EP1132335A1 - Method for closing containers - Google Patents

Method for closing containers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1132335A1
EP1132335A1 EP00128332A EP00128332A EP1132335A1 EP 1132335 A1 EP1132335 A1 EP 1132335A1 EP 00128332 A EP00128332 A EP 00128332A EP 00128332 A EP00128332 A EP 00128332A EP 1132335 A1 EP1132335 A1 EP 1132335A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
closing
drinking
closure
closures
cap
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00128332A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1132335B1 (en
Inventor
Herbert Bernhard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
KHS Maschinen und Anlagenbau AG
Original Assignee
KHS Maschinen und Anlagenbau AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by KHS Maschinen und Anlagenbau AG filed Critical KHS Maschinen und Anlagenbau AG
Publication of EP1132335A1 publication Critical patent/EP1132335A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1132335B1 publication Critical patent/EP1132335B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67C—CLEANING, FILLING WITH LIQUIDS OR SEMILIQUIDS, OR EMPTYING, OF BOTTLES, JARS, CANS, CASKS, BARRELS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; FUNNELS
    • B67C7/00—Concurrent cleaning, filling, and closing of bottles; Processes or devices for at least two of these operations
    • B67C7/0073—Sterilising, aseptic filling and closing
    • B67C7/008—Sterilising, aseptic filling and closing comprising a cleaning step between two closing steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67B—APPLYING CLOSURE MEMBERS TO BOTTLES JARS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; OPENING CLOSED CONTAINERS
    • B67B3/00—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps
    • B67B3/003—Pretreatment of caps, e.g. cleaning, steaming, heating or sterilizing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67B—APPLYING CLOSURE MEMBERS TO BOTTLES JARS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; OPENING CLOSED CONTAINERS
    • B67B3/00—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps
    • B67B3/20—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps by applying and rotating preformed threaded caps
    • B67B3/2013—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps by applying and rotating preformed threaded caps by carousel-type capping machines
    • B67B3/2033—Closing bottles, jars or similar containers by applying caps by applying and rotating preformed threaded caps by carousel-type capping machines comprising carousel co-rotating capping heads

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for closing vessels with a a resealable drinking closure and one Protective cap for covering such a drinking opening and on a device to carry out this procedure.
  • Such closures are a complete unit with a pressed-on protective cap and a closed drinking opening for the purpose of closing vessels and in this state preferably before the actual closure from the inside cleaned.
  • the cap is then applied to the bottle.
  • residual liquids in the inner structure of the consisting of different parts Remain locked.
  • Such residual liquids are particularly in the beverage sector of considerable disadvantages and therefore undesirable.
  • the invention has for its object an improved method for cleaning and to show how to apply such closures.
  • This object of the invention is based on a method of the beginning mentioned type in that the closures with an open drinking opening subjected to cleaning before the closing process and then the opened one Drink closure with closure of the drink opening on the mouth of the vessels applied and then the protective caps applied to the closures become.
  • the proposed method is an improved and flawless cleaning guaranteed such closures.
  • the closures come in two parts as a closure Delivered with a separate protective cap, the separate drinking cap is open. In this state, the closure is expedient with the drinking closure subjected to a cleaning process downwards, the through the interior spent cleaning liquid or the corresponding sterilizing agent can emerge below.
  • the protective caps are also cleaned separately instead of.
  • the complete closure for example in the form of a screw closure, from the closure part 2 with screw thread 3 and an annular formed on the upper end face Drinking opening 4. This can be moved into an open position in the axial direction Closure 5 sealed.
  • an additional Protective cap 6 is provided, which is held in a latching connection 7. On such closure 1 is separated from the protective cap 6 and with an open drinking opening 4 for closing vessels, bottles 8 and the like the system for closing these bottles 8 added.
  • the closures or the closing parts 2 with the drinking opening 4 open are a Feed device 12 brought to the takeover point 13 on the closer, wherein first preferably with the drinking opening down and the actual one Screw closure opening upstream of the takeover point 13 through a cleaning bath 14 are directed.
  • the separately supplied protective caps 6 are also in a further track 15 through the cleaning bath 14 or another suitable Cleaning device performed. This can also from spray nozzle rows 15th consist. This cleaning can be done with water, sterile liquid, steam or the like be carried out.
  • the closures cleaned in this way then get into the Capping machine.
  • a conveyor track 17 for the opened screw caps 2 are provided by means of a transfer device 18 are added to the capper turning circle or capping head 11. This lowers onto the bottles 8 and screws the closure 2 onto the mouth of the vessel on.
  • the closure head 11 has means 21 which are used during this process also close the drinking cap automatically.
  • the bottle so closed is then fed to the further rotary circuit 20, in which, as already described, the protective cap 6 is placed.
  • the closure of the drinking opening 4 can also be in the feed area after cleaning before actual closing process can be carried out.
  • the protective caps 6 are transported on a path 19 running parallel thereto and cleaned if necessary, which then in a further turning circle 20 on the already screwed closures 2 removed or taken over by these and be pressed on.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sealing Of Jars (AREA)
  • Filling Of Jars Or Cans And Processes For Cleaning And Sealing Jars (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

With the drinking opening (4) opened and prior to the closing process the closures (5) are subjected to cleaning so that the opened closure is fitted onto the mouth of the bottle to close the drinking opening after which the protective cap is then fitted on the closure. Independent claim describes closing machine which has additional means to close the opened drink closure (5) and also has a further device to fit on the protective cap (6).

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Verschließen von Gefäßen mit einem einen wiederverschließbaren Trinkverschluß enthaltenden Verschluß und einer Schutzkappe zum Abdecken einer solchen Trinköffnung sowie auf eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for closing vessels with a a resealable drinking closure and one Protective cap for covering such a drinking opening and on a device to carry out this procedure.

Derartige Verschlüsse werden als komplette Einheit mit aufgepreßter Schutzkappe und verschlossener Trinköffnung zum Zwecke des Verschließens von Gefäßen geliefert und in diesem Zustand vorzugsweise vor dem eigentlichen Verschluß von innen gereinigt. Im Anschluß daran wird der Verschluß auf die Flasche aufgebracht. Bei dem Reinigungs- und/oder Sterilisationsvorgang läßt es sich nicht vermeiden, daß Restflüssigkeiten im Innengebilde des aus verschiedenen Teilen bestehenden Verschlusses verbleiben. Solche Restflüssigkeiten sind insbesondere im Getränkebereich von erheblichen Nachteilen und daher unerwünscht.Such closures are a complete unit with a pressed-on protective cap and a closed drinking opening for the purpose of closing vessels and in this state preferably before the actual closure from the inside cleaned. The cap is then applied to the bottle. During the cleaning and / or sterilization process, it cannot be avoided that residual liquids in the inner structure of the consisting of different parts Remain locked. Such residual liquids are particularly in the beverage sector of considerable disadvantages and therefore undesirable.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein verbessertes Verfahren zur Reinigung und zum Aufbringen derartiger Verschlüsse aufzuzeigen.The invention has for its object an improved method for cleaning and to show how to apply such closures.

Diese der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe wird bei einem Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art dadurch gelöst, daß die Verschlüsse mit geöffneter Trinköffnung vor dem Verschließvorgang einer Reinigung unterworfen und darauf der geöffnete Trinkverschluß unter Schließung der Trinköffnung auf die Mündung der Gefässe aufgebracht und anschließend die Schutzkappen auf die Verschlüsse aufgebracht werden.This object of the invention is based on a method of the beginning mentioned type in that the closures with an open drinking opening subjected to cleaning before the closing process and then the opened one Drink closure with closure of the drink opening on the mouth of the vessels applied and then the protective caps applied to the closures become.

Weitere Merkmale der Erfindung ergehen aus den Unteransprüchen.Further features of the invention emerge from the subclaims.

Mit dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren ist eine verbesserte und einwandfreie Reinigung solcher Verschlüsse gewährleistet. Die Verschlüsse werden in zwei Teilen als Verschluß mit separater Schutzkappe angeliefert, wobei der separate Trinkverschluß geöffnet ist. In diesem Zustand wird der Verschluß zweckmäßig mit dem Trinkverschluß nach unten einem Reinigungsvorgang unterworfen, wobei die durch das Innere verbrachte Reinigungsflüssigkeit oder das entsprechende Sterilisationsmittel nach unten austreten kann. Ebenfalls findet eine separate Reinigung der Schutzkappen statt.The proposed method is an improved and flawless cleaning guaranteed such closures. The closures come in two parts as a closure Delivered with a separate protective cap, the separate drinking cap is open. In this state, the closure is expedient with the drinking closure subjected to a cleaning process downwards, the through the interior spent cleaning liquid or the corresponding sterilizing agent can emerge below. The protective caps are also cleaned separately instead of.

Im Nachfolgenden wird die Erfindung anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert.In the following, the invention is illustrated by means of one in the drawing Embodiment explained in more detail.

In der Zeichnung zeigt:

Figur 1
eine vereinfacht dargestellte Verschließmaschine in Seitenansicht,
Figur 2
eine solche Verschließmaschine in der Draufsicht mit einer Zuführung für die Schutzkappen zu den verschlossenen Gefäßen,
Figur 3
einen Verschließkopf mit aufgenommenem Verschluß und noch geöffnetem Trinkverschluß,
Figur 4
einen Verschließkopf mit dem Verschluß und inzwischen verschlossenem Trinkverschluß und
Figur 5
einen kompletten Verschluß.
The drawing shows:
Figure 1
a simplified shown capping machine in side view,
Figure 2
Such a capping machine in plan view with a feed for the protective caps to the closed containers,
Figure 3
a capping head with the cap closed and the drinking cap still open,
Figure 4
a closing head with the closure and now closed drinking closure and
Figure 5
a complete closure.

Gemäß dem in Figur 5 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel besteht der komplette Verschluß 1, beispielsweise ausgebildet als Schraubverschluß, aus dem Verschlußteil 2 mit Schraubgewinde 3 und einer an der oberen Stirnseite ausgebildeten ringförmigen Trinköffnung 4. Diese ist durch einen in axialer Richtung in Öffnungsstellung bewegbaren Verschluß 5 abgedichtet. Zur Sicherung dieses Verschlusses 5 ist eine zusätzliche Schutzkappe 6 vorgesehen, die in einer Rastverbindung 7 festgehalten ist. Ein solcher Verschluß 1 wird gemäß der Erfindung getrennt von der Schutzkappe 6 und mit geöffneter Trinköffnung 4 zum Verschließen von Gefäßen, Flaschen 8 und dergleichen der Anlage zum Verschließen dieser Flaschen 8 zugegeben.According to the embodiment shown in Figure 5, the complete closure 1, for example in the form of a screw closure, from the closure part 2 with screw thread 3 and an annular formed on the upper end face Drinking opening 4. This can be moved into an open position in the axial direction Closure 5 sealed. To secure this closure 5 is an additional Protective cap 6 is provided, which is held in a latching connection 7. On such closure 1 is separated from the protective cap 6 and with an open drinking opening 4 for closing vessels, bottles 8 and the like the system for closing these bottles 8 added.

Gemäß dem in Figur 1 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel besteht die Anlage zur Durchführung des Verfahrens aus einer Verschließmaschine 9 mit einem Rotor 10, an dem die einzelnen umlaufenden Verschließköpfe 11 angeordnet sind. Die Verschlüsse bzw. die Verschließteile 2 mit geöffneter Trinköffnung 4 werden über eine Zuführeinrichtung 12 zu der Übernahmestelle 13 am Verschließer gebracht, wobei sie zunächst vorzugsweise mit der Trinköffnung nach unten und der eigentlichen Schraubverschlußöffnung nach oben vor der Übernahmestelle 13 durch ein Reinigungsbad 14 geleitet werden. Die separat zugeführten Schutzkappen 6 werden ebenfalls in einer weiteren Spur 15 durch das Reinigungbad 14 oder eine andere geeignete Reinigungsvorrichtung geführt. Diese kann auch aus Sprühdüsenreihen 15 bestehen. Diese Reinigung kann mit Wasser, steriler Flüssigkeit, Dampf oder dergleichen vollzogen werden. Die so gereinigten Verschlüsse gelangen dann in die Verschließmaschine.According to the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the system for Execution of the method from a closing machine 9 with a rotor 10, on which the individual circumferential closing heads 11 are arranged. The closures or the closing parts 2 with the drinking opening 4 open are a Feed device 12 brought to the takeover point 13 on the closer, wherein first preferably with the drinking opening down and the actual one Screw closure opening upstream of the takeover point 13 through a cleaning bath 14 are directed. The separately supplied protective caps 6 are also in a further track 15 through the cleaning bath 14 or another suitable Cleaning device performed. This can also from spray nozzle rows 15th consist. This cleaning can be done with water, sterile liquid, steam or the like be carried out. The closures cleaned in this way then get into the Capping machine.

Gemäß dem in Figur 2 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist eine Förderspur 17 für die geöffneten Schraubverschlüsse 2 vorgesehen, die mittels einer Übergabeeinrichtung 18 dem Verschließerdrehkreis bzw. Verschließkopf 11 zugegeben werden. Dieser senkt sich auf die Flaschen 8 ab und schraubt den Verschluß 2 auf die Gefäßmündung auf. Der Verschlußkopf 11 weist Mittel 21 auf, die während dieses Vorganges auch den Trinkverschluß automatisch schließen. Die so verschlossene Flasche wird dann dem weiteren Drehkreis 20 zugeführt, in dem dann, wie bereits vorbeschrieben, die Schutzkappe 6 aufgesetzt wird. Die Schließung der Trinköffnung 4 kann aber auch bereits im Zuführbereich nach vorgenommener Reinigung vor dem eigentlichen Verschließvorgang vorgenommen werden.According to the embodiment shown in Figure 2 is a conveyor track 17 for the opened screw caps 2 are provided by means of a transfer device 18 are added to the capper turning circle or capping head 11. This lowers onto the bottles 8 and screws the closure 2 onto the mouth of the vessel on. The closure head 11 has means 21 which are used during this process also close the drinking cap automatically. The bottle so closed is then fed to the further rotary circuit 20, in which, as already described, the protective cap 6 is placed. The closure of the drinking opening 4 can also be in the feed area after cleaning before actual closing process can be carried out.

Auf einer parallel dazu verlaufenden Bahn 19 werden die Schutzkappen 6 transportiert und gegebenenfalls gereinigt, die dann in einem weiteren Drehkreis 20 auf die bereits aufgeschraubten Verschlüsse 2 abgesetzt bzw. von diesen übernommen und aufgepresst werden.The protective caps 6 are transported on a path 19 running parallel thereto and cleaned if necessary, which then in a further turning circle 20 on the already screwed closures 2 removed or taken over by these and be pressed on.

Claims (5)

Verfahren zum Verschließen von Gefäßen mit einem einen wiederverwendbaren Trinkverschluß enthaltenden Schraubverschluß und einer Schutzkappe zum Abdecken einer solchen Trinköffnung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verschlüsse (2) mit geöffneter Trinköffnung (4) vor dem Verschließvorgang einer Reinigung unterworfen und darauf der geöffnete Verschluß (2) unter Schließung der Trinköffnung (4) auf die Mündung der Gefäße (8) aufgebracht wird und anschließend die Schutzkappe (6) auf die Verschlüsse (2, 5) aufgebracht werden.Method for closing containers with a screw cap containing a reusable drinking cap and a protective cap for covering such a drinking opening, characterized in that the closures (2) with the drinking opening open (4) are subjected to cleaning before the closing process and the opened cap (2) is applied to the mouth of the vessels (8) while the drinking opening (4) is closed and then the protective cap (6) is applied to the closures (2, 5). Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verschlüsse (2) mit der geöffneten Trinköffnung (4) nach unten einem Reinigungsbad unterworfen und unter Schließung der Trinköffnung (4) in die Verschließmaschine (9) geführt werden.Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the closures (2) with the opened drinking opening (4) are subjected to a cleaning bath downwards and are guided into the closing machine (9) while closing the drinking opening (4). Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Trinköffnungen (4) nach dem Reinigungsvorgang getrocknet und vor dem Aufbringen auf die Gefäßmündungen verschlossen werden.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the drinking openings (4) are dried after the cleaning process and closed before being applied to the mouths of the vessels. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Trinkverschlüsse (4) mit Aufbringen des Verschlusses (2) auf die Gefäßmündungen verschlossen werden.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the drinking closures (4) are closed by applying the closure (2) to the vascular mouths. Verschließmaschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verschließmaschine (9) und/oder die Verschließköpfe (11) mit zusätzlichen Mitteln (21) zum Verschließen des geöffneten Trinkverschlusses (5) ausgebildet ist und eine weitere Einrichtung zum Aufsetzen der Schutzkappen (6) aufweist.Closing machine for carrying out the method according to claim 1, characterized in that the closing machine (9) and / or the closing heads (11) is designed with additional means (21) for closing the opened drinking closure (5) and a further device for putting on the protective caps (6).
EP00128332A 2000-01-14 2000-12-22 Method for closing containers Expired - Lifetime EP1132335B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10001200 2000-01-14
DE10001200A DE10001200A1 (en) 2000-01-14 2000-01-14 Method for closing drinks bottles having reclosable drink opening involves cleaning closures whilst drinking opening is opened and prior to closing process and before fitting protective cap

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1132335A1 true EP1132335A1 (en) 2001-09-12
EP1132335B1 EP1132335B1 (en) 2003-01-15

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ID=7627417

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00128332A Expired - Lifetime EP1132335B1 (en) 2000-01-14 2000-12-22 Method for closing containers

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6484477B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1132335B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3584212B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE231099T1 (en)
DE (2) DE10001200A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2189724T3 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111646418A (en) * 2020-06-08 2020-09-11 耿超玮 Production line is loaded to bacterin

Families Citing this family (10)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10238633B3 (en) * 2002-08-19 2004-01-08 Alfill Engineering Gmbh & Co. Kg Sterilizing device for caps of beverage containers
DE102005032322A1 (en) * 2005-07-08 2007-01-11 Sig Technology Ag Method and machine for closing bottles with sterile caps
DE102008035605B4 (en) * 2008-07-31 2012-06-14 Khs Gmbh Transport line for conveying caps or similar closures for closing bottles or similar containers
EP2323700B1 (en) * 2008-08-26 2011-11-09 Sidel S.p.A. Apparatus and method for sterilizing container closures
DE102009007327A1 (en) * 2009-02-03 2010-08-05 Krones Ag Apparatus and method for producing large PET containers
DE102012106532A1 (en) * 2012-07-19 2014-01-23 Krones Ag Apparatus and method for treating closures for containers
DE102012107170A1 (en) 2012-08-03 2014-05-15 Kst Gmbh Kamera & System Technik Camera outer housing for use in traffic engineering
US10464109B2 (en) 2016-11-30 2019-11-05 Nolan Smith Bottle cap thread rinsing system
JP7116527B2 (en) * 2017-02-07 2022-08-10 東京応化工業株式会社 Capping device and capping method
CN115196566B (en) * 2022-08-18 2023-07-07 博世勒自动化科技（昆山）有限公司 Automatic cap screwing device for plastic bottle

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1952579A1 (en) * 1969-10-18 1971-04-29 Enzinger Union Werke Ag Method and device for closing filled bottles
DE1782348A1 (en) * 1968-08-20 1972-01-20 Hohenzollern Huettenverwalt Method and device for closing bottles
EP0180828A1 (en) * 1984-10-31 1986-05-14 KRONES AG Hermann Kronseder Maschinenfabrik Method and device for filling bottles or the like with a liquid
DE29719203U1 (en) * 1997-10-29 1998-11-26 Krones Ag Hermann Kronseder Maschinenfabrik, 93073 Neutraubling Device for closing vessels with caps
US5975369A (en) * 1997-06-05 1999-11-02 Erie County Plastics Corporation Resealable pushable container closure and cover therefor

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1782348A1 (en) * 1968-08-20 1972-01-20 Hohenzollern Huettenverwalt Method and device for closing bottles
DE1952579A1 (en) * 1969-10-18 1971-04-29 Enzinger Union Werke Ag Method and device for closing filled bottles
EP0180828A1 (en) * 1984-10-31 1986-05-14 KRONES AG Hermann Kronseder Maschinenfabrik Method and device for filling bottles or the like with a liquid
US5975369A (en) * 1997-06-05 1999-11-02 Erie County Plastics Corporation Resealable pushable container closure and cover therefor
DE29719203U1 (en) * 1997-10-29 1998-11-26 Krones Ag Hermann Kronseder Maschinenfabrik, 93073 Neutraubling Device for closing vessels with caps

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111646418A (en) * 2020-06-08 2020-09-11 耿超玮 Production line is loaded to bacterin
CN111646418B (en) * 2020-06-08 2022-09-20 北京华诺泰生物医药科技有限公司 Production line is loaded to bacterin

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE231099T1 (en) 2003-02-15
JP3584212B2 (en) 2004-11-04
DE50001085D1 (en) 2003-02-20
DE10001200A1 (en) 2001-07-19
EP1132335B1 (en) 2003-01-15
JP2001219993A (en) 2001-08-14
ES2189724T3 (en) 2003-07-16
US6484477B1 (en) 2002-11-26

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