EP1175668A1 - Vorrichtung zur signalberechnung und -erzeugung, insbesondere zur digitalen klangsynthese - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zur signalberechnung und -erzeugung, insbesondere zur digitalen klangsyntheseInfo
- Publication number
- EP1175668A1 EP1175668A1 EP00925212A EP00925212A EP1175668A1 EP 1175668 A1 EP1175668 A1 EP 1175668A1 EP 00925212 A EP00925212 A EP 00925212A EP 00925212 A EP00925212 A EP 00925212A EP 1175668 A1 EP1175668 A1 EP 1175668A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- arrangement
- digital
- coefficients
- excitation
- coefficient memory
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H5/00—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators
- G10H5/007—Real-time simulation of G10B, G10C, G10D-type instruments using recursive or non-linear techniques, e.g. waveguide networks, recursive algorithms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H2250/00—Aspects of algorithms or signal processing methods without intrinsic musical character, yet specifically adapted for or used in electrophonic musical processing
- G10H2250/055—Filters for musical processing or musical effects; Filter responses, filter architecture, filter coefficients or control parameters therefor
- G10H2250/061—Allpass filters
- G10H2250/065—Lattice filter, Zobel network, constant resistance filter or X-section filter, i.e. balanced symmetric all-pass bridge network filter exhibiting constant impedance over frequency
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H2250/00—Aspects of algorithms or signal processing methods without intrinsic musical character, yet specifically adapted for or used in electrophonic musical processing
- G10H2250/471—General musical sound synthesis principles, i.e. sound category-independent synthesis methods
- G10H2250/511—Physical modelling or real-time simulation of the acoustomechanical behaviour of acoustic musical instruments using, e.g. waveguides or looped delay lines
- G10H2250/535—Waveguide or transmission line-based models
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device and a method for signal calculation and generation, in particular for digital sound synthesis, by computer-aided simulation of oscillation processes in acoustic musical instruments or other vibrating structures. Such a simulation is called physical modeling or virtual acoustics.
- FM synthesis frequency modulation
- modulator controlling the other (carrier).
- complex spectra can be generated, which can also have nonlinearities in the time domain. Quite complex sounds can be produced with several systems of this type connected in parallel, but the authentic replication of acoustic musical instruments is not possible.
- the vibrations of real musical instruments are saved as sequences of samples and played back on demand.
- Three different methods are used to save storage space. On the one hand, it is assumed that the oscillation shape changes only slightly after the transient process. As a result, a few samples can be read out in a loop. The minor changes are realized in subsequent filters.
- the second method is to shift the pitch (transpose). In order not to have to record and save all pitches of the real musical instrument, the recorded tone can be transposed.
- the third method for efficient memory utilization is data reduction (loss in sound quality) and data compression (no loss in sound quality). The advantage of sampling lies in the exact replica of a played sound. This means that the variability of a real instrument cannot be realized.
- a sound synthesis method in the frequency domain is an additive synthesis in which sine waves of different frequencies and amplitudes are added in variable mutual phase positions.
- the difficulty with this sound synthesis lies in the determination of the above. Parameter. These can only be obtained approximately by suitable analysis (short-term Fourier transformation) of the real instrument sound. Noise-like sounds can only be generated with considerable effort with this method.
- the formant synthesis assumes that the sound of an acoustic musical instrument has certain frequency ranges, which are emphasized regardless of the pitch currently being played.
- short waveforms are used, which are additively superimposed and faded into one another. All of these short waveforms emphasize the formant frequencies.
- the partial differential equation is converted into a difference equation with a fixed location and time step size.
- This can be solved in the computer.
- the disadvantage of this method is the high numerical effort with a sufficiently small local step size.
- This method can also be used to solve multi-dimensional model equations, but the numerical effort increases enormously.
- Modal synthesis assumes that any complex vibrating structure can be broken down into substructures that can be characterized by their modes (natural vibrations) and damping constants.
- a coupling also non-linear
- the modes can only be determined experimentally.
- Waveguides are the most widely used method for the physical modeling of musical instruments. This is due to the simple implementation and the low computing power required.
- the waveguide method is based on forward and returning waves on an oscillatory structure, which can be represented by delay lines. The losses and dispersion during the vibration are concentrated in transfer functions. With this method, vibrations of multidimensional structures can also be realized, but this requires a network of delay lines that communicate with each other by means of multidimensional connections (scattering junctions).
- the disadvantages of this synthesis method are the complex filter implementation, especially with small pitch changes, since the delay line can only be changed by whole numerical values. The continuous pitch changes must be implemented in the transfer functions in the feedback branch. As a result, the transfer functions used are no longer physically motivated, but usually have to be determined experimentally.
- the invention has for its object to provide a signal generating device which allows a relatively simple means to simulate or simulate the oscillations of a vibrating structure.
- the invention provides a method according to claim 17.
- the signal generation device and the signal generation method according to the invention allow, among other things, digital sound synthesis and are based on an exact model of the physical vibration generation, in particular sound generation.
- the structure of a system that can be implemented with digital components is then derived from this.
- the resulting parallel arrangement of digital recursive systems is more than an interconnection of digital oscillators.
- the digital recursive systems have degrees 1, 2 or multiples thereof.
- Each individual digital recursive system therefore not only forms the frequency, but also the course of the time envelope of a natural vibration of a fictitious or real sound body in accordance with the underlying physical see model exactly.
- the output signal of the parallel arrangement thus corresponds to the overtone spectrum of the physical model in the entire listening area.
- the finite difference method discretizes a partial differential equation of the model and then solves it. This has the disadvantage that the discretization can result in instabilities which are not present in a continuous model and thus in the method presented here. Furthermore, with the finite difference method, all deflections of the location points within the scanning grid must be calculated at all times. This requires a very high computing power, even with simple structures. With the method presented here, however, individual and arbitrary location points can be picked out and their movement simulated. This severely limits the computing power required.
- the overall vibration of a system can be synthesized from its partial vibrations.
- the vibrational forms of very complex models can also be solved directly without having to resort to an experimental analysis. In principle, this makes any shapes and boundary conditions of the vibrating structures possible.
- the functional transformation method presented here also allows physically exact and separate treatment of excitations, initial conditions and boundary conditions. This is of great importance for understanding the synthetic process and thus for the user. It is also advantageous that digital structures are specified to generate the vibrations.
- the method presented here has the advantage that the vibration (e.g. of a string) is e.g. is calculated exactly using the Sturm-Liouville transformation (depending on the exactness of the vibration differential equation). With the waveguide method, however, the vibration can only be calculated approximately. In addition, in the method presented here, the listening position or the pitch as well as any other physical constant of the musical instrument can be changed. With the waveguide method, however, the transfer functions have to be recalculated.
- the use of the discrete recursive system to calculate the vibration ensures real-time capability.
- the method and the device are also characterized by high speed.
- acoustic musical instruments can be reproduced much more nuanced and true to the original than with other forms of synthesis such as sampling.
- the invention can thus be used advantageously, for example, in electronic musical instruments such as keyboards, synthesizers, expanders and computer sound cards with algorithms for physical modeling.
- electronic musical instruments such as keyboards, synthesizers, expanders and computer sound cards with algorithms for physical modeling.
- software synthesizers the algorithms that perform the sound calculation directly on the CPU can also be designed according to the invention a PC or on special sound cards with digital signal processors (DSPs).
- DSPs digital signal processors
- the method presented here thus simulates vibration processes with the aid of a representation using multidimensional models, recursive systems being used for the implementation. It differs from the algorithms already implemented in electronic or digital musical instruments, among others. in the accuracy of the result and in the direct input of various vibration excitations. While the z.Z. The usual algorithms for physical modeling, because of their internal structures, the audible vibrations of strings or air columns can only be approximated, the method presented here can reproduce these vibrations exactly. Despite this accuracy, the real-time capability of the method presented is given.
- FIG. 3 shows a digital system for emulating the system according to FIG. 2,
- FIG. 4 shows the structure of one of the digital systems according to FIG. 3 provided for excitation, initial or boundary values,
- Fig. 5 shows the structure of a digital system shown in Fig. 4,
- FIG. 6 shows the basic structure of the overall system of an exemplary embodiment for digital sound synthesis.
- the starting point for the following explanation is a physical model in the form of a partial differential equation. It arises from the description of the behavior of strings, air columns or other vibratory structures through the basic equations of acoustics or the elasticity theory. Depending on the level of detail of these physical models, different partial differential equations are obtained, for example for air vibrations; Longitudinal waves of a string; or transverse waves of a string with or without consideration of rotation and shear.
- Fig. 1 shows a simplified model of a vibrating string. Possible simplifications are e.g. neglecting the thickness versus the length of the string, assuming a completely rigid rest at the ends, neglecting rotation and shear, etc. Under these conditions, transverse vibrations of this string are described by the following differential equations:
- the coefficient c contains physical parameters of the string material.
- the type of assumptions made determines the number and order of the partial derivatives and the coefficients of the differential equation.
- An excitation term not specified here describes the excitation of the vibration, e.g. through a painted bow.
- the initial conditions describe the condition of the string at the start of the vibration, e.g. by striking or plucking the string.
- the boundary conditions indicate how the string attachment influences its vibration behavior.
- Another equivalent model in the form of a multidimensional transfer function is obtained from the description of vibrations by partial differential equations.
- the mathematical tool for this are suitable functional transformations for the time and location coordinates. They not only convert the partial differential equation into an algebraic equation, but also allow an exact consideration of the initial and boundary conditions. This process is called the functional transformation method. The handling of this mathematical method is outlined in the next section.
- the second derivative of y (x, t) in (1) becomes a multiplication with the second power of the complex frequency variable s.
- the initial conditions from (1) appear as an additive term in (3), which contains the given initial values.
- the local frequency variable ß ⁇ takes discrete values and corresponds to the natural frequencies of the system.
- the exact definition of the local transformation T depends on the form of the partial differential equation. In the simple case of (1) it is
- xo and xi are the coordinates of the start and end point of the string.
- the transformation core K (ß u , x) also depends on the partial differential equation (1) and describes the shape of the natural vibrations. In the present case they are sinusoidal, in the case of more complex vibration problems they can take other forms.
- the natural frequencies only take discrete values; in the simplest case, they are multiples of the basic vibration.
- the inverse transformation therefore consists of a sum over the occurring natural vibrations:
- N ⁇ is a standardization factor. If the transformation core K (ß ⁇ , x) is a sin- or is a cos function, the back transformation T 1 corresponds to a development of Y (x, s) into a Fourier series with the coefficients Y ( ⁇ ⁇ , s). The forward transformation T then corresponds to the formula for calculating the Fourier coefficients.
- equation (1) To obtain it, an input-output description of equation (1) is required, which is discussed below.
- the counter can also be a polynomial in s and ß ⁇ .
- the conversion of the mathematical model according to FIG. 2 into a digital system is described below.
- the purpose of this digital system is to generate sounds based on a physical model.
- the time course of the vibration amplitude (deflection, sound pressure) should be reproduced at one or more desired location points.
- the discrete points in time are integer multiples of the sampling interval 7 " , which is to be selected in accordance with the sampling theorem.
- the discrete location points can be chosen arbitrarily according to number and position.
- the starting point for the construction of the digital system is the representation by transfer functions according to FIG. 2.
- Each transfer function according to (10) can be used for a fixed value of ⁇ as a description of a location-independent continuous system of second order.
- FIG. 3 shows a digital system for emulating the system from FIG. 2, digital subsystems DE, DA, D R (systems 5 to 7) now being provided instead of the continuous systems 1 to 3 with the transfer functions SE, SA, S R .
- the output signals of the systems 5 to 7 are combined here as in FIG. 2 via an adder 8 to form an output signal y (x n , kT).
- the structure of the individual subsystems 5 to 7 shown in FIG. 3 (DE, D A , D R ) is in each case the same and is shown in FIG. 4 for one of the subsystems.
- the components of excitation, initial values and boundary values for the natural frequencies ⁇ are present at the inputs 1 to 1. Couplings between the individual recursive systems 9, 11 and 12 also occur in non-linear models.
- FIG. 4 shows the structure of one of the digital systems D E , D A , D R (one of the systems 5 to 7) from FIG. 3 for excitation, initial or boundary values.
- the structure is basically the same for all systems 5 to 7.
- the output signals of the multipliers 10, 12, 14 ... are added via an adder 15, which generates the output signal y ⁇ (x n , kT).
- the systems R 1 to R m arise from the transfer functions (10) by means of the transformations mentioned (pulse, step invariant, bilinear). They are described by difference equations that have the same order as that Have transfer function (10) in the temporal frequency range or a multiple thereof.
- An advantageous implementation of these systems 10, 12 and 14 is shown in FIG. 5, which illustrates the structure of one of these digital systems. All systems are preferably constructed identically as shown in FIG. 5.
- Each system is designed as a recursive digital filter (IIR filter with an infinite impulse response), the input signal of which is present at input 20, evaluated via several, here three branches 21, 22 and 23 with different weighting factors b 0 , bi, b 2 and sent to adder 24, 27, 30 is created.
- the output signal y ⁇ (k) output by the adder 30 forms the output signal of the entire system 9, 11 or 13 and is fed back via branches 25, 28 to the adders 24 and 27 under evaluation with weakening weighting factors -c 0 , -Ci.
- the output signal of the adder 24 is applied via a time delay element 26 to a third input of the adder 27, the output signal of which in turn is fed via a time delay element 29 to a second input of the output adder 30.
- the weighting factors b 0 , bi, b 2 are calculated from the physical quantities of the vibration model. The same applies to the weighting factors -c 0 and -ci.
- the time constants T of the time delay elements 26 and 29 are determined from the sampling frequency.
- These signals describe the time profiles of the individual natural vibrations. This results from the inverse transformation T 1 according to equation (7), the time profile of the entire output signal.
- the summation point 15 in FIG. 4 corresponds to the sum in (7).
- the basic structure of the overall system for digital sound synthesis is shown in FIG. 6.
- the physical model 33 and its parameters 34 are taken from an acoustic model and only serve to define the design parameters of the overall system, but as such do not constitute part of the overall system. It does not matter whether this acoustic model can be realized with technical means and reasonable effort or not. It is only important that it represents an oscillatory system that is described by known physical laws.
- the mathematical description of the acoustic model is available as a physical model with its parameters for sound synthesis.
- the system shown in Fig. 6 below the dashed dividing line consists of the components: a parallel arrangement 38 of digital recursive systems; an arithmetic unit 35; a coefficient memory 36; an excitation device 37; and a control unit (control device) 39.
- the parallel arrangement 38 of digital recursive systems consists of the digital systems 5, 6, 7 (systems D E , D A , D R ) from FIG. 3 with the structure shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the individual recursive systems consist of adders, multipliers and Storage elements (time delay elements), as shown in FIG. 5 using an example.
- the number of storage elements is equal to the number of time derivatives in the underlying partial differential equation or a multiple thereof.
- Every natural vibration (harmonic) of the physical system is realized by a digital recursive system. Their parallel arrangement then reproduces the overtone spectrum. Couplings of these parallel systems occur in non-linear models.
- the number of recursive systems connected in parallel can preferably be limited to the number of overtones within the listening area without impairing the auditory impression.
- the coupled parallel arrangement 38 of digital recursive systems is basically suitable for emulating all oscillation processes, which are described by the corresponding partial differential equation (also non-linear).
- the synthesis of a certain sound requires the determination of the coefficients of the individual digital systems. They are calculated in the arithmetic unit 35 from the parameters of the physical model. These parameters are the physical constants that characterize the oscillation process.
- the calculation rules result from the simulation of the transfer function through a digital implementation.
- the derivation of the coefficients of the recursive systems from a transfer function ensures that the natural frequencies and the temporal decay behavior of the physical system and the digital implementation correspond exactly.
- the coefficient memory 36 receives one or more sets of coefficients from the arithmetic logic unit 35 and loads them into the parallel arrangement 38 of digital recursive systems upon request by the control device 39.
- excitation by one or more input signals is required. These input signals are also simulated in accordance with the physical model and recorded in the excitation device. saves.
- the excitation is derived from the partial differential equation of the oscillatory system and takes into account the initial values (e.g. struck or plucked string), the boundary values (e.g. rope vibrations) and the excitation function (e.g. resonances).
- control device 39 takes over the sequence control of the arithmetic unit 35, coefficient memory 36, parallel arrangement 38 and excitation device 37.
- the output signal output at the output 40 of the parallel arrangement 38 represents the desired signal to be generated and can be used or processed in a suitable manner.
- a D / A converter can be connected to output 40 and its analog output signal if necessary. after amplification by an amplifier to be placed on a speaker.
- Initial behavior e.g. Regulation normal form, control standard form, state space structure, conductor (lattice) structure, wave digital filter structure; another recursive system structure approximating the input-output behavior of the system of FIG. 5; a non-recursive system which measures the input-output behavior of the system from FIG.
- the possibly coupled parallel arrangement of recursive systems according to FIG. 4 and FIG. 3 shows a special implementation of a system with multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO - multiple input, multiple output). Instead of this parallel arrangement, it is also possible to use: another structure of a MIMO system with the same input / output behavior, another structure of a MIMO System that approximates the input-output behavior of the system from FIGS. 3 and 4.
- a parallel or cascade arrangement of several systems according to FIG. 6 is also possible, the output signal of a system serving as an excitation for the downstream system.
- the output signal of a system serving as an excitation for the downstream system.
- combinations thereof are also possible.
- these location points can also be selected such that the entire sound field emanating from the vibrating body can be approximated exactly or approximately based on the synthesis results at the points x n .
- a corresponding differential equation for two or three location coordinates can also be used as a physical model, so that several location dimensions can be reproduced.
- the location functions K ⁇ (x n ) in FIG. 4 are then also dependent on two or three location dimensions.
- the arrangement described above for sound synthesis based on a physical model can also be used for the synthesis of general vibrations, i.e. serve to simulate other physical oscillation processes if they can be described by partial differential equations. It then represents a digital realization for the simulation of general vibrating bodies, fluids and energy fields.
- the arrangement described above can also be used for the simultaneous synthesis of potential and flux size. This is not a scalar difference rential equation, but to start from a vector differential equation for potential and flux size.
- the method presented here can be e.g. Implement in the programming language JAVA for implementation for a vibrating instrument string, which can also take into account the rotational inertia and shear of the string. This has been successfully accomplished by the inventors. In this program all physical parameters of the real string can be entered, which enables a simple simulation of their vibration behavior.
- the non-linearities that occur when a string is excited can be taken into account and real-time capability can be achieved.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
- Complex Calculations (AREA)
- Stereophonic System (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19917434 | 1999-04-19 | ||
DE19917434A DE19917434C1 (de) | 1999-04-19 | 1999-04-19 | Vorrichtung zur Signalberechnung und -erzeugung, insbesondere zur digitalen Klangsynthese |
PCT/EP2000/003370 WO2000063877A1 (de) | 1999-04-19 | 2000-04-14 | Vorrichtung zur signalberechnung und -erzeugung, insbesondere zur digitalen klangsynthese |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1175668A1 true EP1175668A1 (de) | 2002-01-30 |
EP1175668B1 EP1175668B1 (de) | 2003-01-29 |
Family
ID=7904941
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP00925212A Expired - Lifetime EP1175668B1 (de) | 1999-04-19 | 2000-04-14 | Vorrichtung zur signalberechnung und -erzeugung, insbesondere zur digitalen klangsynthese |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1175668B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE232007T1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE19917434C1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000063877A1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8025349B2 (en) * | 2008-02-20 | 2011-09-27 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Refrigerator with door opening device |
EP3012832A1 (de) * | 2014-10-21 | 2016-04-27 | Universität Potsdam | Verfahren und System für die synthetische Modellierung eines Klangsignals |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10300001A1 (de) * | 2003-01-02 | 2004-07-22 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Klangsignal-Syntheseeinrichtung und Verfahren zum rechnergestützten Bilden eines Klangsignals |
FR2904462B1 (fr) * | 2006-07-28 | 2010-10-29 | Midi Pyrenees Incubateur | Dispositif de production de signaux representatifs de sons d'un instrument a clavier et a cordes. |
DE102010011177A1 (de) | 2010-03-12 | 2011-09-15 | Universität Hamburg | Vorrichtungsunterstütztes Berechnen von Gleichungssystemen |
CN111830140B (zh) * | 2020-07-03 | 2023-02-10 | 上海交通大学 | 基于谱方法的粘弹性材料复纵波波速反演方法、设备 |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0774955B2 (ja) * | 1989-07-27 | 1995-08-09 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音合成装置 |
US5256830A (en) * | 1989-09-11 | 1993-10-26 | Yamaha Corporation | Musical tone synthesizing apparatus |
US5149902A (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1992-09-22 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kawai Gakki Seisakusho | Electronic musical instrument using filters for timbre control |
JP2586165B2 (ja) * | 1990-02-22 | 1997-02-26 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音発生装置 |
JP2518464B2 (ja) * | 1990-11-20 | 1996-07-24 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽音合成装置 |
JP2682240B2 (ja) * | 1991-01-16 | 1997-11-26 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 電子楽器 |
JP2745923B2 (ja) * | 1991-12-27 | 1998-04-28 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 電子楽器 |
WO1996036039A1 (en) * | 1995-05-10 | 1996-11-14 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Efficient synthesis of musical tones having nonlinear excitations |
-
1999
- 1999-04-19 DE DE19917434A patent/DE19917434C1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-04-14 DE DE50001178T patent/DE50001178D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-14 AT AT00925212T patent/ATE232007T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-04-14 WO PCT/EP2000/003370 patent/WO2000063877A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 2000-04-14 EP EP00925212A patent/EP1175668B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO0063877A1 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8025349B2 (en) * | 2008-02-20 | 2011-09-27 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Refrigerator with door opening device |
EP3012832A1 (de) * | 2014-10-21 | 2016-04-27 | Universität Potsdam | Verfahren und System für die synthetische Modellierung eines Klangsignals |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2000063877A1 (de) | 2000-10-26 |
ATE232007T1 (de) | 2003-02-15 |
DE19917434C1 (de) | 2000-09-28 |
EP1175668B1 (de) | 2003-01-29 |
DE50001178D1 (de) | 2003-03-06 |
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