EP1166393A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur strahlformung - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur strahlformungInfo
- Publication number
- EP1166393A1 EP1166393A1 EP00913950A EP00913950A EP1166393A1 EP 1166393 A1 EP1166393 A1 EP 1166393A1 EP 00913950 A EP00913950 A EP 00913950A EP 00913950 A EP00913950 A EP 00913950A EP 1166393 A1 EP1166393 A1 EP 1166393A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- downlink
- antenna
- uplink
- angle spectrum
- aps
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 108010076504 Protein Sorting Signals Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 4
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- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 16
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- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 9
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- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007476 Maximum Likelihood Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000010267 cellular communication Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
- H01Q3/2611—Means for null steering; Adaptive interference nulling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
- H01Q3/2611—Means for null steering; Adaptive interference nulling
- H01Q3/2617—Array of identical elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
- H01Q3/2647—Retrodirective arrays
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for beam shaping for adaptive antenna groups containing a plurality of antenna elements in the downlink of frequency duplex systems, antenna weights for transmission in the downlink being determined for the antenna elements on the basis of directional information of the uplink.
- the invention further relates to a device for beam shaping for adaptive antenna groups containing several antenna elements in the downlink of frequency duplex systems. with a signal processor unit for determining antenna weights for the antenna elements for transmission in the downlink on the basis of direction information of the uplink.
- Adaptive antennas were first used in radar technology, and their use in mobile communications has also been investigated for some time.
- the use of adaptive antennas can reduce the interference received by directional reception, reduce the interference generated by directional transmission and reduce the time dispersion of the mobile radio channel and thus reduce the interference by interference, which significantly influences the bit error rate. sti mt, lead.
- Radio channels are generally interference limited, i.e. that the spatial reuse of one and the same radio channel on the one hand and the spectral efficiency on the other hand is limited by co-channel interference.
- a radio channel is defined by its frequency and / or its time slot (in time division multiplex - TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access) or its code (in code division multiplex - CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access).
- TDMA and FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
- methods have been proposed which are based on the spatial separability and the direction-selective reception in the uplink (mobile station transmits, base station receives) and the direction-selective Sending the subscriber signals in the downlink (base station sends, mobile station receives) based (so-called SDMA - Space Division Multiple Access System; system with multiple access).
- Direction-selective transmission / reception can also be used in CDMA systems to increase the possible number of subscribers on one frequency and thus to increase the spectral efficiency and the capacity of a cellular mobile radio system. If the interference remains the same, the possible number of participants on a traffic channel is increased, who can be detected by the base station with the linear, adaptive antenna group in the uplink and supplied in the downlink.
- Various methods are used for the downlink, which are based on different estimates of the mobile radio channel. Basically, either the directions of incidence of the signals of the mobile stations (see e.g. US 5 515 378 A or EP 755 090 A) are used, or the spatial covariance matrix (spatial correlation matrix) is used for beam shaping (see US 5 634 199 A).
- FDD systems frequency duplex systems
- the signals in the uplink and in the downlink are transmitted on different frequencies, and this results in the necessary separation between transmitted and received data on the mobile - as well as at the base station.
- the antenna directional diagram is different when using the same physical antenna group and the same antenna weights (amplitude and phase) at different frequencies. It is therefore not advisable to use the same antenna weights for sending and receiving at the base station of a cellular mobile radio system.
- the exclusive use of the direction of incidence estimated in the uplink has no problems with this frequency offset, but limits the beam shaping to a single discrete direction of incidence, which contradicts the physical nature of the mobile radio channel and therefore leads to a limited capacity gain through the adaptive antenna.
- the use of the spatial covariance matrix of the uplink poses the problem of the frequency offset.
- a further proposal in the prior art is to use the base station two different antenna groups, scaled with the wavelength used, for transmitting and receiving in a frequency duplex system, cf. G.G. Rayleigh, S.N. Diggavi, V.K. Jones and A. Paulraj, "A Blind Adaptive Transmit Antenna Algorithm for Wireless Communication", Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC'95), IEEE 1995, pp. 1494-1499, or the corresponding WO 97/00543 A.
- the two "adapted" antenna groups must be manufactured and calibrated very precisely and placed in exactly the same position.
- a second antenna group is necessary, which increases the costs disproportionately.
- the spatial covariance matrix of the downlink is to be measured directly by sending test signals from the base station and sending back the measured signals by the mobile station (cf. also W096 / 37975, where likewise on sending test signals is pointed out).
- this test signal method requires system capacity for this feedback process and therefore reduces the possible capacity increase.
- the standard of existing mobile radio systems would have to be changed, as there is currently no one in any cellular mobile radio system Feedback of the mobile station of this type is provided.
- No. 5,848,060 A describes that the spatial covariance matrix is estimated from the received signals of the uplink; the occurring relative phases of the matrix elements are then scaled with the ratio of the transmission frequency to the reception frequency (f s / f E ). Due to the multipath propagation of the individual signals, however, the frequency is non-linear in the phase relationship of the individual antenna elements. Therefore, this application is limited to cases with a direct line of sight between the transmitter and receiver without reflections from different directions, such as in satellite communication.
- the proposal also includes a compensation matrix on the covariance matrix the upward route.
- This compensation matrix is only valid for very small relative duplex levels 2 (fg-f E ) / (fg + fg) and is averaged over the entire operating angle range of the adaptive antenna.
- This method does not correct the frequency difference, but only reduces the deviation and "smears" the spatial structure of the mobile radio channel contained in the covariance matrix over the entire zen angular range. For this reason, this method cannot be used under any circumstances.
- the method according to the invention of the type mentioned at the outset is characterized in that the antenna weights for transmission in the downlink are determined on the basis of the power-angle spectrum of the uplink of the individual users, the power-angle spectrum being modified by masking out undesired areas.
- the device according to the invention of the type mentioned at the outset is characterized in that the signal processor unit is set up to determine the antenna weights for transmission in the downlink on the basis of the power-angle spectrum of the uplink of the individual user, with its modification by masking out undesired areas.
- the power angle spectrum of the uplink of the individual user is thus used as a basis for beam shaping in the downlink, undesired angular ranges being masked out in this power angle spectrum, that is to say any interferers are masked out in the power angle spectrum in order to optimally align the Main club in the direction of the respective user Afford.
- the important, useful areas of the power angle spectrum are extracted and used as a basis for determining the antenna weights for the beam shaping in the downlink. Studies have shown that it is possible to achieve particularly good results with regard to interference suppression if only a dominant part in the power angle spectrum is "cut" out of it.
- the power angle spectrum is estimated using a known signal sequence of the transmission signal, such as spread code, midamble, etc. It is also advantageous if the power angle spectrum of the uplink is estimated on the basis of the spatial covariance matrices of the uplink of the individual users or, if appropriate, from mean values thereof. Furthermore, it has proven to be advantageous if the respective spatial covariance matrix of the downlink is determined on the basis of the modified power-angle spectrum of the individual user or from its mean value. Finally, it is advantageous if the spatial covariance matrix of the downlink or its mean value is used to calculate the antenna weights for the transmission.
- a beam shaping of the spatial properties of the mobile radio channel in relation to the spatial covariance matrix is thus preferably carried out, which consists of the four steps
- 1 shows a diagram of an adaptive antenna with beam shaping in the downlink
- FIG. 3 schematically shows a device for beam shaping, a base station and a plurality of mobile stations being shown;
- 4A is an antenna diagram at an uplink frequency
- 4B shows a corresponding antenna diagram at the frequency of the downlink
- FIG. 6 shows a detailed flowchart of the process for the frequency transformation shown in FIG. 5;
- FIG. 8 shows an antenna diagram belonging to FIG. 7 before the modification
- 9 and 10 the diagrams corresponding to FIGS. 7 and 8 of the power angle spectrum and the antenna characteristic, but now after the suppression of an interferer
- FIG. 11 schematically shows the structure of the signal processor unit for calculating the antenna weights for beam shaping.
- the task of beamforming in the downlink of cellular mobile radio systems with adaptive antennas at the base station is to send the signals of the individual users from the base station in such a way that most of the energy is received by the desired user and as little energy as possible to other users who are there Interference occurs, is sent.
- a radiation formation in the downlink that this If requirements are met, an adequate interference ratio is guaranteed for every user and thus an adequate transmission quality (bit error rate BER).
- bit error rate BER bit error rate
- the main lobe of the antenna diagram must be placed in the direction of the desired user and zeros in the antenna diagram must be placed in the direction of those users who are supplied on the same frequency. This principle is illustrated in Fig. 1.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically in detail an adaptive antenna 1 with beam shaping in the downlink, a signal processor 2 controlling the individual antenna elements 1.1, 1.2 to 1M with different phases and amplitudes and thus generating the desired antenna pattern 3 or 4.
- the main lobes 5 and 6 of the antenna diagram 3 and 4 point in the direction of a respective user 7 and 8, with zeros 9 and 10 in the antenna diagram 3 and 4 pointing in the direction of the other user 8 and 7, respectively.
- the shape of the antenna pattern 3 or 4 is determined by the different weighting of the individual elements of the antenna group 1. This is explained below using the example of a linear antenna group with reference to FIG. 2. 2 schematically shows a wave incident on the antenna elements 1.1, 1.2, 1.3... 1M from a direction ⁇ .
- d is the distance between the individual antenna elements and ⁇ L is the path difference of the wave from an antenna element, e.g. 1.2, to the next antenna element, e.g. 1.3.
- the distance d is in the order of magnitude of the wavelength, for example, and is preferably smaller than the wavelength (e.g. approximately equal to half the wavelength).
- the path difference ⁇ L of the electromagnetic wave from one antenna element to the next corresponds to a phase difference of the received signal, which can be written as follows
- f further denotes the carrier frequency of the transmitted signal and c the speed of light.
- the group response of antenna group 1 depends both on the direction of incidence of the wave and on the carrier frequency.
- a base station 11 with an adaptive antenna 1 with nine antenna elements 1.1 ... 1.9 and with a multipath propagation between the base station 11 and mobile stations (MS) 7, 8 is illustrated in detail in FIG. 3, the multipath propagation due to reflections from buildings, for example 12 comes about.
- the individual signals overlap in the uplink on the antenna elements 1.1 to 1.9 of the linear antenna group 1 and in the downlink on the antenna of the respective cell phone 7, 8. Whether the individual signals overlap constructively or destructively depends on the phase relationship of the individual waves to one another from. Since different carrier frequencies are used in an FDD system for the uplink and the downlink, the phase relationships of the waves to one another also change. For this reason, the shrinkage (the constructive and destructive overlay) in the up and down sections is absolutely uncorrelated. Not only the fading but also the antenna pattern changes due to the frequency shift. Both the position of the main lobe and the position of the zeros and their shape in the group directivity change very strongly, as illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B.
- FIG. 4A shows an antenna diagram for the frequency of the uplink and FIG. 4B shows a corresponding antenna diagram for the frequency of the downlink.
- Fig.4A it can be seen for a user B1 that the signals come from the directions -20 ° and 40 ° and for a user B2 from the directions -50 ° and 10 °.
- the main lobes are at -18 ° and 35 ° for user B1 and at -45 ° and 8 ° for user B2.
- both the zeros and the main lobes are shifted in their direction due to the different frequencies.
- the influence on the main lobes is not so strong, since they are very wide anyway and therefore only a 0.5 dB smaller antenna gain results.
- the zeros in the direction of the other user are very narrow, and if the same antenna weights are used for the downlink as for the uplink, the interference generated is drastically increased for the other user. For this reason, it is not advisable to use the same antenna weights for receiving and transmitting at the base station 11.
- the uncorrelated shrinkage cannot be compensated because all path lengths would have to be known, which is impossible.
- a suitable beam shaping however, the influence of the carrier frequency on the antenna pattern can be compensated, as a result of which the interference generated for the other users is reduced and the transmission quality and system capacity are increased.
- a signal processor unit 2 is used in the base station 11 for this signal shaping, cf. 3, which determines the antenna weights, in particular also for the downlink, on the basis of the received signals for controlling the antenna elements 1.1 to 1M.
- antenna group 1 consists, generally formulated, of M antenna elements 1.1 to IM.
- the signals received are band-limited at 13 (filtering with channel selection filter) and at 14 mixed into the baseband, amplified at 15 and digitized at 16, and in the signal processor unit 2 the signals are detected with the aid of adaptive algorithms.
- the signals are then weighted accordingly, modulated (at 14) and radiated by the antenna 1.
- the signal exchange between the base station 11 and the access network 17 is additionally illustrated schematically in FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 shows a flow chart that schematically illustrates the evaluation of the input signals up to the determination of the antenna weights for the desired beam shaping in the downlink.
- a matrix X of noisy input signals of a plurality of co-channel signals serves as an input data set which is to be processed further in the signal processor unit 2.
- the matrix X contains N samples with critical sampling (sampling rate I / T) of K co-channel signals which are derived from the M individual elements of the array antenna 1, and interference signals from neighboring cells which use the same frequencies.
- the channel impulse responses of each of the K users Bl to BK estimated on each antenna element 1.1 to lM in step 30 ("subscriber recognition").
- the channel impulse responses of each subscriber B1 to BK can be estimated independently of one another using methods known per se (for example by correlation with the known signal sequence S j ⁇ ) or all in one step (for example using the method of least squares).
- the channel impulse responses are estimated in more detail from the received data X and the known signal sequence S k (preamble, midamble in TDMA, or spreading code in CDMA systems), the received signal can be represented as follows:
- the joint estimate can be made as follows:
- the output signal of a filter adapted to the spreading code used is used.
- This matched filter is a standard receiver component of CDMA systems; a description of the corresponding relationships for the estimate can be omitted here.
- the channel impulse response matrices have the following structure
- H k [h k (0) h k (T). , , h k ((L - l) - T)] ⁇ where h k (t) is the vector of the channel impulse response at time t is. This representation assumes that the channel impulse response is L samples long.
- a signal that is incident on antenna group 1 from a direction ⁇ results in a group response that is equal to the array steering vector a ( ⁇ , f) already mentioned.
- the spatial covariance matrix R (f) of this signal is in this case as
- R (f) E ⁇ a ( ⁇ , f) - a H ( ⁇ , f) ⁇
- the spatial covariance matrix can be represented as follows
- R ⁇ f) E ⁇ P ( ⁇ ) - a ( ⁇ , f). a H ( ⁇ , f) H d ⁇
- the channel impulse response contains all signals with the group responses and the associated signal strengths. For this reason and by replacing the formation of the expected value with the temporal mean (in the discrete-time mean of the samples), the spatial covariance matrix can be represented as follows
- the spatial covariance matrix R k is also frequency-dependent.
- the spatial covariance matrix R ⁇ of the uplink is generally used to calculate the complex antenna weights for reception with adaptive antennas. However, the use of these antenna weights for the downlink shifts the zeros, as already explained. For this reason, one has to try to transform the spatial covariance matrix R j ⁇ from the reception frequency f E of the base station to the transmission frequency fg in order to be able to calculate the antenna weights for the downlink.
- This frequency transformation is indicated in FIG. 5 in step 50, the frequency transformation being the spatial structure of the mobile radio channel, which in the spatial covariance matrix R k is contained, transformed from the reception frequency of the base station (frequency of the uplink) f E to the transmission frequency of the base station (frequency of the downlink) f s .
- This technique is shown in more detail in Fig. 6 and will be described in more detail below.
- the estimated spatial covariance matrices R ⁇ of the K users of the downlink are formed so that they are hermetic. This means that all directions of incidence are considered to be independent of each other.
- the covariance matrices R ⁇ (f s ) at the transmission frequency fg, which are obtained at the end of step 50, are used to calculate the optimal antenna weights for transmission in the downlink. This is done in step 60 in FIG. 5. All beam shaping algorithms based on knowledge of the spatial covariance matrix can be used for this.
- the signals for the individual users are now multiplied (weighted) by their antenna weights and sent by the base station 11.
- the frequency transformation (step 50): As already described, the fading (the phase relationship) of the individual signal paths in the downlink and uplink is uncorrelated. Only the directions of incidence of the individual partial waves and their mean signal strength (power) are the same in the up and down sections.
- the estimated power-angle spectrum is therefore used for beam shaping in order to reconstruct the spatial covariance matrix.
- the power angle spectrum contains the power that is received from the respective angular range. Exactly this parameter is the same in downward and upward sections. For this reason, all of the information that can be used for transmission in the downlink is contained again in the reconstructed covariance matrix. Since only the average signal strength remains the same and not the current one, a temporal averaging can be included. The time averaging can be carried out in three places:
- the power-angle spectrum estimate is shown at block 52, with the covariance matrices the uplink is assumed for the kth user.
- all known spectral search methods can be used in this power-angle spectrum estimation.
- the power angle spectrum APS ⁇ (Azimuthai Power Spectrum) can be determined by the maximum likelihood method (also called minimum variance method or Capon's method, shown in DH Johnson, DE Dudgeon, "Array Signal Processing - Concepts and Techniques", Prentice Hall, Inc. , Englewood Cliffs (New Jersey), 533 p.) Can be estimated as follows:
- a ( ⁇ , f E ) is the "array steering vector" of the uplink, which depends on the reception frequency f E , the inter-element spacing d of the linear antenna group with M elements and the direction ⁇ as follows:
- the power angle spectrum APS ⁇ of each of the K users is estimated.
- this step can also be carried out using other, similar methods of spectral search.
- the power angle spectrum APS ⁇ - does not contain any phase relationships of the individual signal paths of the mobile radio channel to one another, which is neither necessary nor sensible, since the fading and the phase relationships due to the multipath propagation are absolutely uncorrelated due to the different transmission and reception frequencies in a frequency duplex system.
- FIG. 7 shows an example of an estimated power angle spectrum APS j of a user Bk who is in the + 10 ° direction from the base station 11.
- the Dashed line in Fig. 7 outlines the estimated power-angle spectrum of some co-channel interferers, which are at -30 °, + 12 ° and 50 °.
- step 54 in FIG. 6 the dominant regions of the power angle spectrum APS ⁇ are then extracted.
- the entire power angle spectrum PS ⁇ does not necessarily have to be used for the reconstruction of the spatial covariance matrix, but only those angle ranges can be used from which the majority of the signals in the uplink are received, with the antenna lobes therefore being directed into these angle ranges are or in relation to the interference only in such angular ranges zero points are placed in the antenna diagram.
- This technique of hiding some angular areas e.g. to Only setting zeros in the direction of the dominant interferers or avoiding zeros in the direction of those interferers which lie in approximately the same direction as the desired user and thereby negatively influence the antenna pattern is exemplified in FIG. 8 (in connection with FIG. 7 ) and illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10. While FIG. 7 shows the estimated power angle spectrum of the desired user and the interferer, FIG. 8 illustrates the antenna directivity for this scenario.
- FIG. 9 shows the correspondingly modified antenna pattern.
- the main lobe in the antenna diagram now points again in the direction of the desired user (+ 10 °).
- CDMA the 3rd generation mobile phone systems like UMTS are all based on CDMA
- the separability of the users at an angle severe users do not lie in the same direction, which requires a minimum spacing of the angles at which the users lie
- the case shown here can occur frequently in CDMA systems.
- the spatial covariance matrix (correlation matrix) R ] ⁇ (f) of the mobile radio channel of the downlink of the K users is then reconstructed in step 56 of FIG. 6 using the estimated, modified power angle spectrum APS ⁇ mocj . This is done according to the following procedure:
- R k (fs) fp k , m od ( ⁇ ) ⁇ a ( ⁇ , f s ) ⁇ a H ( ⁇ , f s ), je
- the power angle spectrum can of course not be determined continuously, but only discretely with a certain angular resolution. Extensive computer simulations have shown that a resolution of around one degree is sufficient. This means that the above integral can be replaced by a discrete sum with relatively few summands. The discrete total looks like this:
- R k (fs) ⁇ Pk, mod ⁇ i) • a ( ⁇ h fs) ⁇ a H ( ⁇ f s ).
- p k mod ⁇ here denotes the modified power angle spectrum of the kth user.
- the described method is characterized in that the entire directional information of the mobile radio channel is used for the beam shaping in the downlink without committing an error due to the duplex frequency, and therefore the same gain in the downlink of cellular mobile radio systems with frequency duplex is possible as in time duplex systems. No assumptions are made about the number of discrete directions of incidence or the small duplex spacing, and therefore the technique described can be used without restrictions. Furthermore, the spatial covariance matrix or the channel im- pulse responses are used for beam shaping of the downlink, which are also required for detection in the uplink and therefore do not have to be calculated separately.
- the covariance matrices R ⁇ of the downlink (R jc (f s )) for the k-th subscriber are thus obtained, and these are finally obtained in step 60 according to FIG. 5 of the beam shaping, ie the determination of the antenna weights for the downlink.
- all known algorithms for beam shaping can be used which are based on the knowledge of the spatial covariance matrix.
- an algorithm is explained as an example, which is a standard algorithm in the literature for calculating the antenna weights in the uplink (see, for example, P. Zetterberg, and B. Ottersten: "The Spectrum Efficiency of a Basestation Antenna Array System for Spatially Selective Transmission ", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 44, pp. 651-660, August 1995).
- Rfc (fg) denotes the covariance matrix of the kth user and Q ] (fg) the covariance matrix of the interference for the kth user at the transmission frequency f s .
- the weight vector is calculated from this information as the dominant generalized eigenvector of the matrix pair [R ⁇ (f s ), Q ⁇ (fg)].
- this method maximizes the ratio of received useful interference power ratio SNIR ⁇ .
- the ratio of generated signal power for the desired user to generated interference power for the other users is maximized. This problem can be represented mathematically as follows:
- the covariance matrices at the reception frequency are used for detection in the uplink and the frequency-transformed covariance matrices (at the transmission frequency of the base station) are used to calculate the antenna weights for the downlink.
- the same algorithm for calculating the complex antenna weights for receiving and transmitting with the adaptive antenna 1 is used. Because of this, and because the spatial covariance matrix is generally used for reception in the uplink, this method of beam shaping for the downlink of systems with frequency duplex is very simple, and only the frequency transformation of the spatial covariance matrix is required compared to the uplink, as schematically shown in Fig. 11 is shown at 70.
- FIG. 11 shows the structure of the signal processor unit 2 for calculating the antenna weights for the adaptive antenna 1, the received signals being indicated schematically at 71.
- the unit for estimating the upward covariance matrices R ⁇ is illustrated, and the beam shaping unit is shown at 73.
- the antenna weights determined are designated W ] (f s ) for the downlink and W ] (f E ) for the uplink.
Landscapes
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Radio Transmission System (AREA)
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT0056599A AT407807B (de) | 1999-03-26 | 1999-03-26 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur strahlformung |
| AT56599 | 1999-03-26 | ||
| PCT/AT2000/000072 WO2000059072A1 (de) | 1999-03-26 | 2000-03-24 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur strahlformung |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1166393A1 true EP1166393A1 (de) | 2002-01-02 |
| EP1166393B1 EP1166393B1 (de) | 2004-07-14 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00913950A Expired - Lifetime EP1166393B1 (de) | 1999-03-26 | 2000-03-24 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur strahlformung |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6606058B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1166393B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2002540706A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1346525A (de) |
| AT (1) | AT407807B (de) |
| AU (1) | AU3543100A (de) |
| BR (1) | BR0009306A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE50007073D1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2000059072A1 (de) |
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| SG80071A1 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2001-04-17 | Univ Singapore | Downlink beamforming method |
| US7953446B2 (en) | 2000-12-11 | 2011-05-31 | Nortel Networks Limited | Antenna systems with common overhead for CDMA base stations |
| US8504109B2 (en) * | 2000-12-11 | 2013-08-06 | Apple Inc. | Antenna systems with common overhead for CDMA base stations |
| GB2376567B (en) * | 2001-06-12 | 2005-07-20 | Mobisphere Ltd | Improvements in or relating to smart antenna arrays |
| US7046978B2 (en) * | 2002-02-08 | 2006-05-16 | Qualcomm, Inc. | Method and apparatus for transmit pre-correction in wireless communications |
| US6934563B2 (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2005-08-23 | Nokia Corporation | Apparatus, and associated method, for selecting antenna pattern configuration to be exhibited by an antenna assembly of a communication station |
| US7054664B2 (en) * | 2003-10-30 | 2006-05-30 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing user specific downlink beamforming in a fixed beam network |
| US7324582B2 (en) * | 2004-01-07 | 2008-01-29 | General Dynamics C4 Systems, Inc. | System and method for the directional reception and despreading of direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals |
| DE102004020276A1 (de) * | 2004-04-26 | 2005-11-17 | Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co Kg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Funkpeilung mehrerer spektral überlappender Funkstationen |
| CN100423602C (zh) * | 2005-05-17 | 2008-10-01 | 上海原动力通信科技有限公司 | 应用于同频组网的波束赋形实现方法 |
| US8102313B2 (en) * | 2008-03-11 | 2012-01-24 | Deutsches Zentrum Fuer Luft- Und Raumfahrt E.V., | Retroreflecting transponder |
| US8798654B2 (en) * | 2009-04-22 | 2014-08-05 | Nokia Siemens Networks Oy | Selective interference rejection combining |
| US8831523B2 (en) | 2009-06-18 | 2014-09-09 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Methods and apparatus for beamforming for femtocells |
| CN102377465B (zh) * | 2010-08-10 | 2014-04-09 | 鼎桥通信技术有限公司 | 下行波束赋形方法及装置 |
| JP5667887B2 (ja) * | 2011-01-07 | 2015-02-12 | 日本電産エレシス株式会社 | アンテナ装置及びレーダ装置 |
| CN102394679B (zh) * | 2011-09-29 | 2014-07-02 | 西安空间无线电技术研究所 | 一种星载多波束天线系统发射通道实时校准系统和方法 |
| WO2013134506A2 (en) * | 2012-03-07 | 2013-09-12 | Hobbit Wave, Inc. | Devices and methods using the hermetic transform |
| US10720714B1 (en) * | 2013-03-04 | 2020-07-21 | Ethertronics, Inc. | Beam shaping techniques for wideband antenna |
| US9531431B2 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2016-12-27 | Hobbit Wave, Inc. | Devices and methods employing hermetic transforms for encoding and decoding digital information in spread-spectrum communications systems |
| US9793967B2 (en) * | 2013-11-21 | 2017-10-17 | The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology | Weighted sum data rate maximization using linear transceivers in a full-duplex multi-user MIMO system |
| RU2579996C2 (ru) * | 2014-01-16 | 2016-04-10 | Военная академия Ракетных войск стратегического назначения имени Петра Великого МО РФ | Многофункциональная адаптивная антенная решетка |
| US11304661B2 (en) | 2014-10-23 | 2022-04-19 | VertoCOMM, Inc. | Enhanced imaging devices, and image construction methods and processes employing hermetic transforms |
| WO2016141954A1 (en) * | 2015-03-06 | 2016-09-15 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | A method, control system and communication system for adapting beam patterns |
| RU2669191C1 (ru) | 2015-05-13 | 2018-10-09 | Телефонактиеболагет Лм Эрикссон (Пабл) | Формирование диаграммы направленности |
| RU2599257C1 (ru) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-10-10 | Борис Николаевич Горевич | Способ пространственной обработки радиосигналов |
| CN107453850B (zh) * | 2016-05-30 | 2020-10-20 | 普天信息技术有限公司 | 一种物理上行控制信道的检测方法 |
| EP3285083B1 (de) * | 2016-08-19 | 2019-06-12 | Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG | Verfahren zur peilung und peilungsantenneneinheit |
| US10447374B2 (en) | 2017-06-28 | 2019-10-15 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Beam sweep or scan in a wireless communication system |
| JP6947054B2 (ja) * | 2018-01-24 | 2021-10-13 | 株式会社デンソー | レーダ装置 |
| CN109450499B (zh) * | 2018-12-13 | 2021-03-16 | 电子科技大学 | 一种基于导向矢量和空间功率估计的鲁棒波束形成方法 |
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| US5634199A (en) | 1993-04-14 | 1997-05-27 | Stanford University | Method of subspace beamforming using adaptive transmitting antennas with feedback |
| US5619503A (en) * | 1994-01-11 | 1997-04-08 | Ericsson Inc. | Cellular/satellite communications system with improved frequency re-use |
| US6101399A (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 2000-08-08 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Jr. University | Adaptive beam forming for transmitter operation in a wireless communication system |
| FI105512B (fi) * | 1995-05-24 | 2000-08-31 | Nokia Networks Oy | Menetelmä kulmatoisteen aikaansaamiseksi sekä tukiasemalaitteisto |
| GB9514659D0 (en) * | 1995-07-18 | 1995-09-13 | Northern Telecom Ltd | An antenna downlink beamsteering arrangement |
| FI980616L (fi) * | 1997-11-05 | 1999-05-06 | Nokia Telecommunications Oy | Menetelmä parantaa radioyhteyden laatua solukkoradioverkossa |
-
1999
- 1999-03-26 AT AT0056599A patent/AT407807B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-03-24 BR BR0009306-8A patent/BR0009306A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-03-24 DE DE50007073T patent/DE50007073D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-03-24 AU AU35431/00A patent/AU3543100A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-03-24 CN CN00805588A patent/CN1346525A/zh active Pending
- 2000-03-24 EP EP00913950A patent/EP1166393B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-03-24 JP JP2000608472A patent/JP2002540706A/ja active Pending
- 2000-03-24 WO PCT/AT2000/000072 patent/WO2000059072A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2000-03-24 US US09/937,284 patent/US6606058B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO0059072A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1346525A (zh) | 2002-04-24 |
| EP1166393B1 (de) | 2004-07-14 |
| ATA56599A (de) | 2000-10-15 |
| WO2000059072A1 (de) | 2000-10-05 |
| JP2002540706A (ja) | 2002-11-26 |
| AU3543100A (en) | 2000-10-16 |
| BR0009306A (pt) | 2001-12-18 |
| AT407807B (de) | 2001-06-25 |
| DE50007073D1 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
| US6606058B1 (en) | 2003-08-12 |
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