axis 5 aligned. The finish to be sanded wavy workpiece 10 which is a section with a large Has diameter D is between the workpiece headstock 3 and Tailstock 4 clamped. The workpiece headstock 3 has for this purpose a rotor-driven workpiece spindle 6, which in the front area has a workpiece holder 7 designed as a tip. The opposite, on the grinding table 2 aligned tailstock 4 has a hydraulic axially displaceable tailstock quill 8. This tailstock quill 8 has the workpiece-side end of a tailstock tip 9. The longitudinal axis of the Workpiece spindle 6 of the workpiece headstock 3, the workpiece 10 and the Tailstock quill 8 of the tailstock 4 thus form a common, aligned Longitudinal axis 5.

Im hinteren Bereich des Maschinenbettes 1 ist ein Schleifspindelstock 20 angeordnet, der auf einem Führungsschlitten 21 gelagert ist. Der Führungsschlitten 21 ist mit einem Zustellantrieb 22 ausgestattet, der die Zustellbewegung in der X-Achse gegenüber dem Werkstück 10 realisiert. Der Führungsschlitten 21 ist auf Führungen 23 hydrostatisch gelagert und rechtwinklig zur Werkstückmittelachse 5 ausgerichtet. Der Führungsschlitten 21 ist folglich entsprechend der CNC-Achse verschiebbar angeordnet. Der Schleifspindelstock 20 umfaßt zwei Arme 24 und 25, die jeweils endseitig mit HF-Antrieb 26 und 27 ausgestattete Schleifspindeln 28 und 29 aufweisen. Die von den Längsachsen 31 und 32 der Schleifspindeln 28 und 29 in einer Ebene ausgehenden Vertikalen schneiden sich unter Bildung eines Winkels α, beispielsweise unter einem Winkel α von 60°, in der Schwenkachse 30 der beiden Arme 24 und 25 des Schleifspindelstocks 20. Der Schleifspindelstock 20 kann um den Winkel α entsprechend der CNC-Achse stufenlos so weit verschwenkt werden, daß je nach Vorwahl die eine oder die andere Längsachse 31 oder 32 der Schleifspindel 28 oder 29 eine Stellung parallel zur Längsachse 5 des Werkstücks 10 einnimmt. Jede Schleifspindel 28, 29 ist mit einer Schleifscheibe 33, 34 ausgestattet.In the rear area of the machine bed 1 is a grinding headstock 20 arranged, which is mounted on a guide carriage 21. The Guide carriage 21 is equipped with a feed drive 22, which Infeed movement in the X axis relative to the workpiece 10 is realized. The Guide carriage 21 is hydrostatically supported on guides 23 and aligned perpendicular to the workpiece center axis 5. The guide carriage 21 is consequently slidably arranged according to the CNC axis. The Grinding headstock 20 comprises two arms 24 and 25, each end with HF drive 26 and 27 equipped grinding spindles 28 and 29. The of the longitudinal axes 31 and 32 of the grinding spindles 28 and 29 in one plane outgoing verticals intersect to form an angle α, for example at an angle α of 60 °, in the pivot axis 30 of the two Arms 24 and 25 of the grinding headstock 20. The grinding headstock 20 can the angle α is continuously pivoted as far as the CNC axis be that depending on the area code one or the other longitudinal axis 31 or 32 of Grinding spindle 28 or 29 a position parallel to the longitudinal axis 5 of the workpiece 10 occupies. Each grinding spindle 28, 29 has a grinding wheel 33, 34 fitted.

In Fig. 2 ist die Einspannung eines mit Aufmaß a vorgeschliffenen, wellenförmigen Werkstückes 10, das einen Teilabschnitt 40 mit einem großem Durchmesser aufweist, dargestellt. Das Aufmaß liegt beispielsweise zwischen 0,1 bis 0,2 mm. Das Werkstück 10 ist zwischen der Spitze der Werkstückaufnahme 7 der Werkstückspindel 6 des Werkstückspindelstockes 3 und der Reitstockspitze 9 der Reitstockpinole 8 des Reitstockes 4 eingespannt. Die in Fig. 2 nicht dargestellte Positionierung der Schleifscheiben 33 und 34 sowie der Schleifspindeln 28 und 29 kann der Stellung gemäß Fig. 1 entsprechen.2 is the clamping of a pre-ground with allowance a, wavy workpiece 10, the portion 40 with a large Has diameter shown. The measurement is, for example, between 0.1 up to 0.2 mm. The workpiece 10 is between the tip of the workpiece holder 7 the workpiece spindle 6 of the workpiece headstock 3 and the tailstock tip 9 the tailstock quill 8 of the tailstock 4 clamped. Not in Fig. 2 illustrated positioning of the grinding wheels 33 and 34 and the Grinding spindles 28 and 29 can correspond to the position shown in FIG. 1.

In Fig. 3 ist die Positionierung der ersten Schleifscheibe 33 und des wellenförmigen Werkstückes 10 in einem ersten Verfahrensschritt dargestellt, bei dem die Längsachse 32 der Schleifspindel 29 um einen Winkel α gegenüber der Horizontalen geneigt ist. Dieser Winkel α entspricht der mit der ersten Schleifscheibe 33, die eine konkav, insbesondere kegel-, halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmig ausgebildete Seitenfläche 35 aufweist, erzielbaren konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Lauffläche 36 des Werkstückes 10, die konturkonform mit der konkav ausgebildeten Seitenfläche 35 ist. Die Zustellung der ersten Schleifscheibe 33 folgt dabei der X-Achse, während die Vorschubbewegung über die Z-Achse mit Hilfe des Führungsschlittens 21 ausgeführt wird.In Fig. 3 is the positioning of the first grinding wheel 33 and shown wavy workpiece 10 in a first method step, at which the longitudinal axis 32 of the grinding spindle 29 by an angle α with respect to Horizontal is inclined. This angle α corresponds to that with the first Grinding wheel 33, which is a concave, in particular conical, semi-ellipsoidal or has a paraboloid-shaped side surface 35, achievable convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal tread 36 of Workpiece 10, the contour conform with the concave side surface 35th is. The infeed of the first grinding wheel 33 follows the X axis while the feed movement via the Z axis with the aid of the guide slide 21 is performed.

In Fig. 4 ist das Schleifen von beidseitig konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Laufflächen 36 und 37 auf dem Teilabschnitt des Werkstückes 10 mit dem großen Durchmesser D dargestellt. Zu diesem Zweck wird die erste Schleifscheibe 33, welche zwei konkave, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmig gestaltete Seitenflächen 35 und 35' aufweist, gegenläufig um den Winkel α' geschwenkt, wobei durch entsprechende Zustellbewegung längs der X-Achse und Vorschubbewegung längs der Z-Achse die Schleifscheibe 33 mit der Seitenfläche 35' zur Erzeugung der zweiten konvexen, insbesondere halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmigen Lauffläche 37 an dem Teilabschnitt mit dem großen Durchmesser D zum Einsatz gebracht wird.4 is the grinding of both sides convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal treads 36 and 37 on the Section of the workpiece 10 shown with the large diameter D. To for this purpose, the first grinding wheel 33, which has two concave, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal side surfaces 35 and 35 ', pivoted in opposite directions by the angle α', with corresponding infeed movement along the X axis and feed movement along the Z axis, the grinding wheel 33 with the side surface 35 'to produce the second convex, in particular semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal Tread 37 on the section with the large diameter D for use brought.

Fig. 5 zeigt schließlich das Schleifen exakter Außendurchmesser durch Abschleifen des Aufmaßes a auf den einzelnen zylindrischen Abschnitten des wellenförmigen Werkstückes 10 mit Hilfe der zweiten Schleifscheibe 34, wobei die Längsachse 21 der zugehörigen Schleifspindel 28 durch Verschwenken des Schleifspindelstocks 20 um die Schwenkachse 30 parallel zur Längsachse 5 des Werkstückes 10 positioniert wird, und die Zustell- und Vorschubbewegung entsprechend der X-Achse und der Z-Achse erfolgt.5 shows the grinding of the exact outer diameter Grinding the allowance a on the individual cylindrical sections of the undulating workpiece 10 using the second grinding wheel 34, wherein the longitudinal axis 21 of the associated grinding spindle 28 by pivoting the Grinding headstock 20 about the pivot axis 30 parallel to the longitudinal axis 5 of the Workpiece 10 is positioned, and the feed and feed movement according to the X axis and the Z axis.

Nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird mit der speziellen Schleifmaschine, die mit einem verschwenkbaren Schleifspindelstock 20 ausgestattet ist, das mehrmalige Aufspannen von wellenförmigen Werkstücken zwecks Erzeugung exakter konvexer, halbellipsoid- oder paraboloidförmiger Laufflächen und exakter Außendurchmesser beseitigt. Gleichzeitig werden nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren und der speziellen Schleifmaschine A Fertigteile mit hoher Maß- und Formgenauigkeit hergestellt, weil eine Addition von aufspannungsbedingten Ungenauigkeiten ausgeschlossen wird.According to the method according to the invention, the special grinding machine, which is equipped with a pivotable grinding headstock 20, the repeated clamping of wave-shaped workpieces for the purpose of production exact convex, semi-ellipsoidal or paraboloidal treads and exact outer diameter eliminated. At the same time after the inventive method and the special grinding machine A finished parts manufactured with high dimensional and shape accuracy because an addition of tension-related inaccuracies is excluded.

Mit dem erreichten schleif- und fertigungstechnischen Fortschritt, d.h. der Herstellung einer zwei konvexer Seitenflächen auf einem scheibenförmigen Wellenabschnitt mit großem Durchmesser sowie exakter Außendurchmesser auf dem wellenförmigen Werkstück, beispielsweise einer Getriebewelle, sind beachtliche betriebswirtschaftliche Vorteile durch Einsparung von Umrüstzeiten und dergleichen verbunden. Gleichzeitig zeichnen sich die fertiggeschliffenen Werkstücke durch höchste Meßgenauigkeit aus.With the progress in grinding and manufacturing technology, i.e. the Production of two convex side surfaces on a disc-shaped Shaft section with a large diameter and exact outer diameter the wavy workpiece, for example a gear shaft considerable economic advantages by saving changeover times and the like connected. At the same time, the finished ones stand out Workpieces with the highest measuring accuracy.

Claims (10)

  1. A method for grinding precise outside diameters and other surfaces on workpieces, wherein, in a first grinding operation thereof, a first surface on a section of the workpiece is ground in a clamping by means of a first grinding wheel, and, in a second grinding operation thereof, a desired outside diameter of the workpiece is ground by means of a second grinding wheel characterized in that for grinding undulated workpieces in said first grinding operation, a convex running surface is ground on a disk-shaped section of said undulated workpiece by means of a grinding wheel which has at least one concave lateral surface, and that, in said second grinding operation, a desired outside diameter is ground on said disk-shaped section as well as on other sections of said undulated workpiece.
  2. The method of claim 1 characterized in that a grinding wheel is used in the first grinding operation whose two lateral surfaces are both concave in shape, for grinding, in a first step of the method, the first convex running surface and for grinding, in a second step of the method, a second convex running surface on the large-diameter disk-shaped section of said undulated workpiece, and that a second grinding wheel is subsequently used for finish-grinding the desired outside diameter of said section as well as other portions of different outside diameters.
  3. The method of claims 1 or 2 characterized in that a grinding wheel having at least one concave lateral surface is used as the first grinding wheel and a grinding wheel with a sharp circumferential edge or with a planar surface area is used as the second grinding wheel.
  4. The method of one of claims 1 to 3 characterized in that a grinding wheel array is used in which the first and second grinding wheels are pivoted about an angle α so as to cause them, the one after the other, to engage the undulated workpiece sections to be ground.
  5. The method of claim 4 characterized in that a grinding wheel array is used in which the pivoting angle α between said first and second grinding wheels is 60°.
  6. A grinding machine whose engine bed (1) includes a grinding table (2) at the front on which a feed motion is performed along an axis Z, with a workpiece spindle head (3) driven to rotate as well as a tailstock (4) being mounted on said grinding table (2) in true alignment on a common longitudinal axis (5), said workpiece spindle head (3) including a workpiece spindle (6) driven to rotate which has a workpiece receiver (7) in the form of a tip at its front, said tailstock (4) including a tailstock spindle (8) whose end facing the workpiece is provided with a tailstock center (7), with a grinding spindle head (20) mounted on a guiding slide (21) being provided at the rear of said engine bed (1), said guiding slide (21) being equipped with an infeed drive (22) realizing a feed motion along an axis X opposite said workpiece (10), said guiding slide (21) being hydrostatically guided on guides (23) and being oriented at right angles to the longitudinal axis (5) of said workpiece, said grinding spindle head (20) comprising two arms (24, 25) whose respective ends comprise grinding spindles (28, 29) each, with the spindle perpendiculars, which extend from their longitudinal axes (31, 32) in one plane, intersecting at an angle α in the pivoting axis (30) of said two arms (24, 25) of the grinding spindle head (20), and with each grinding spindle (28, 29) including a grinding wheel (33, 34), for carrying out the method of one of claims 1 to 5 characterized in that said one grinding wheel (34) intended for performing the first grinding operation includes at least one concave lateral surface (35), that steadies are provided for supporting said workpiece (10) and that said tailstock spindle (8) can be hydraulically displaced axially.
  7. The grinding machine of claim 6 characterized in that said two arms (24, 25) of said grinding spindle head (20) define an angle α of 60° therebetween.
  8. The grinding machine of claims 6 or 7 characterized in that grinding spindles (28, 29) driven to rotate and provided with grinding wheels (33, 34) are mounted in the free ends of said arms (24, 25).
  9. The grinding machine of one of claims 7 to 9 characterized in that said grinding spindles (28, 29) include HF drives (26, 27).
  10. The grinding machine of one of claims 7 to 9 characterized in that said grinding spindle head (20) may be pivoted continuously about its pivoting axis (30).
EP00922668A 1999-05-11 2000-04-27 Method for grinding convex running surfaces and outside diameters on undulated workpieces in a clamping, and a grinding machine for carrying out the method Expired - Lifetime EP1177067B1 (en)

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DE19921785 1999-05-11
DE19921785A DE19921785B4 (en) 1999-05-11 1999-05-11 Method for grinding convex running surfaces and outer diameters on shafts with at least one disk-shaped shaft section and grinding machine for carrying out the method
PCT/EP2000/003837 WO2000067947A1 (en) 1999-05-11 2000-04-27 Method for grinding convex running surfaces and outside diameters on undulated workpieces in a clamping, and a grinding machine for carrying out the method

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EP1177067B1 true EP1177067B1 (en) 2002-12-18

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AU4298400A (en) 2000-11-21
JP2002543991A (en) 2002-12-24
DE19921785B4 (en) 2005-11-24
CZ294212B6 (en) 2004-10-13
DE19921785A1 (en) 2000-11-23
BR0010489A (en) 2002-02-13
RU2247641C2 (en) 2005-03-10
DE50000975D1 (en) 2003-01-30
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CZ20013992A3 (en) 2002-08-14
CA2372659A1 (en) 2000-11-16

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