Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
  • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
  • C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F29/00—Mixers with rotating receptacles
  • B01F29/40—Parts or components, e.g. receptacles, feeding or discharging means
  • B01F29/403—Disposition of the rotor axis
  • B01F29/4033—Disposition of the rotor axis inclined
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F29/00—Mixers with rotating receptacles
  • B01F29/60—Mixers with rotating receptacles rotating about a horizontal or inclined axis, e.g. drum mixers
  • B01F29/64—Mixers with rotating receptacles rotating about a horizontal or inclined axis, e.g. drum mixers with stirring devices moving in relation to the receptacle, e.g. rotating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
  • B01F33/86—Mixing heads comprising a driven stirrer
  • B01F33/862—Mixing heads comprising a driven stirrer the stirrer being provided with a surrounding stator
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
  • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
  • C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
  • C22C1/051—Making hard metals based on borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides or silicides; Preparation of the powder mixture used as the starting material therefor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
  • B01F27/80—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated
  • Y10T428/2993—Silicic or refractory material containing [e.g., tungsten oxide, glass, cement, etc.]

Definitions

• Hard metals are materials made from hard materials and binder metals. They are important as wear-resistant materials and are accessible for cutting and non-cutting shaping.
• Hard materials are carbides or nitrides or carbonitrides of the refractory metals of IV., V. and VI. Subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements, with titanium carbide (TiC), titanium carbonitride (Ti (C, N)) and in particular tungsten carbide (WC) the largest
• Cobalt is used in particular as binder metal.
• mixed metal powders or alloy powders made of cobalt, nickel and iron and, if appropriate, other constituents are also used in minor amounts.
• hard materials and binder metal each in powder form, are intimately mixed, pressed and then sintered, the binder metal by forming a melt during sintering to achieve very extensive compression and to build up a multi-phase structure with more favorable properties
• the sintering result can be represented in the form of the residual porosity.
• a certain residual porosity must be undershot.
• Hard materials are usually used with average particle sizes of 3 to 20 ⁇ , preferably 3 to 10 ⁇ according to ASTM B 330. It should be very fine Hard material components should be avoided as these tend to recrystallize during the liquid phase sintem (Ostwal d-ripening).
• the crystallites that have grown in this way have multidimensional point defects which are disadvantageous for certain performance properties of the hard metal, in particular for machining steel, in mining and in impact tools.
• tungsten carbide can be plastically deformed to a certain extent if multi-dimensional point defects are cured at high temperatures above 1900 ° C. The carburization temperature at which the tungsten carbide was obtained is therefore essential for the performance properties of the hard metal.
• the portion of the tungsten carbide phase dissolved in the hard metal at sintering temperature is qualitatively inferior to the undissolved portion in terms of these performance properties.
• a further embrittlement can occur that WC-parts that have grown up by redissolving may have incorporated binder metals in the lattice.
• the binder metal is regularly used with a smaller particle size, typically about 1 to 2 ⁇ according to ASTM B 330.
• the binder metal is used in such an amount that it makes up approx. 3 to 25% by weight of the hard metal.
• wet grinding in the attritor or in a ball mill using an organic grinding liquid and using grinding balls has established itself as the industrially used method for producing hard metal mixtures.
• the use of a grinding fluid effectively suppresses the electrostatic repulsive forces.
• the mixed grinding is a very complex process, which on the one hand requires a lot of space due to the required volume ratio of grinding media to ground material of about 6: 1 and on the other hand meals from 4 to 48 hours.
• a certain amount of grinding abrasion and a certain size reduction can also be accepted with wet mixed grinding.
• the object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing hard metal mixtures which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art, in particular is less technically complex and, moreover, owing to the homogeneity of the mixture and the avoidance of comminution of the hard material after the sintering of hard metals with excellent performance characteristics by minimizing the redissolved portion of the toilet phase.
• the object is achieved in that the mixing in the vicinity of the mixture constituents by producing high shear rate of impact of the powder particles and in the distant region by circulating the mixture
• mixing in the close range is understood to mean the mixing of a subset of the mixture, whereas the long range mixing is the mixing of the main quantity of the mixture batch, i.e. of the subsets among themselves.
• the method according to the invention therefore consists in that, on the one hand, in the short-range mixing with high input of mixing energy (based on the amount of powder detected by the mixing element) to overcome the electrostatic repulsive forces of the powder particles with one another and, on the other hand, in the area mixing is mixed with low energy input to homogenize the powder mixture.
• different mixing units are preferably used for short-range and long-range mixing.
• the majority of the mix is in the area of long-range mixing by circulating the mix bed.
• a rotary tube, a ploughshare mixer, a paddle mixer or a conical screw mixer are suitable, for example.
• a subset of the mixture is in the area of short-range mixing, a mixing unit producing high mutual impact speeds.
• Aggregates suitable for short-range mixing are, in particular, rapidly rotating mixing elements. According to the invention, preference is given to those with peripheral speeds of 8 to 25 m / s, particularly preferably 12 to 18 m / s.
• the material to be mixed is preferably fluidized at least in the area of the short-range mixing in the gas atmosphere of the mixing container, the gas being strongly swirled by the mixing element and the powder particles colliding due to the shear rates prevailing in the vortices.
• a suitable mixing element is, for example, a high-speed stirring element provided with wall-mounted stirring blades, a gap remaining between the container wall and the stirring blade, the width of which is at least 50 times the particle diameter.
• the gap width is preferably 100 to 500 times the particle size.
• Units suitable for short-range mixing are, for example, from US Pat. Nos. 3,348,779, 4,747,550, EP-A 200 003, EP-A 474 102, EP-A 645 179 and DE-U 29 515 434 known as the microwirl mill.
• Such mills consist of a stator in the form of a cylindrical housing, in which a rotor is arranged axially, which has one or more circular disks arranged one above the other on a common drivable axis has, the circular disks on their circumference having a plurality of substantially radially and parallel to the rotor axis arranged grinding plates that protrude beyond the circular disks, leaving a gap between the stator and grinding plates, the "shear gap".
• the gas-dispersed particles in the micro-vortex mill experience high acceleration forces due to the shear rate imposed on the gas between the rotor and stator, so that the particles collide with one another while overcoming the electrostatic repulsive forces .
• a charge exchange or a dielectric charge transfer takes place, so that the repulsive forces of the particles among each other remain canceled after the impact.
• the shear gap between the rotor and the stator should preferably have a clear width which is at least 50 times the mean diameter of the particle size with the larger mean diameter, i.e. the hard material particles.
• a shear gap with an internal width which corresponds to 100 to 500 times the average diameter of the hard material particles.
• the shear gap can typically have a clear width of 0.5 to 5 mm, preferably 1 to 3 mm.
• the shear rate in the shear gap should preferably be at least 800 / s, particularly preferably 1000 to 20,000 / s.
• the dwell time in the short-range mixing is selected so that the
• the temperature of the powder mixture when passing through the close-range mixture does not rise above 300 ° C.
• lower temperatures are preferred in order to reliably avoid oxidation of the powder particles.
• a protective gas atmosphere for example argon
• the dwell time for short-range mixing is in the range of seconds.
• the total mixing time is preferably 30 to 90 minutes, particularly preferably more than 40 minutes, and more preferably less than 1 hour.
• the powder mixture is recirculated between short-range and long-range mixing, i.e. Partial quantities of the powder mixture are taken as a continuous partial stream from the long-range mixing, fed to the short-range mixing and back into the
• the circulation speed of the powder mixture is preferably selected by the short-range mixing such that during the total mixing time on average at least 5 passes, particularly preferably at least 10 passes each
• Powder particle is ensured by the short-range mixing.
• the two powder components or a raw mixture of the powder components can be fed continuously at one end of the circulation mixing unit and homogeneously mixed powder can be discharged continuously at the other end.
• An alternative continuous implementation of the method consists in producing a raw mixture of the powder components in a first circulation mixing unit, continuously removing the raw mixture from the first circulation mixing unit, introducing it into the micro vortex mill, and then feeding it to a second circulation mixing unit, where it may be expedient to use Connection to the second circulation mixing unit is to carry out a further short-range mixing in a micro vortex mill and then a further long-range mixing in a circulation mixing unit.
• the mix is fluidized both in the short-range and in the long-range mixing.
• a suitable method for this has, for example, a floor and wall-accessible rotor with a shear gap to the container wall, the radial rotor blades being set against the vertical, so that the fluidized regrind is conveyed peripherally upwards in the container and is conveyed centrally downwards.
• the angle of attack is preferably less than 25 °, particularly preferably 10 to 20 °.
• This circulation of the mixed material for long-range mixing can be intensified by a coaxial rotor positioned in opposite directions with a diameter that is limited to only half the cross-section of the container. It has been found that excellent hard metal mixtures can still be achieved in such an aggregate if the container is filled up to 7% by volume with mixed material (weight of the mixed material divided by the density of the powder material).
• Additives used in the carbide industry such as organic adhesion promoters, oxidation inhibitors, granule stabilizers and / or pressing aids, e.g. on paraffin or polyethylene glycol basis mixed with the hard material and binder powder and distributed homogeneously.
• the pressing aids melt due to the heat generated during the mixing process, so that a uniform surface coverage is brought about. If the mixtures produced in this way do not yet have sufficient flowability or compressibility, a granulation step can be followed.
• the hard metal mixtures according to the invention and their granules are for
• FIG. 1 shows schematically a first embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 2 shows schematically a second embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 3 shows schematically a third embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 4 shows the basic structure of a micro vortex mill as a sectional view
• FIG. 5 shows a mixing device suitable according to the invention as a sectional view
• FIG. 6 shows a further mixing device suitable according to the invention.
• Example 7 shows the SEM image of the tungsten carbide powder used in Example 1
• Example 11 shows the micrograph of a hard metal produced according to Example 2.
• FIG. 1 schematically shows a long-range mixer A into which the two powders P1 and P2 are introduced continuously or discontinuously.
• a partial stream of the powder mixture is continuously transferred from the low-range mixing unit A to the short-range mixing unit B and returned to the low-range mixing unit A.
• the final mixing unit A finally becomes the finished one
• Powder mixture PM taken continuously or discontinuously. 2 shows a basic arrangement which is particularly suitable for the continuous execution of the method according to the invention.
• the powders P1 and P2 are introduced into a first mixing area mixing unit, in particular, for example, a rotary tube. They come out of the rotary tube into a first micro vortex mill Bl and are then transferred to a second form mixer A2. If necessary, a further short-range blending B2 and a long-range blending A3, not shown, can be connected.
• FIG. 3 shows an arrangement which is particularly suitable for batch batch mixing.
• the micro-vortex mill B as a short-range mixing element is arranged within the part-range mixing element A.
• Fig. 4 shows the structure of a micro vortex mill 1.
• This consists of a cylindrical housing 2, the inner wall of which forms the stator.
• the inner wall of the cylindrical housing 2 can be covered with abrasion-resistant material.
• An axis drivable for rotation is provided within the cylindrical housing 2, one or more, in particular 2 to 5, circular disks 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 drivable with the axis are provided on the axis 3, each of which has a plurality of radial and parallel on its circumference have grinding plates 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 arranged in relation to axis 3.
• the outer edges of the grinding plates 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 together with the inner wall of the cylindrical housing 2 form the shear gap 6.
• the micro-vortex mill is arranged below the filling level within a mold mixing element, the micro-vortex mill also preferably has a conical cover 7 which is provided with openings 8 through which the free-flowing powder trickles well into the cylindrical housing 2.
• An additional circular disk 9 provided with the axis 3 can be provided as a distributor plate.
• FIG. 5 shows a device which can be used according to the invention, as is shown schematically in FIG. 3.
• This consists of a mixing drum 10 which, via the axis 11, rotates at a low rotational speed, for example 1 to 2 revolutions. revolutions per minute, can be driven.
• the drum is closed by the non-rotating cover cap 12.
• the micro-vortex mill 1 is located inside the drum 10, as shown in FIG. 4.
• Baffles 13 can also be arranged within the drum 10.
• the filling level of the drum 10 is indicated by the dashed line 14.
• the method according to the invention now consists in that the powder mixture continuously enters the micro-vortex mill 1 through the openings 8, where the short-range mixing takes place, and is returned to the mold area mixing through the cylinder which is open at the bottom.
• FIG. 6 shows a device which can be used according to the invention, in which the material to be mixed is fluidized both in the short-range mixing and in the mixing area mixing.
• the container 10 on a drivable axis 3, there is a floor and wall-accessible rotor with 4 rotor blades 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d, which form the shear gap 6 with respect to the container wall.
• the mix is fluidized and, in addition to the rotation about the axis 3, is circulated as indicated by the arrow 22.
• a partial amount of the fluidized mixed material reaches the shear gap 6, where the high shear rate of the fluid causes a strong acceleration of the particles.
• example 1 The invention is illustrated by the following examples: example 1
• Fig. 5 shows a SEM picture of the tungsten carbide powder before mixing.
• Samples of the powder mixture are taken after 20, 30 and 40 minutes of mixing time. 8 shows an SEM image of the powder mixture obtained after a mixing time of 40 minutes.
• the oxygen content before mixing is 0.068% by weight, after mixing 0.172% by weight.
• the samples are processed into hard metal test specimens by pressing and subsequent sintering at 1380 ° C for 45 minutes.
• a corresponding powder mixture is ground in a ball mill with hexane for 20 hours.
• a hard metal test specimen is produced in the same way from the comparison powder mixture.
• Grain size of 6 ⁇ m (FSSS, ASTM B 330) are mixed as in Example 1.
• the Oxygen content before mixing is 0.058% by weight, after 40 minutes of mixing time 0.109% by weight.
• a comparison mixture (example 2f) is also produced in a ball mill as in example 1.
• 9 shows a SEM image of the starting tungsten carbide powder. 10 shows the powder mixture after a mixing time of 30 minutes.
• Example 11 shows the micrograph of a hard metal according to Example 2d).
• Example 13 kg of a cobalt metal powder with an average grain size of 1.55 ⁇ m, 117 kg of a less agglomerated tungsten carbide powder (FIG. 12) are mixed as in Example 1. 13 shows an SEM image of the powder mixture obtained.
• the oxygen content before mixing is 0.065% by weight, after mixing 0.088% by weight.
• the hard metal has a good structure and a good binder distribution.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
• Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
• Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)

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• 1999
  • 1999-01-15 DE DE19901305A patent/DE19901305A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2000
  • 2000-01-05 PL PL349919A patent/PL191783B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2000-01-05 EP EP00904876A patent/EP1153150B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2000-01-05 CZ CZ20012376A patent/CZ20012376A3/cs unknown
  • 2000-01-05 PT PT00904876T patent/PT1153150E/pt unknown
  • 2000-01-05 WO PCT/EP2000/000043 patent/WO2000042230A1/fr active IP Right Grant
  • 2000-01-05 JP JP2000593786A patent/JP2002534613A/ja active Pending
  • 2000-01-05 CN CN00802674A patent/CN1114706C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2000-01-05 AT AT00904876T patent/ATE228579T1/de active
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