EP1117017A1 - Dispositif pour produire un signal ayant une fréquence sensiblement indépendante de la température - Google Patents
Dispositif pour produire un signal ayant une fréquence sensiblement indépendante de la température Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1117017A1 EP1117017A1 EP00100427A EP00100427A EP1117017A1 EP 1117017 A1 EP1117017 A1 EP 1117017A1 EP 00100427 A EP00100427 A EP 00100427A EP 00100427 A EP00100427 A EP 00100427A EP 1117017 A1 EP1117017 A1 EP 1117017A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- frequency
- signal
- temperature
- equal
- ratio
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04G—ELECTRONIC TIME-PIECES
- G04G3/00—Producing timing pulses
- G04G3/02—Circuits for deriving low frequency timing pulses from pulses of higher frequency
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04G—ELECTRONIC TIME-PIECES
- G04G3/00—Producing timing pulses
- G04G3/02—Circuits for deriving low frequency timing pulses from pulses of higher frequency
- G04G3/027—Circuits for deriving low frequency timing pulses from pulses of higher frequency by combining pulse-trains of different frequencies, e.g. obtained from two independent oscillators or from a common oscillator by means of different frequency dividing ratios
Definitions
- the two devices described in these documents include a circuit generator that responds to the signal provided by the mixing circuit to produce correction pulses whose frequency depends on that of this signal mixture, and therefore temperature.
- the output signal from these two devices is obtained by adding these correction pulses to the signal supplied, after division of its frequency, by one of the two oscillator circuits.
- the devices described in the documents mentioned above do not therefore cannot be used in cases where it is necessary to have of a signal having not only a frequency independent of the temperature but also a frequency spectrum comprising only one reduced number of lines with fixed positions, also independent of temperature.
- a signal exhibiting these properties is for example necessary when it is necessary to synchronize, in a telecommunication device, a high frequency signal picked up by an antenna with a low signal frequency produced in this device.
- oscillators comprising a resonator in so-called AT cut quartz produce signals whose frequency is very stable as a function of temperature. But, by nature, this frequency is quite high. If you want to make a device providing a signal having a relatively low frequency from such an oscillator, so it's necessary to associate with the latter a frequency divider circuit, which complicates and adds to this cost. In addition, the electrical energy consumed by such a frequency divider circuit is quite significant because of the high frequency of the signal it receives, which can be serious disadvantage when this electrical energy must be supplied by a source small dimensions such as the battery of an electronic wristwatch.
- An object of the present invention is therefore to propose a device for same kind as those described in the above mentioned patents but which does not have their drawbacks also mentioned above, i.e. a device producing an output signal having a frequency at least substantially independent of the temperature but also having a frequency spectrum comprising only a reduced number of lines, the position of these lines also being also substantially independent of the temperature.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a device providing a signal having a frequency which exhibits variation in temperature function as low as the signal frequency supplied by an oscillator comprising an AT cut resonator but which can be much lower than the latter.
- the frequency of the signal supplied by a device according to the present invention is at least substantially independent of temperature and does not show any sudden jump when this temperature varies.
- the frequency spectrum of this signal therefore presents only a small number of lines, and the position of these lines is also substantially independent of the temperature.
- the frequency of the signal provided by a device according to the present invention can be much more lower than that of the signal supplied by an oscillator including a resonator in AT cut quartz. It is therefore possible, in many cases, to use directly the signal supplied by a device according to the present invention, without having to lower its frequency using a frequency divider circuit, which decreases the cost price and the electrical energy consumption of this device. In addition, if a frequency divider circuit is nonetheless associated to a device according to the present invention, its energy consumption electric will be weak since the frequency of the signal provided by this device is low.
- the device according to the present invention which is designated as a whole by the reference 1, is intended to provide, to a output terminal designated by the reference O, a periodic signal S1 having a frequency F1 which they will be shown later it is at least noticeably independent of temperature.
- the device 1 comprises a first and a second circuit generator, respectively designated by references 2 and 3, as well as a mixer circuit designated by reference 4.
- the generators 2 and 3 are arranged so as to provide at their output a signal S2 having a frequency F2 and, respectively, a signal S3 having a frequency F3.
- generators 2 and 3 each have a circuit oscillator conventionally formed by an amplifier, not shown separately, coupled to a piezoelectric resonator whose characteristics will be specified later.
- signals S2 and / or S3 can be supplied directly by the oscillator forming part of the respective generator 2 or 3, or be supplied by frequency dividing circuits receiving the signal produced by the respective oscillator and supplying these signals S2 or S3.
- the resonator which is part of generator 2 and whose characteristics therefore determine the frequency F2 of signal S2 has been represented with reference 5
- the resonator which is part of the generator 3 and whose characteristics therefore determine the frequency F3 of the signal S3 has been represented with the reference 6.
- the resonator 5 and the resonator 6 all have two in the form of a quartz tuning fork, but the resonator 5 is arranged so that its branches vibrate in a bending mode, while the resonator 6 is arranged so that its branches vibrate in a mode of torsion.
- the resonators 5 and 6 are arranged so that the frequency F2 of the signal S2 is lower than the frequency F3 of the signal S3, and that these frequencies F2 and F3 are in a ratio determined whose value will be specified below, as well as others characteristics of these resonators 5 and 6.
- the mixer circuit 4 which also includes the device 1 is also a circuit that the skilled person will have no trouble performing either in the various ways he knows well. This mixing circuit 4 will therefore not also not described in detail here.
- the mixer circuit 4 comprises two inputs one of which is connected to the output of generator 2 and therefore receives the signal S2 and the other of which is connected to the output of generator 3 and therefore receives the signal S3.
- the mixer circuit 4 is arranged to so that the frequency F4 of the signal S4 which it supplies at its output is equal to the difference of the frequencies F3 and F2 of the signals S3 and, respectively, S2.
- the output of mixer circuit 4 is directly connected to output 0 of the device 1, so that the signal S1 is constituted by the signal S4 and that, well understood, the frequency F1 is identical to the frequency F4.
- This frequency F1 of the signal S1 is therefore, in this case, equal to the difference of the frequencies F3 and F2.
- the mixer circuit 4 may include a filter intended to prevent the appearance, in the signal S1, of parasitic components having frequencies different from the frequency F1.
- the two coefficients ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 , the two coefficients ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 , as well as the two coefficients ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are generally called, respectively, linear, quadratic and cubic coefficients.
- T 01 and T 02 are those which are generally called inversion temperatures of the resonators 5 and, respectively, 6.
- the characteristics of the resonators 5 and 6 are in particular determined so that, on the one hand, the frequency F2 (T) is always lower than the frequency F3 (T) and, on the other hand part, that the quadratic coefficient ⁇ 1 is greater than the quadratic coefficient ⁇ 2 .
- the frequency F1 of the signal S1 is also.
- equation (11) above represents the variation of the frequency F1 of the signal S1 as a function of the temperature T only when the conditions mentioned above are strictly fulfilled, that is to say when the inversion temperatures T 01 and T 02 are equal, and the ratio of the quadratic coefficients ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 is equal to the inverse of the ratio of the frequencies F2 r and F3 r .
- the applicant produced devices according to the present invention using resonators such that the inversion temperatures of the signals S2 and S3 differed by 10 ° C and that the ratio of the coefficients ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 was not equal to the inverse ratio of the frequencies F2 r and F3 r to within +/- 10%.
- the frequency F1 of the signal S1 follows a substantially cubic curve when the temperature T varies.
- the frequency of the signal supplied by a device according to the present invention can be relatively low since it is equal to the difference in frequencies of two other signals, the signals S2 and S3 in the example described above. It is therefore often not necessary to associate a frequency divider circuit with this device, which eliminates the disadvantages associated with the presence of such a circuit. And even if a divider circuit frequency must, for one reason or another, be associated with a device according to the present invention, its consumption of electrical energy is much weaker than in the case of an oscillator with a AT type resonator since the frequency of the signal it receives is much lower than in the latter case.
- the device according to the present invention has substantially the same signal frequency stability advantage that it provides as a function of temperature that an oscillator comprising a AT cut resonator, without having the disadvantages of the latter.
- one will preferably choose quadratic coefficients ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 and frequency values F2 r and F3 r in an integer ratio making it possible to eliminate the parasitic components of the output signal and to obtain a high spectral purity.
- This result is for example advantageously obtained by the use of a quartz tuning fork vibrating in bending to produce the signal S2 and whose quadratic coefficient ⁇ 1 is by experience substantially -0.038 ppm / ° C, and by the use of a quartz tuning fork vibrating in torsion to produce the signal S3 and whose quadratic coefficient ⁇ 2 is from experience substantially -0.0126 ppm / ° C.
- the ratio ⁇ 1 / ⁇ 2 is substantially equal to 3.
- frequency values F2 r and F3 r are also chosen in an equivalent ratio, ie for example equal to 131,072 kHz and 393,216 kHz respectively.
- the frequency of the signal 54 thus obtained at the output of the mixer circuit 4 of FIG. 1 is in such a case substantially equal to 262,144 kHz, that is to say advantageously eight times the frequency of 32,768 kHz which is typically desired in horological applications.
- a divider by eight circuit can thus advantageously be connected to the output of the mixer circuit 4 in order to derive a signal at the frequency of 32,768 kHz.
- Such a divider circuit is for example shown, in broken lines, in FIG. 1 in which it is designated by the reference 7.
- the device according to the present invention can not only be arranged with so that the signal it produces is formed by pulses, but also by so that this signal is sinusoidal.
- the resonators such as the resonators 5 and / or 6 of the device of figure 1 can have a shape different from the shape of tuning fork that they have in this device, for example the form of bars, or be made of a piezoelectric material other than quartz. These resonators can also be arranged to vibrate in another mode, for example an elongation mode. It is however obvious that which whatever their shape, their material, and / or their mode of vibration, these resonators should be such that the variation with temperature the frequency of the signals produced by the generators of which they are a part or at least substantially parabolic.
- a device may include, as already mentioned, a circuit frequency divider 7 disposed between the output of the mixer circuit, the circuit 4 of the example described above, and the output of the device, the output O in the same example.
- the signals S1 and S4 are obviously no longer identical.
- the various components of the device in particular the circuits generating the signals S2 and S3, must be arranged in such a way that the frequency F4 of the signal S4 is equal to the product of the frequency F1 of the signal S1 by the division factor of the divider of frequency 7, which is of course an integer greater than 1.
- the frequency values F2 r and F3 r are chosen to be equal to 131,072 kHz and 393,216 kHz respectively.
- the signal S4 constitutes signal S1 directly.
- the frequency F4 of the signal S4 is therefore equal to the product of the frequency F1 by the number 1.
- the various components of a device according to the present invention must be arranged so that the frequency of the signal S4 produced by the mixer circuit is equal to the product of the frequency of the device output signal S1 by a number integer equal to or greater than 1.
- a device according to the present invention therefore always has the same advantages over known devices, whether or not it includes a frequency divider between its mixer circuit and its output.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
- Electric Clocks (AREA)
- Control Of High-Frequency Heating Circuits (AREA)
- General Induction Heating (AREA)
- Stabilization Of Oscillater, Synchronisation, Frequency Synthesizers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- des premiers moyens générateurs pour produire un deuxième signal ayant une deuxième fréquence qui varie au moins sensiblement paraboliquement en fonction de la température avec un premier coefficient quadratique, qui a une première valeur maximale à une première température d'inversion, et qui a une première valeur déterminée à une température de référence;
- des deuxièmes moyens générateurs pour produire un troisième signal ayant une troisième fréquence qui varie également au moins sensiblement paraboliquement en fonction de la température avec un deuxième coefficient quadratique différent dudit premier coefficient parabolique, qui a une deuxième valeur maximale à une deuxième température d'inversion au moins sensiblement égale à ladite première température d'inversion, et qui a une deuxième valeur déterminée à ladite température de référence; et
- des moyens de mélange pour produire un quatrième signal ayant une quatrième fréquence égale à la différence entre ladite deuxième et ladite troisième fréquence.
- la figure 1, unique, est un schéma d'une forme d'exécution du dispositif selon la présente invention et d'une variante de cette dernière.
- Tr est une température de référence qui est souvent choisie égale à 25°C;
- F2r est la fréquence du signal S2 à la température Tr; et
- α1, β1, et γ1 sont des coefficients qui dépendent notamment des caractéristiques géométriques, mécaniques et électriques du résonateur 5 et de la valeur choisie pour la température de référence Tr.
- Tr est la même température de référence que dans l'équation (1);
- F3r est la fréquence du signal S3 à la température Tr; et
- α2, β2, γ2 sont des facteurs qui dépendent notamment des caractéristiques géométriques, mécaniques et électriques du résonateur 6 et de la valeur choisie pour la température de référence Tr.
Claims (4)
- Dispositif pour produire un premier signal (S1) ayant une première fréquence (F1), comportant :des premiers moyens générateurs (2) pour produire un deuxième signal (S2) ayant une deuxième fréquence (F2) qui varie au moins sensiblement paraboliquement en fonction de la température (T) avec un premier coefficient quadratique (β1) qui a une première valeur maximale (F20) à une première température d'inversion (T01), et qui a une première valeur déterminée (F2r) à une température de référence (Tr);des deuxièmes moyens générateurs (3) pour produire un troisième signal (S3) ayant une troisième fréquence (F3) qui varie également au moins sensiblement paraboliquement en fonction de la température (T) avec un deuxième coefficient quadratique (β2) différent dudit premier coefficient quadratique (β1) qui a une deuxième valeur maximale (F30) à une deuxième température d'inversion (T02) au moins sensiblement égale à ladite première température d'inversion (T01), et qui a une deuxième valeur déterminée (F3r) à ladite température de référence (Tr); etdes moyens de mélange (4) pour produire un quatrième signal (S4) ayant une quatrième fréquence (F4) égale à la différence entre ladite troisième (F3) et ladite deuxième fréquence (F2);
- Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le rapport entre ladite deuxième (F3r) et ladite première valeur déterminée (F2r) est sensiblement égal à un nombre entier.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que celui-ci comporte en outre un circuit diviseur de fréquence (7) connecté à la sortie dudit circuit mélangeur (4) et permettant de dériver ledit premier signal (S1) à partir dudit quatrième signal (S4).
- Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que lesdits premiers moyens générateurs (2) comportent un premier résonateur à quartz (5) agencé pour vibrer en flexion, et en ce que lesdits deuxièmes moyens générateurs (3) comportent un deuxième résonateur à quartz (6) agencé pour vibrer en torsion.
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE60042916T DE60042916D1 (de) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-01-10 | Vorrichtung um ein Signal zu erzeugen,dessen Frequenz wesentlich Temperatur unabhängig ist |
EP00100427A EP1117017B1 (fr) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-01-10 | Dispositif pour produire un signal ayant une fréquence sensiblement indépendante de la température |
AT00100427T ATE442614T1 (de) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-01-10 | Vorrichtung um ein signal zu erzeugen,dessen frequenz wesentlich temperatur unabhängig ist |
CNB008183171A CN1201211C (zh) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-12-07 | 一种用于产生其频率基本与温度无关的信号的信号发生装置 |
PCT/EP2000/012434 WO2001052001A2 (fr) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-12-07 | Dispositif pour produire un signal ayant une frequence sensiblement independante de la temperature |
KR1020027008807A KR100700431B1 (ko) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-12-07 | 온도에 독립적인 주파수의 신호를 발생시키기 위한 장치 |
JP2001552156A JP4939714B2 (ja) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-12-07 | 実質的に温度に依存しない周波数を有する信号を生成するためのデバイス |
US10/169,160 US6724266B2 (en) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-12-07 | Device for producing a signal having a substantially temperature-independent frequency |
CA002396934A CA2396934A1 (fr) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-12-07 | Dispositif pour produire un signal ayant une frequence sensiblement independante de la temperature |
HK03108942A HK1056616A1 (en) | 2000-01-10 | 2003-12-09 | Device for producing a signal having a substantially temperature-independent frequency. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00100427A EP1117017B1 (fr) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-01-10 | Dispositif pour produire un signal ayant une fréquence sensiblement indépendante de la température |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1117017A1 true EP1117017A1 (fr) | 2001-07-18 |
EP1117017B1 EP1117017B1 (fr) | 2009-09-09 |
Family
ID=8167590
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00100427A Expired - Lifetime EP1117017B1 (fr) | 2000-01-10 | 2000-01-10 | Dispositif pour produire un signal ayant une fréquence sensiblement indépendante de la température |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6724266B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1117017B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4939714B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR100700431B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1201211C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE442614T1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2396934A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60042916D1 (fr) |
HK (1) | HK1056616A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2001052001A2 (fr) |
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US9444426B2 (en) | 2012-10-25 | 2016-09-13 | Avago Technologies General Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Accoustic resonator having integrated lateral feature and temperature compensation feature |
US8575820B2 (en) | 2011-03-29 | 2013-11-05 | Avago Technologies General Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Stacked bulk acoustic resonator |
US8350445B1 (en) | 2011-06-16 | 2013-01-08 | Avago Technologies Wireless Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Bulk acoustic resonator comprising non-piezoelectric layer and bridge |
US8922302B2 (en) | 2011-08-24 | 2014-12-30 | Avago Technologies General Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Acoustic resonator formed on a pedestal |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR982491A (fr) * | 1943-07-02 | 1951-06-11 | Radio Electr Soc Fr | Compensation de la dérive de fréquence d'un oscillateur, piezoélectrique avec la température |
CH1527865A4 (fr) * | 1965-11-05 | 1967-11-30 | ||
DE2360656A1 (de) * | 1973-12-05 | 1975-07-03 | Standard Elektrik Lorenz Ag | Elektrische uhr |
GB2006520A (en) * | 1977-09-07 | 1979-05-02 | Suwa Seikosha Kk | Piezo-electric resonator |
US4345221A (en) * | 1979-05-22 | 1982-08-17 | Societe Suisse Pour L'industrie Horlogere Management Services S.A. | Temperature compensated signal generator including two crystal oscillators |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4071797A (en) * | 1976-01-20 | 1978-01-31 | Societe Suisse Pour L'industrie Horlogere Management Services S.A. | Quartz piezo-electric element vibrating in a coupled mode |
GB1570659A (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1980-07-02 | Suwa Seikosha Kk | Electronic timepiece |
JPS537269A (en) * | 1976-07-08 | 1978-01-23 | Matsushima Kogyo Kk | Electronic clock |
CH620087B (de) * | 1979-03-09 | Suisse Horlogerie | Oszillator mit einem hochfrequenz-quarzresonator. | |
JPS55166083A (en) * | 1979-06-13 | 1980-12-24 | Seiko Instr & Electronics Ltd | Time standard generating system |
JPS5636085A (en) * | 1979-09-03 | 1981-04-09 | Seiko Instr & Electronics Ltd | Time-base generator |
CH626500B (de) * | 1980-01-10 | Suisse Horlogerie | Oszillator mit digitaler temperaturkompensation. |
-
2000
- 2000-01-10 AT AT00100427T patent/ATE442614T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-01-10 DE DE60042916T patent/DE60042916D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-01-10 EP EP00100427A patent/EP1117017B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-07 JP JP2001552156A patent/JP4939714B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-07 WO PCT/EP2000/012434 patent/WO2001052001A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2000-12-07 CA CA002396934A patent/CA2396934A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2000-12-07 CN CNB008183171A patent/CN1201211C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-07 KR KR1020027008807A patent/KR100700431B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2000-12-07 US US10/169,160 patent/US6724266B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-12-09 HK HK03108942A patent/HK1056616A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR982491A (fr) * | 1943-07-02 | 1951-06-11 | Radio Electr Soc Fr | Compensation de la dérive de fréquence d'un oscillateur, piezoélectrique avec la température |
CH1527865A4 (fr) * | 1965-11-05 | 1967-11-30 | ||
DE2360656A1 (de) * | 1973-12-05 | 1975-07-03 | Standard Elektrik Lorenz Ag | Elektrische uhr |
GB2006520A (en) * | 1977-09-07 | 1979-05-02 | Suwa Seikosha Kk | Piezo-electric resonator |
US4345221A (en) * | 1979-05-22 | 1982-08-17 | Societe Suisse Pour L'industrie Horlogere Management Services S.A. | Temperature compensated signal generator including two crystal oscillators |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2001052001A3 (fr) | 2001-12-20 |
CN1201211C (zh) | 2005-05-11 |
JP2003529750A (ja) | 2003-10-07 |
ATE442614T1 (de) | 2009-09-15 |
CA2396934A1 (fr) | 2001-07-19 |
WO2001052001A2 (fr) | 2001-07-19 |
HK1056616A1 (en) | 2004-02-20 |
CN1423762A (zh) | 2003-06-11 |
KR20020074192A (ko) | 2002-09-28 |
KR100700431B1 (ko) | 2007-03-27 |
DE60042916D1 (de) | 2009-10-22 |
US6724266B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 |
EP1117017B1 (fr) | 2009-09-09 |
US20030052743A1 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
JP4939714B2 (ja) | 2012-05-30 |
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